Red light excitation: illuminating photocatalysis in a new spectrum

• Lucas Fortier,
• Corentin Lefebvre and
• Norbert Hoffmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 296–326, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.22

• reported an upconversion efficiency of 1.8% and have demonstrated its utility in initiating blue light-dependent polymerization reactions under red-light conditions [32]. Beyond the position of transition metals in the periodic table, ligand design plays a crucial role in determining the photophysical

Computational toolbox for the analysis of protein–glycan interactions

• Ferran Nieto-Fabregat,
• Maria Pia Lenza,
• Angela Marseglia,
• Cristina Di Carluccio,
• Antonio Molinaro,
• Alba Silipo and
• Roberta Marchetti

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2084–2107, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.180

Au(III) complexes with tetradentate-cyclam-based ligands

• Ann Christin Reiersølmoen,
• Thomas N. Solvi and
• Anne Fiksdahl

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 186–192, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.18

• ) complexes were strongly depending on the structure of the tetraamine ligands, demonstrating the importance of ligand design. Hence, the present study on cyclam based Au(III) complexes represents the first study on such chiral cyclam metal complexes and contributes to a better knowledge of the tetraamine

• ligand preparation and Au(III) coordination, as well as an increased understanding of Au(III) ligand design for optimal reaction outcomes. 1H NMR study of the formation of complex 6a-Au(III) by AuCl3 coordination to ligand 6a. Synthetic protocols for the preparation of potential ligands 1–4. Reduction of

Ruthenium-based olefin metathesis catalysts with monodentate unsymmetrical NHC ligands

• Veronica Paradiso,
• Chiara Costabile and
• Fabia Grisi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 3122–3149, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.292

• to the current state of research are discussed. Keywords: ligand design; olefin metathesis; ruthenium catalysts; selectivity; unsymmetrical N-heterocyclic carbenes; Introduction The transition metal-catalyzed olefin metathesis reaction is an indispensable synthetic tool for the construction of new

Bioinspired cobalt cubanes with tunable redox potentials for photocatalytic water oxidation and CO₂ reduction

• Zhishan Luo,
• Yidong Hou,
• Jinshui Zhang,
• Sibo Wang and
• Xinchen Wang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2331–2339, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.208

• , because of their well-controlled functions and tunable nature [20][21]. Their topologies and electron structures can be precisely engineered by ligand design, using the full arsenal of organic chemistry [22][23]. These unique structures benefit not only tailoring their redox and kinetic properties for

• dipyridyldiol (LH) as a chelating ligand [47]. Generally, Co4O4-based molecular catalysts can be easily tuned by ligand design, owing to their molecular nature [48][49]. For example, Hill et al. demonstrated that using polytungstate ligands to stabilize “Co4O4” cubane units can produce a robust homogeneous

Coordination-driven self-assembly of discrete Ru₆–Pt₆ prismatic cages

• Aderonke Ajibola Adeyemo and
• Partha Sarathi Mukherjee

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2242–2249, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.199

• , the use of a single metal and a single organic ligand design may limit the structural diversity as well as the functionality of homometallic supramolecular architectures. In the last few years, enormous efforts have been channeled towards multicomponent self-assembly involving the construction of

β-Hydroxy sulfides and their syntheses

• Mokgethwa B. Marakalala,
• Edwin M. Mmutlane and
• Henok H. Kinfe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1668–1692, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.143

• ligand design was also adopted by Chen and Chen, who reported the bipyridine-pinene ligand 57 in combination with Ti(O-iPr)4 as an effective catalyst in the asymmetric ring opening of meso-stilbene oxides with thiophenol, in acetonitrile as the solvent, for 30 hours, at room temperature under a nitrogen

Phosphodiester models for cleavage of nucleic acids

• Satu Mikkola,
• Tuomas Lönnberg and
• Harri Lönnberg

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 803–837, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.68

Pd- and Cu-catalyzed approaches in the syntheses of new cholane aminoanthraquinone pincer-like ligands

• Nikolay V. Lukashev,
• Gennadii A. Grabovyi,
• Dmitry A. Erzunov,
• Alexey V. Kazantsev,
• Gennadij V. Latyshev,
• Alexei D. Averin and
• Irina P. Beletskaya.

