Electrochemical synthesis of cyclic biaryl λ³-bromanes from 2,2’-dibromobiphenyls

• Andrejs Savkins and
• Igors Sokolovs

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 451–457, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.32

• oxidation of 2,2'-dibromo-[1,1'-biphenyl] into mono-λ3-bromane 5 would set the stage for the key cyclization event (Scheme 1, reaction 2). We also reasoned that an anodic oxidation of the aryl bromide is perfectly suited for the generation of mono-λ3-bromane 5 under mild conditions [16][17][18]. This

Red light excitation: illuminating photocatalysis in a new spectrum

• Lucas Fortier,
• Corentin Lefebvre and
• Norbert Hoffmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 296–326, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.22

• reaction mixture. This step allows the oxidative addition of nickel on the aryl bromide 9 followed by the reductive elimination giving the desired product 11. Besides the innovative synthetic results obtained in this study, the authors underline a major advantage to switch to red light as it enables a

A review of recent advances in electrochemical and photoelectrochemical late-stage functionalization classified by anodic oxidation, cathodic reduction, and paired electrolysis

• Nian Li,
• Ruzal Sitdikov,
• Ajit Prabhakar Kale,
• Joost Steverlynck,
• Bo Li and
• Magnus Rueping

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2500–2566, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.214

Generation of alkyl and acyl radicals by visible-light photoredox catalysis: direct activation of C–O bonds in organic transformations

• Mithu Roy,
• Bitan Sardar,
• Itu Mallick and
• Dipankar Srimani

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1348–1375, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.119

• molecules and results in a tertiary alkyl radical, which eventually reacts with an alkyne to yield a vinyl radical 35. Later, the addition of Ni(0) and ligand to the vinyl radical 35 gives the intermediate 36. This intermediate undergoes oxidative addition with aryl bromide to produce Ni(III) species 37. A

Synthesis and biological evaluation of Argemone mexicana-inspired antimicrobials

• Jessica Villegas,
• Bryce C. Ball,
• Katelyn M. Shouse,
• Caleb W. VanArragon,
• Ashley N. Wasserman,
• Hannah E. Bhakta,
• Allen G. Oliver,
• Danielle A. Orozco-Nunnelly and
• Jeffrey M. Pruet

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1511–1524, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.108

• complete decomposition. With the desired naphthylamines in hand, we were able to complete our synthesis of four chelerythrine variants as shown in Scheme 7. After N-formylation providing intermediates 11 and 12 in good yield, a three-step sequence was performed: Suzuki coupling of the aryl bromide with one

Visible-light-induced nickel-catalyzed α-hydroxytrifluoroethylation of alkyl carboxylic acids: Access to trifluoromethyl alkyl acyloins

• Feng Chen,
• Xiu-Hua Xu,
• Zeng-Hao Chen,
• Yue Chen and
• Feng-Ling Qing

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1372–1378, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.98

• reaction showed a good tolerance of a diverse range of functional groups, including methoxy (3b), methyl (3c), chloro (3d,i), fluoro (3f,g), and ethers (3i,l,p). Notably, aryl bromide (3e) was also tolerated in this protocol, probably due to the higher reactivity of the mixed anhydride formed between

• carboxylic acid and pivalic anhydride than aryl bromide. The halides provided versatile synthetic handles for further transformations. Substrates bearing thiophene (3k) furan (3j) and other heterocycle (3l,m) moieties were also applicable to this reaction. This protocol allowed for the coupling of not only

Photoredox catalysis harvesting multiple photon or electrochemical energies

• Mattia Lepori,
• Simon Schmid and
• Joshua P. Barham

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1055–1145, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.81

• . Notably, carbonylative amidation of a borylated aryl bromide to 26d proceeded well, where a Pd-catalyzed carbonylative amidation reaction would be plagued by undesired Suzuki coupling. Several secondary cyclic and acyclic amines, as well as primary amines were successfully employed as amine coupling

An alternative C–P cross-coupling route for the synthesis of novel V-shaped aryldiphosphonic acids

• Stephen J. I. Shearan,
• Enrico Andreoli and
• Marco Taddei

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1518–1523, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.160

