Recent advances in synthetic approaches for bioactive cinnamic acid derivatives

• Betty A. Kustiana,
• Galuh Widiyarti and
• Teni Ernawati

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1031–1086, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.85

• (TXA2) synthetase inhibition [10], antinociceptive [11], histone deacetylase inhibition [12], α-glucosidase inhibition [13] , tyrosinase inhibition [14], allelochemical [15], anticonvulsant [16], antioxidant [17], antiplatelet aggregation [18], anti-inflammatory [19], and UV absorption [20]. Cinnamic

Origami with small molecules: exploiting the C–F bond as a conformational tool

• Patrick Ryan,
• Ramsha Iftikhar and
• Luke Hunter

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 680–716, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.54

• motif has been exploited in the design of bioactive molecules [22][23] such as the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors 6 and 7 (Figure 2). The presence of the 1,2-difluoro moiety in 6 leads to greater potency and selectivity for certain HDAC isoforms, attributable to the higher polarity of the

Multicomponent reactions driving the discovery and optimization of agents targeting central nervous system pathologies

• Lucía Campos-Prieto,
• Aitor García-Rey,
• Eddy Sotelo and
• Ana Mallo-Abreu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3151–3173, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.261

• compounds with high yields (84–92%). The three most promising compounds of the library (13a, 13b, and 13c) were selected for further detailed characterization. In vitro evaluation was performed employing a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based methodology, using the fluorogenic histone

• deacetylase substrate MAL to determine the inhibitory activity, and using sirtinol as positive control. When compared to sirtinol (IC50 = 67 µM), selected compounds showed moderate affinity towards SIRT2, with IC50 values ranging from 118 to 126 µM (Figure 10). Gewald reaction: Cannabinoid receptors have been

The Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé reaction in its maturity: innovation and improvements since its 21st birthday (2019–2023)

• Cristina Martini,
• Muhammad Idham Darussalam Mardjan and
• Andrea Basso

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1839–1879, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.162

Chemical and biosynthetic potential of Penicillium shentong XL-F41

• Ran Zou,
• Xin Li,
• Xiaochen Chen,
• Yue-Wei Guo and
• Baofu Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 597–606, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.52

• activate the BGCs of this strain, we employed a combination of elicitors in our fermentation media, including histone deacetylase inhibitors and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors. We developed two specialized media, XISR I and XISR III, which outperformed the traditional potato dextrose broth (PDB) in

Synthesis of bis-spirocyclic derivatives of 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane via cyclopropene cycloadditions to the stable azomethine ylide derived from Ruhemann's purple

• Alexander S. Filatov,
• Olesya V. Khoroshilova,
• Anna G. Larina,
• Vitali M. Boitsov and
• Alexander V. Stepakov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 769–780, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.77

• found in natural compounds [9][10][11]. It is used in pharmaceuticals [12][13][14][15] and key intermediates [16][17]. Compounds containing a 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane moiety are antagonists of morphine-induced antinociception [18], histone deacetylase inhibitors [13], and opioid receptor antagonists

Synthesis and late stage modifications of Cyl derivatives

• Phil Servatius and
• Uli Kazmaier

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 174–181, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.19

• direct access to cyclopeptides related to naturally occurring histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors Cyl-1 and Cyl-2. Late stage modifications on the unsaturated amino acid side chain allow the introduction of functionalities which might coordinate to metal ions in the active center of metalloproteins

A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries

• Guido Gambacorta,
• James S. Sharley and
• Ian R. Baxendale

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1181–1312, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.90

• , an immunoactivating natural product (substrate 37) [97][98]. In 2015, the diastereoselective synthesis of (E,S)-3-hydroxy-7-tritylthio-4-heptenoic acid 43, a key component of cyclodepsipeptide histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, was achieved in flow (Scheme 4) [99]. Acetyloxazolidinone 41 was used

Design and synthesis of diazine-based panobinostat analogues for HDAC8 inhibition

• Sivaraman Balasubramaniam,
• Sajith Vijayan,
• Liam V. Goldman,
• Xavier A. May,
• Kyra Dodson,
• Sweta Adhikari,
• Fatima Rivas,
• Davita L. Watkins and
• Shana V. Stoddard