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 564–570, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.55

• open “architecture” (Figure 1), which contain two or more bile acid fragments, has attracted more attention in recent years [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Bile acid, itself, can be used as a basis for ligand design [17][18]. Pincer-like ligands are capable of binding anions [18] or facilitate

Computational methods in drug discovery

• Sumudu P. Leelananda and
• Steffen Lindert

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2694–2718, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.267

• obtain all-atom 3D structures of ligands. It is available through the maestro interface or by command line. A web-based ligand topology generating server, PRODRG, can generate 3D coordinates for ligands that are of equal or better quality than other methods [154]. De novo ligand design By using fragment

• -based de novo ligand design it is possible to assemble molecules that are drug-like with much less search space having to be explored. In some cases, de novo drug design is less successful in generating drug candidates compared to other methods such as high-throughput virtual screening methods for large

• target molecule is simulated in an aqueous solution that contains different fragments. Using multiple simulations SILCS determines high probability binding areas of the target for the different fragments which can be used in fragment-based drug design. Another de novo ligand design program is LigBuilder

Organometallic chemistry

• Bernd F. Straub,
• Rolf Gleiter,
• Claudia Meier and
• Lutz H. Gade

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2216–2221, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.213

• improved understanding of this industrially important process was achieved by a combination of ligand design for the rhodium catalysts, kinetic studies, and high-level quantum-chemical calculations [126][135][142][145][146][152][155]. In 2006, he initiated the foundation of the “Catalysis Research

Stereodynamic tetrahydrobiisoindole “NU-BIPHEP(O)”s: functionalization, rotational barriers and non-covalent interactions

• Golo Storch,
• Sebastian Pallmann,
• Frank Rominger and
• Oliver Trapp

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1453–1458, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.141

• preparation of tailor-made functionalized stereodynamic ligands possible and give an outline for possible applications in enantioselective catalysis. Keywords: atropisomer; enantioselective DHPLC; ligand design; non-covalent interactions; Okamoto phases; phosphine ligand; stereodynamic ligands; Introduction

A new approach to ferrocene derived alkenes via copper-catalyzed olefination

• Vasily M. Muzalevskiy,
• Aleksei V. Shastin,
• Alexandra D. Demidovich,
• Namiq G. Shikhaliev,
• Abel M. Magerramov,
• Victor N. Khrustalev,
• Rustem D. Rakhimov,
• Sergey Z. Vatsadze and
• Valentine G. Nenajdenko

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2072–2078, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.223

• drugs containing a ferrocene fragment in their structures (Scheme 1) [5]. The ferrocene core is also a very popular scaffold for ligand design, particularly, in asymmetric catalysis (Scheme 1). Probably, the most challenging application of ferrocenes is the production of ferrocene-containing polymers [6

Influence of bulky yet flexible N-heterocyclic carbene ligands in gold catalysis

• Alba Collado,
• Scott R. Patrick,
• Danila Gasperini,
• Sebastien Meiries and
• Steven P. Nolan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1809–1814, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.196

• transformations has been investigated. Keywords: catalysis; flexible and bulky ligands; gold; ligand design; N-heterocyclic carbenes; Introduction Homogeneous gold catalysis has witnessed an exponential growth in the last 15 years [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Gold complexes have been shown to be

A facile synthetic route to benzimidazolium salts bearing bulky aromatic N-substituents

• Gabriele Grieco,
• Olivier Blacque and
• Heinz Berke

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1656–1666, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.182

• : benzimidazolium salts; bulky ligands; cyclization; ligand design; N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC); ring formation; Introduction Imidazole-based N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are stable systems serving as ancillary ligands mainly to construct organometallic complexes. These NHCs are sterically and electronically

New palladium–oxazoline complexes: Synthesis and evaluation of the optical properties and the catalytic power during the oxidation of textile dyes

• Rym Hassani,
• Mahjoub Jabli,
• Yakdhane Kacem,
• Jérôme Marrot,
• Damien Prim and
• Béchir Ben Hassine

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1175–1186, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.132

• several interesting advantages: versatility of the ligand design, their straightforward synthesis from readily available starting materials and variability of the chiral center, which are located near the donor atoms. The oxazoline unit is anticipated to increase the stability of a metal complex giving