• order of addition of reactants to perform the transition-metal-catalyzed C–P cross-coupling reaction, often referred to as the Tavs reaction, employing NiCl2 as a pre-catalyst in the phosphonylation of aryl bromide substrates using triisopropyl phosphite. This new method was employed in the synthesis of

• added to a round-bottomed flask and heated to approximately 160 °C, leading to the formation of the nickel(0) catalyst, more accurately representing the catalytic cycle presented in Scheme S2 (Supporting Information File 1). The solid aryl bromide is then added to the mixture via a powder addition

• respective diphosphonic ester and limiting the accumulation of an undesired, partially converted product that would need to be separated during workup. Figure 1 shows the setup for the reaction, with the solid aryl bromide in grey and the precatalyst/triisopropyl phosphite mixture in red. It is important to

DABCO-promoted photocatalytic C–H functionalization of aldehydes

• Bruno Maia da Silva Santos,
• Mariana dos Santos Dupim,
• Cauê Paula de Souza,
• Thiago Messias Cardozo and
• Fernanda Gadini Finelli

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2959–2967, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.205

• optimized reaction conditions. Also, when other aldehydes or aryl bromides were tested in the absence of DABCO, a very strong dependence on the aryl bromide electronics emerged, leading to diminished yields, remarkably for electron-rich aryl bromides (Table 1, entry 10 and Supporting Information File 1

• conditions were established, we investigated the generality of the aryl bromide scope using isovaleraldehyde (1) as source of acyl radicals. Scheme 1 shows that electron-rich and non-substituted aryl bromides seemed to give only moderate isolated yields (4–6, 39–53%), but electron-withdrawing substituted

• aldehydes to generate acyl radicals. The coupling of this radical to the Ni(0) complex furnishes the acyl−Ni(I) complex, which then proceeds oxidative addition to aryl bromide to generate the pentavalent Ni(III) complex. Lastly, reductive elimination affords the desired ketone and the Ni(I) complex, which

Recent advances in the tandem annulation of 1,3-enynes to functionalized pyridine and pyrrole derivatives

• Yi Liu,
• Puying Luo,
• Yang Fu,
• Tianxin Hao,
• Xuan Liu,
• Qiuping Ding and
• Yiyuan Peng

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2462–2476, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.163

• -aryl-substituted pyrroles 55 in moderate to good yield. In addition, the method could tolerate a wide range of functional groups, such as phenolic hydroxy, aryl bromide, ester, terminal olefin, aryl chloride, and silyl-protected alcohol moieties. Furthermore, both aromatic and aliphatic nitriles

Synthesis of phenanthridines via a novel photochemically-mediated cyclization and application to the synthesis of triphaeridine

• Songeziwe Ntsimango,
• Kennedy J. Ngwira,
• Moira L. Bode and
• Charles B. de Koning

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2340–2347, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.152

• . Experimental For general experimental procedures, please consult Supporting Information File 1. Suzuki coupling: general procedure To a deoxygenated 0.25 M solution of arylboronic acid (1.2 equiv) in DME stirring under argon was added aryl bromide (1.0 equiv), Pd(PPh3)4 (10 mol %) and deoxygenated 2 M aqueous

Photoredox catalysis in nickel-catalyzed C–H functionalization

• Lusina Mantry,
• Rajaram Maayuri,
• Vikash Kumar and
• Parthasarathy Gandeepan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2209–2259, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.143

• generation of nucleophilic α-amino radicals 2-IV via a photoredox-mediated HAT process. At the same time, the in situ generated nickel(0) species 2-V by a SET process would undergo oxidative addition into aryl bromide 3, resulting in the electrophilic nickel(II)–aryl intermediate 2-VI. The rapid coupling of

• reaction times (24–96 h). The authors proposed a catalytic cycle to account for the mode of operation as depicted in Figure 5 [57]. Thus, the in situ-generated nickel(0) complex 5-III undergoes oxidative addition into aryl bromide 3a to form nickel(II) complex 5-IV. The triplet–triplet energy transfer from

