Emerging trends in the optimization of organic synthesis through high-throughput tools and machine learning

• Pablo Quijano Velasco,
• Kedar Hippalgaonkar and
• Balamurugan Ramalingam

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 10–38, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.3

• to collect data efficiently and coherently. This approach streamlines experimentation processes, enhances reproducibility, and facilitates the exploration of complex reaction spaces with unprecedented accuracy. Droplet microfluidics has emerged as a powerful tool across diverse scientific disciplines

• automated experiments. The optimum conditions for the formation of the monoarylated product 1 (Figure 5b) identified in a microfluidics system were successfully translated to a mesofluidics system on a 50-fold scale to afford 26.9 g of the product 1. LeyLab, a modular software system developed by

Chemical approaches to discover the full potential of peptide nucleic acids in biomedical applications

• Nikita Brodyagin,
• Martins Katkevics,
• Venubabu Kotikam,
• Christopher A. Ryan and
• Eriks Rozners

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1641–1688, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.116

Dawn of a new era in industrial photochemistry: the scale-up of micro- and mesostructured photoreactors

• Emine Kayahan,
• Mathias Jacobs,
• Leen Braeken,
• Leen C.J. Thomassen,
• Simon Kuhn,
• Tom van Gerven and
• M. Enis Leblebici

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2484–2504, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.202

• same group reported the use of the same reaction in a commercial microchip (Micronit Microfluidics FC_R150.676.2) with an internal volume of 15 µm. This microchip was illuminated by 6 × 75 mW LEDs. The DMBP concentration was 6.7 mM, which resulted in around 95% light transmission through 150 µm channel

• photomicroreactors, which was fabricated via 3D printing [39]. Luminescent solar concentrators have been used in photovoltaic cell research for a couple of decades [40]. Noël’s group combined the use of luminescent solar concentrators with microfluidics to harvest solar radiation into a narrow wavelength region and

Diaminoterephthalate–α-lipoic acid conjugates with fluorinated residues

• Leon Buschbeck,
• Aleksandra Markovic,
• Gunther Wittstock and
• Jens Christoffers

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 981–991, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.96

• sensorics [19], microcontact printing [20], dip-pen nanolithography [21], microfluidics [22], and protection of nanoparticles [23]. Initially, surface modification aimed on controlling physical properties of surfaces [24][25], while nowadays chemical surface properties can be tuned to yield platforms for

Microfluidic radiosynthesis of [¹⁸F]FEMPT, a high affinity PET radiotracer for imaging serotonin receptors

• Thomas Lee Collier,
• Steven H. Liang,
• J. John Mann,
• Neil Vasdev and
• J. S. Dileep Kumar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2922–2927, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.285

• Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA 10.3762/bjoc.13.285 Abstract Continuous-flow microfluidics has shown increased applications in radiochemistry over the last decade, particularly for both pre-clinical and clinical production of fluorine-18 labeled radiotracers. The main advantages of microfluidics are

• -18; 5-HT1A; microfluidics; PET; Introduction The development of serotonin 1A receptor (5-HT1AR) agonist radiotracers for applications in molecular imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) has been avidly sought over the past two decades, albeit with limited success. The current status of

• continuous flow microfluidics for radiofluorination have shown higher yields, with less amount of reagents and shorter reaction times compared to traditional vessel-based techniques [12]. Microfluidic techniques also allow for cost-effective and rapid optimization of reaction parameters for new radiotracers

Solvent-free sonochemistry: Sonochemical organic synthesis in the absence of a liquid medium

• Deborah E. Crawford

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1850–1856, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.179

• include techniques such as shearing [2], microfluidics [3] and twin screw extrusion [4][5][6]. More recently, sonochemistry has been included under the umbrella term of mechanochemistry [7] as it has demonstrated excellent potential when instigating chemical activity in solutions by applying mechanical

A recursive microfluidic platform to explore the emergence of chemical evolution

• David Doran,
• Marc Rodriguez-Garcia,
• Rebecca Turk-MacLeod,
• Geoffrey J. T. Cooper and
• Leroy Cronin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1702–1709, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.164

• an automated recursive platform based on droplet microfluidics, could be used to induce artificial chemical evolution by iterations of growth, speciation, selection, and propagation. To explore this, we set about designing an open source prototype of a fully automated evolution machine, comprising

• : artificial life; autocatalysis; automated platforms; chemical evolution; evolution before genes; evolution first; microfluidics; Introduction The transition from an inanimate inorganic world, principally consisting of minerals, gases and small organic compounds, to the living world with the first life forms

Biochemical and structural characterisation of the second oxidative crosslinking step during the biosynthesis of the glycopeptide antibiotic A47934

• Veronika Ulrich,
• Clara Brieke and
• Max J. Cryle

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2849–2864, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.284

• were performed at 4 °C if not stated otherwise. First, the cells were lysed by 3 passes through a microfluidizer (Microfluidics, Westwood, USA), before the lysate was centrifuged at 20,000g for 30 min. The cleared lysate was then subjected to Ni-NTA affinity chromatography in batch mode to purify the N

Gallium-containing polymer brush film as efficient supported Lewis acid catalyst in a glass microreactor

• Rajesh Munirathinam,
• Roberto Ricciardi,
• Richard J. M. Egberink,
• Jurriaan Huskens,
• Michael Holtkamp,
• Herbert Wormeester,
• Uwe Karst and
• Willem Verboom

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1698–1704, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.194

• experiments were performed in a setup as described in reference [16]. A back pressure regulator (Future Chemistry) was connected to the outlet of the microreactor. Glass microreactors with a residual volume of 13 µL and dimensions of 150 µm depth and 150 µm width were purchased from Micronit Microfluidics

Coaxial electrospinning of liquid crystal-containing poly(vinylpyrrolidone) microfibres

• Eva Enz,
• Ute Baumeister and
• Jan Lagerwall

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2009, 5, No. 58, doi:10.3762/bjoc.5.58

• of 10 kV was applied, unless otherwise stated. All fluids were pumped at a controlled rate using a Fluigent MFCS4C microfluidics controller. The resulting samples were kept at room temperature for several days prior to conducting DSC or X-ray studies to ensure that all solvent was evaporated so that