Mechanical stability of bivalent transition metal complexes analyzed by single-molecule force spectroscopy

• Manuel Gensler,
• Christian Eidamshaus,
• Maurice Taszarek,
• Hans-Ulrich Reissig and
• Jürgen P. Rabe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 817–827, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.91

• important in biochemistry [1] and supramolecular chemistry [2], but still not fully understood on the level of individual non-covalent interactions [3]. Synthetic supramolecular systems are ideal for a quantitative analysis of multivalency on the level of single molecules, because specific ligand design can

Influence of length and flexibility of spacers on the binding affinity of divalent ligands

• Susanne Liese and
• Roland R. Netz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 804–816, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.90

• binding affinity and derive general rules for the optimal ligand design. To this end, we first compare different polymeric models and determine the probability to simultaneously bind to two neighboring receptor binding pockets. In a second step the binding affinity of divalent ligands in terms of the IC50

• value . Approximations for for both flexible and stiff ligands are derived in dependence of the distance between the binding pockets and the spacer length and flexibility. For the optimal ligand design, we find that for stiff ligands the average end-to-end distance should be equal to the distance

Inherently chiral calix[4]arenes via oxazoline directed ortholithiation: synthesis and probe of chiral space

• Simon A. Herbert,
• Laura J. van Laeren,
• Dominic C. Castell and
• Gareth E. Arnott

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2751–2755, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.291

• due to the point chirality of the oxazoline and not the inherent chirality of the calixarene. Since these results are entirely consistent with those of the planar chiral ferrocene system reported by Dai et al., we believe future ligand design may better exploit the inherently chiral calix[4]arene

Rational design of cyclopropane-based chiral PHOX ligands for intermolecular asymmetric Heck reaction

• Marina Rubina,
• William M. Sherrill,
• Alexey Yu. Barkov and
• Michael Rubin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1536–1548, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.158

• via the same synthetic route. To date, however, general approach to the ligand design has been largely empirical due to a poor understanding of the factors affecting the activity of the corresponding catalytic systems and the operating modes of asymmetric induction imparted by the employed chiral

Continuous-flow Heck synthesis of 4-methoxybiphenyl and methyl 4-methoxycinnamate in supercritical carbon dioxide expanded solvent solutions

• Phei Li Lau,
• Ray W. K. Allen and
• Peter Styring

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2886–2897, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.325

• system over homogeneously catalysed reactions using complexes with elaborate ligand design, it would also make purification simpler. Results and Discussion Two reactions were studied using continuous flow chemistry as shown in Scheme 1. In both cases 4-iodoanisole was used as the aryl halide. The alkene

New efficient ligand for sub-mol % copper-catalyzed C–N cross-coupling reactions running under air

• Per-Fredrik Larsson,
• Peter Astvik and
• Per-Ola Norrby

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1909–1915, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.221

• the ligand is more effective at solvating the active catalyst. The fact that DMDETA proved to be an effective ligand in sub-mol % copper catalysis further indicates the necessity for the Me–N–ethylene–N–Me motif in the ligand design of these systems. However, in our hands the synthetic procedures for

Liquid-crystalline nanoparticles: Hybrid design and mesophase structures

• Gareth L. Nealon,
• Romain Greget,
• Cristina Dominguez,
• Zsuzsanna T. Nagy,
• Daniel Guillon,
• Jean-Louis Gallani and
• Bertrand Donnio

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 349–370, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.39

• controlling and modulating the interparticle distances through ligand design and thermally induced phase changes, one can also anticipate the possibility of controlling the electronic and magnetic properties of nanoparticle assemblies that depend on interparticle separations [7][14]. Nanoparticles coated with

Bis(oxazolines) based on glycopyranosides – steric, configurational and conformational influences on stereoselectivity

• Tobias Minuth and
• Mike M. K. Boysen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 23, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.23

• revealed strong steric and configurational effects of position 3 on asymmetric induction, further dramatic effects of the pyranose conformation were also observed. Keywords: asymmetric synthesis; carbohydrates; copper; cyclopropanation; ligand design; Introduction The design and optimisation of chiral