• ) species 6-VI generated from the nickel(II) pre-catalyst by a SET process, captures the alkyl radical 6-IV to furnish the nickel(I)–alkyl species 6-VII. Subsequently, the nickel(I)–alkyl species 6-VII undergoes oxidative addition into aryl bromide 3b followed by a reductive elimination to provide the

N-tert-Butanesulfinyl imines in the asymmetric synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles

• Joseane A. Mendes,
• Paulo R. R. Costa,
• Miguel Yus,
• Francisco Foubelo and
• Camilla D. Buarque

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1096–1140, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.86

• ]. Other regio- and stereoisomeric 2-pyrrolidones 80 were also prepared by a stereoselective tandem Barbier process of 79 with alkyl and aryl bromide [100]. The process was performed in this case under Barbier reaction conditions. Namely, the formation of the nucleophile (organomagnesium reagent) is

Total synthesis of decarboxyaltenusin

• Lucas Warmuth,
• Aaron Weiß,
• Marco Reinhardt,
• Anna Meschkov,
• Ute Schepers and
• Joachim Podlech

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 224–228, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.22

• Lewis acid, while the utilization of 1.5 equivalents led to a significant overreaction with the predominant formation of 5-bromobenzene-1,3-diol (59%) together with a smaller amount of the required product 8 (30%). The subsequent protection with the TBS group yielded the known aryl bromide 9a [24] with

• a 73% yield. The Suzuki coupling of boronate 6a and aryl bromide 9a using palladium acetate and cesium carbonate in the presence of the ligand SPhos [25] yielded biaryl 10a with virtually quantitative yield (98%, Scheme 4). Unfortunately, the removal of non-identified byproducts and of 9a (which had

Photocatalysis with organic dyes: facile access to reactive intermediates for synthesis

• Stephanie G. E. Amos,
• Marion Garreau,
• Luca Buzzetti and
• Jerome Waser

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1163–1187, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.103

• the C(sp3) radical, which is intercepted by an organometallic intermediate, obtained by the oxidative addition of a nickel catalyst to the (hetero)aryl bromide 5.2. The desired (hetero)arene product 5.3 is obtained after the reductive elimination of the nickel complex. In this method, the reduced

• tetrahydrofuran (8.1), giving access to the key C(sp3) radical. The nickel catalyst, after an oxidative addition with the aryl bromide 8.2 and intercepting the alkyl radical species, gave the radical cross-coupling product 8.3 upon a reductive elimination. Other diaryl ketone dyes, such as 9-fluorenone, have been

Suzuki–Miyaura cross coupling is not an informative reaction to demonstrate the performance of new solvents

• James Sherwood

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1001–1005, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.89

• ) and 0.6 mmol (1 equivalent) of an aryl bromide. The solvent screening included twelve solvents. The following eminent green and bio-based solvents were included in the study to assess their ability to substitute conventional solvents: Cyrene™ [3], and its alcohol equivalent levoglucosanol [9], ethyl

Accelerating fragment-based library generation by coupling high-performance photoreactors with benchtop analysis

• Quentin Lefebvre,
• Christophe Salomé and
• Thomas C. Fessard

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 982–988, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.87

• low consumption of the aryl bromide. This corresponds to a success rate of 24% for product purification and isolation, and 52% for product formation. Although our focused library is not as functional-group-dense as the chemistry informer library used by Merck, these results are in line with previous

Pd-catalyzed asymmetric Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions for the synthesis of chiral biaryl compounds with a large steric substituent at the 2-position

• Yongsu Li,
• Bendu Pan,
• Xuefeng He,
• Wang Xia,
• Yaqi Zhang,
• Hao Liang,
• Chitreddy V. Subba Reddy,
• Rihui Cao and
• Liqin Qiu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 966–973, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.85

• hindrance of the 4-substituted boronic acid. Next, in order to confirm our speculation, the amide group of the aryl bromide was replaced with other functional groups, as shown in Scheme 2. When the amide group was changed into an amine, coupling product 5a was obtained quantitatively but without any