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 628–637, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.59

• , TN 38112, USA Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA 10.3762/bjoc.16.59 Abstract Guided by computational analysis, herein we report the design, synthesis and evaluation of four novel diazine-based histone deacetylase

• lay the foundation for future design strategies toward more potent HDACis for HDAC8 isozymes and further therapeutic applications for neuroblastoma. Keywords: diazine; histone deacetylase; inhibitors; isozymes; panobinostat; Introduction One of the most important posttranslational modifications

α,ß-Didehydrosuberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (DDSAHA) as precursor and possible analogue of the anticancer drug SAHA

• Shital K. Chattopadhyay,
• Subhankar Ghosh,
• Sarita Sarkar and
• Kakali Bhadra

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2524–2533, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.245

• refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) [3]. Moreover, it also shows anticancer activity against a large number of hematological and solid malignancies [4][5]. Its anticancer activity is related to inhibition of histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) at nanomolar concentrations (IC50 < 86 nM). Although

In search of visible-light photoresponsive peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) for reversible control of DNA hybridization

• Lei Zhang,
• Greta Linden and
• Olalla Vázquez

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2500–2508, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.243

• envision a minimal model based on the previously reported accessible mRNA region of the class I histone deacetylase HDAC-1: 5’-GUGAGCCAAGAAACACUGCCU-3’ to investigate our photoswitchable PNAs [38]. Importantly, HDAC-1 is frequently overexpressed in tumors and particularly, in prostate cancer [39]. Results

Cross metathesis-mediated synthesis of hydroxamic acid derivatives

• Shital Kumar Chattopadhyay,
• Subhankar Ghosh and
• Suman Sil

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 3070–3075, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.285

• ] and the didehydrohydroxamate TSA (2) [24], display useful anticancer properties through inhibition of histone deacetylase enzymes (HDAc) and are used as FDA-approved drugs. Similarly, the cyclic peptide Chap-31 (3) [25] with a terminal hydroxamic acid residue has shown promising anticancer activity

Comparative cell biological study of in vitro antitumor and antimetastatic activity on melanoma cells of GnRH-III-containing conjugates modified with short-chain fatty acids

• Eszter Lajkó,
• Sarah Spring,
• Rózsa Hegedüs,
• Beáta Biri-Kovács,
• Sven Ingebrandt,
• Gábor Mező and
• László Kőhidai

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2495–2509, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.226

• =Aoa) could be attributed to the presence of butyrate, which has been demonstrated to inhibit the proliferation as well as to induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in different cell lines (e.g., colon carcinoma, melanoma, T-cell lymphoma) as a histone deacetylase inhibitor and/or via activation of

• Dau) had a synergistic effect with histone deacetylase inhibitors (e.g., prodrug of butyric acid) in several malignant cell lines [38]. This finding could also be a possible explanation for the increased cytotoxic effect of the conjugates containing acylated Lys compared to the parent one. Involvement

An efficient and facile access to highly functionalized pyrrole derivatives

• Meng Gao,
• Wenting Zhao,
• Hongyi Zhao,
• Ziyun Lin,
• Dongfeng Zhang and
• Haihong Huang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 884–890, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.75

• in medicinal chemistry (Figure 1), such as analgesic agent 1 [1], BET bromodomain inhibitor 2 [2], selective PARP-1 inhibitor 3 [3], histone deacetylase inhibitor with antitumor activity 4 [4], Flavivirus inhibitor 5 [5], and for treating cardiovascular diseases (atorvastatin, 6) [6]. A number of

Synthesis of 2-aminosuberic acid derivatives as components of some histone deacetylase inhibiting cyclic tetrapeptides

• Shital Kumar Chattopadhyay,
• Suman Sil and
• Jyoti Prasad Mukherjee

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2153–2156, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.214

• antimalarial and histone deacetylase inhibitory (HDACi) properties [1][2]. It has been suggested [3] that the terminal carbonyl group in members of this family (e.g., in 2) functionally mimics the C-8 keto group of the acetylated lysine residue (3) of histones as a part of their biological activity and

Synthesis of spiro[isoindole-1,5’-isoxazolidin]-3(2H)-ones as potential inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 interaction