Aldehydes as powerful initiators for photochemical transformations

• Maria A. Theodoropoulou,
• Nikolaos F. Nikitas and
• Christoforos G. Kokotos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 833–857, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.76

• of the benzophenone 172 to the triplet state 173 by UV irradiation, followed by HAT from the aldehyde 170 to 173 and the formation of the acyl radical 175. At the same time, the nickel(0) complex 176 performs an oxidative addition reaction to the aryl bromide 171, and the nickel(II) complex 177

Recent advances in photocatalyzed reactions using well-defined copper(I) complexes

• Mingbing Zhong,
• Xavier Pannecoucke,
• Philippe Jubault and
• Thomas Poisson

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 451–481, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.42

• yield, with an excellent functional group tolerance. Moreover, a complex steroid derivative was efficiently reduced under the standard conditions. Activated aryl bromides were also readily reduced under similar conditions, even if they were tedious electron-rich aryl bromide substrates, giving low yield

Friedel–Crafts approach to the one-pot synthesis of methoxy-substituted thioxanthylium salts

• Kenta Tanaka,
• Yuta Tanaka,
• Mami Kishimoto,
• Yujiro Hoshino and
• Kiyoshi Honda

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2105–2112, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.208

• useful properties, several research groups have developed methodologies to synthesize them. The typical synthetic methods for thioxanthylium salts include the reaction of thioxanthone with aryl bromide in the presence of n-butyllithium or Grignard reagents followed by dehydration by acids such as

Regioselective Pd-catalyzed direct C1- and C2-arylations of lilolidine for the access to 5,6-dihydropyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline derivatives

• Hai-Yun Huang,
• Haoran Li,
• Thierry Roisnel,
• Jean-François Soulé and
• Henri Doucet

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2069–2075, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.204

• groups. The one pot access to α,β-diarylated lilolidines with two identical aryl groups is also possible by using a larger amount of aryl bromide. The synthesis of 5,6-dihydrodibenzo[a,c]pyrido[3,2,1-jk]carbazoles from lilolidine via three successive direct arylations is also described. Therefore, this

• -bromobenzonitrile (Table 1, entries 2 and 3). High regioselectivities in favor of isomer 1a (85–90%) were also obtained using K2CO3 and Na2CO3, but partial conversions of 3-bromobenzonitrile were observed (Table 1, entries 4–6). In order to improve the conversions of the aryl bromide, the thermally more stable PdCl

• (C3H5)(dppb) catalyst [39] was employed. With K2CO3 and Na2CO3, the conversion of 3-bromobenzonitrile was not improved, whereas using NaOAc, a complete conversion of the aryl bromide was observed (Table 1, entries 8–10). Moreover, the regioselectivity in favor of α-arylated lilolidine was improved to 93

Recent advances on the transition-metal-catalyzed synthesis of imidazopyridines: an updated coverage

• Gagandeep Kour Reen,
• Ashok Kumar and
• Pratibha Sharma

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1612–1704, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.165

Multicomponent reactions (MCRs): a useful access to the synthesis of benzo-fused γ-lactams

• Edorta Martínez de Marigorta,
• Jesús M. de Los Santos,
• Ana M. Ochoa de Retana,
• Javier Vicario and
• Francisco Palacios

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1065–1085, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.104

• Heck cyclization reaction between the substituted alkyne and aryl bromide in 133 takes place to form a cyclic palladium intermediate 134 with E-configuration, resulting from a syn-addition mechanism of this step. The addition of a silver salt reduces the probability of isomerization of the double bond

Degenerative xanthate transfer to olefins under visible-light photocatalysis

• Atsushi Kaga,
• Xiangyang Wu,
• Joel Yi Jie Lim,
• Hirohito Hayashi,
• Yunpeng Lu,
• Edwin K. L. Yeow and
• Shunsuke Chiba

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 3047–3058, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.283

• ). Notably, the photocatalytically cleavable aryl bromide (Table 3, entry 2) and the α-chlorocarbonyl moiety (Table 3, entry 6) were also stable under the current reaction conditions [62][63]. Furthermore, double addition of bisxanthate 1h was successfully achieved in the presence of 5 equiv of olefin 2b