• Salvatore V. Giofrè,
• Santa Cirmi,
• Raffaella Mancuso,
• Francesco Nicolò,
• Giuseppe Lanza,
• Laura Legnani,
• Agata Campisi,
• Maria A. Chiacchio,
• Michele Navarra,
• Bartolo Gabriele and
• Roberto Romeo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2793–2807, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.278

• , chilenine, lennoxamine, magallanesine and nuevamine [20][21][22][23][24][25]. These compounds possess a lot of pharmacological activities such as anxiolytic/anticonvulsant, TNFα-inhibitory, antiangiogenic, 5-HT antagonistic/antidepressant [26][27][28][29][30], PARP-1-inhibitory [31], histone deacetylase

Diversity-oriented synthesis of analogues of the novel macrocyclic peptide FR-225497 through late stage functionalization

• Jyotiprasad Mukherjee,
• Suman Sil and
• Shital Kumar Chattopadhyay

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2487–2492, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.270

• which involves a late-stage functionalization of a macrocyclic scaffold through cross metathesis in an attempt to create diversity. The utility of this protocol is demonstrated through the preparation of three structural analogues of the important naturally occurring histone deacetylase inhibitor FR

• peptides of the general structure 1 (Figure 1) displays important histone deacetylase inhibition property relevant to drug design against a number of diseases ranging from antifungal, antimicrobial to arrest of proliferation of several cell types of epithelial and hematological origin [13]. The compounds

• of the spacer region as well as the metal-binding domain attached to a particular surface recognition part present in the class of these compounds since histone deacetylase activity has been correlated to zinc-binding ability of the 8-oxo moiety in some of such compounds [25]. Moreover, the

Regulation of integrin and growth factor signaling in biomaterials for osteodifferentiation

• Qiang Wei,
• Theresa L. M. Pohl,
• Anja Seckinger,
• Joachim P. Spatz and
• Elisabetta A. Cavalcanti-Adam

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 773–783, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.87

• , which significantly improve cell reprogramming [34]. The regulated cell adhesion can decrease histone deacetylase activity and upregulate the expression of WD repeat domain 5 (WDR5). As a result, the mechanomodulation of the epigenetic state of cells can be controlled. Cell reprogramming allows the

Recent progress in the discovery of small molecules for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

• Allison S. Limpert,
• Margrith E. Mattmann and
• Nicholas D. P. Cosford

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 717–732, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.82

• compounds modestly reduced intercellular levels of TDP-43 [43] as well as histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC-6) and autophagy-related protein 7 (ATG-7), proteins known to be regulated by TDP-43 [45][46]. Since reduction of TDP-43 levels in motor neurons may prove to be beneficial to ALS treatment, further

• , treatment with 32 prolonged the post-onset survival of SOD1 H46R animals [68]. These studies indicate that the attenuation of oxidative-stress pathways through the upregulation of antioxidant genes can reduce disease progression in ALS models. Novel mechanisms Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors: Several

• of gene sequences to transcriptional complexes. SOD1 G93A mice have markedly reduced histone acetylation following disease onset as compared to control animals [71][72], supporting a role for aberrant transcriptional activity in disease progression. Consequently, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors

Thioester derivatives of the natural product psammaplin A as potent histone deacetylase inhibitors

• Matthias G. J. Baud,
• Thomas Leiser,
• Vanessa Petrucci,
• Mekala Gunaratnam,
• Stephen Neidle,
• Franz-Josef Meyer-Almes and
• Matthew J. Fuchter

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 81–88, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.11

• . Keywords: epigenetics; histone deacetylase; natural product; prodrug; psammaplin A; thioester; Introduction Chromatin is a macromolecular complex consisting of DNA, histone and nonhistone proteins. The epigenetic control of chromatin organization plays a major role in the regulation of gene expression

Synthesis and in silico screening of a library of β-carboline-containing compounds

• Kay M. Brummond,
• John R. Goodell,
• Matthew G. LaPorte,
• Lirong Wang and
• Xiang-Qun Xie

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1048–1058, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.117

• NIH Molecular Repository (MLSMR) and may target proteins such as histone deacetylase 4, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6 and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1. These in silico screening results aim to add value to the β-carboline library of compounds for those