From perfluoroalkyl aryl sulfoxides to ortho thioethers

• Yang Li,
• Guillaume Dagousset,
• Emmanuel Magnier and
• Bruce Pégot

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2108–2113, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.181

• Discussion We started our optimization with the reaction between acetonitrile and phenyl trifluoromethyl sulfoxide (1a, Table 1). We firstly chose the same stoichiometry as described in our previous study and tried to reduce the reaction time by the help of microwave heating (Table 1, entry 1). Under these

The Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé reaction in its maturity: innovation and improvements since its 21st birthday (2019–2023)

• Cristina Martini,
• Muhammad Idham Darussalam Mardjan and
• Andrea Basso

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1839–1879, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.162

• multistep procedure, however, by employing 3,6-diamino-1,2,4-triazin-5-one 44 as amidine derivative, 46 could be simply obtained through a GBB-3CR. The amino group in position 3 was opportunely protected to drive the GBB reaction to the selective formation of 45. Microwave heating appeared to be beneficial

Syntheses and medicinal chemistry of spiro heterocyclic steroids

• Laura L. Romero-Hernández,
• Ana Isabel Ahuja-Casarín,
• Penélope Merino-Montiel,
• Sara Montiel-Smith,
• José Luis Vega-Báez and
• Jesús Sandoval-Ramírez

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1713–1745, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.152

• 140a,b (α/β 35:65), which were successfully separated. The following aminolysis of the isolated compounds was achieved by microwave heating using 3 equivalents of butylamine in ethanol at 180 °C. Finally, formation of morpholinones 142 and 143 was accomplished by N-acylation of the corresponding amino

Decarboxylative 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of amino acids for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds

• Xiaofeng Zhang,
• Xiaoming Ma and
• Wei Zhang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1677–1693, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.123

• for 6 h to afford the monocycloaddition compounds. Without isolation, the reaction mixtures were then used for the N-propargylation in the presence of K2CO3 under microwave heating at 110 °C for 1 h to give triazolobenzodiazepines 21a–f in 35–65% yields with 2:1 to 7:1 dr (Scheme 13). Other than 2

Inductive heating and flow chemistry – a perfect synergy of emerging enabling technologies

• Conrad Kuhwald,
• Sibel Türkhan and
• Andreas Kirschning

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 688–706, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.70

• synthesis; nanoparticles; Introduction Several decades ago, inductive heating was introduced as an indirect technique in various applications, including industrial manufacturing, synthetic chemistry [1][2][3], and medicine (Figure 1) [4][5][6][7]. Compared to microwave heating [8][9], the other major

• temperature of the nanostructured particles (Figure 4B). The Claisen rearrangement of the electron-deficient aryl allyl ether 9 was chosen to compare the versatility and performance of inductive heating with conventional and microwave heating (Scheme 8A) [50]. The effectiveness of inductive heating is clearly

Synthesis of sulfur karrikin bioisosteres as potential neuroprotectives

• Martin Pošta,
• Václav Zima,
• Lenka Poštová Slavětínská,
• Marika Matoušová and
• Petr Beier

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 549–554, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.57

• ][31], microwave heating did not improve the yields; therefore, conventional heating was used in our case. Generally, 5 is the most reactive among the substrates and the experiments proved that only 5 and not 13 or 14 can be partially converted to thiopyranthione 6b in the presence of P4S10 without

• derivatives 27–30 were prepared from 8, 20, 21, and 26 using microwave heating with Lawesson’s reagent and HMDO (Scheme 6). Thionation provided the title compounds in good to high yields. Biochemical study – AchE inhibition The compounds were further tested for their ability to inhibit AChE in vitro [24

Efficient synthesis of ethyl 2-(oxazolin-2-yl)alkanoates via ethoxycarbonylketene-induced electrophilic ring expansion of aziridines

• Yelong Lei and
• Jiaxi Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 70–76, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.6

• alkoxycarbonylketenes, which undergo an electrophilic ring expansion with aziridines to afford alkyl 2-(oxazolin-2-yl)alkanoates in good to excellent yields under microwave heating. The method is a convenient and clean reaction without any activators and catalysts and can be also applied in the synthesis of 2-(oxazolin

• microwave heating, affording the desired product 3aa in 41% yield with remaining starting materials 1a and 2a (Table 1, entry 1). The reaction was further conducted at elevated temperatures 120 °C, 130 °C, and 140 °C, giving the product 3aa in 64%, 68%, and 70%, respectively (Table 1, entries 2–4). Similar

• solubility to all substrates than toluene, the optimal reaction conditions were selected as: diazo ester 1a (0.36 mmol) and 2a (0.3 mmol) in DCE (1 mL) were heated at 130 °C for 20 min with microwave heating. With the optimal reaction conditions in hand, we evaluated the scopes and generalities of both diazo

Efficient N-arylation of 4-chloroquinazolines en route to novel 4-anilinoquinazolines as potential anticancer agents

• Rodolfo H. V. Nishimura,
• Thiago dos Santos,
• Valter E. Murie,
• Luciana C. Furtado,
• Leticia V. Costa-Lotufo and
• Giuliano C. Clososki

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2968–2975, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.206

• ). As expected, substituents at the ortho-position of the anilines affected the N-arylation reactions due to the steric hindrance exerted by these groups. In fact, reactions with 2-methoxy-substituted N-methylaniline 9c were slower, but we obtained high conversions within 20 min under microwave heating

Silica gel and microwave-promoted synthesis of dihydropyrrolizines and tetrahydroindolizines from enaminones

• Robin Klintworth,
• Garreth L. Morgans,
• Stefania M. Scalzullo,
• Charles B. de Koning,
• Willem A. L. van Otterlo and
• Joseph P. Michael

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2543–2552, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.170

• , underwent cyclization in the presence of silica gel to give ethyl 6-(hetero)aryl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-5-carboxylates within minutes upon microwave heating in xylene at 150 °C. Instead of functioning as a nucleophile, the enaminone acted as an electrophile at its carbonyl group during the cyclization

• 20 and 21). More interestingly, microwave heating at 150 °C for no more than 10 minutes of a solution of 15a in xylene with montmorillonite K10, an acidic layered aluminosilicate clay often used as a catalyst in microwave-assisted organic synthesis [41][42][43][44], also afforded the pyrrolizine 19a

• the enaminone in toluene or xylene with silica gel prior to microwave heating at 140–150 °C with moderate stirring for just a few minutes rapidly produced the product 19a which, after evaporation of the solvent, was cleanly eluted from the adsorbent by chromatography on silica gel with ethyl acetate

Double-headed nucleosides: Synthesis and applications

• Vineet Verma,
• Jyotirmoy Maity,
• Vipin K. Maikhuri,
• Ritika Sharma,
• Himal K. Ganguly and
• Ashok K. Prasad

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1392–1439, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.98

• alkyne 155 was reacted with bromobenzene and sodium azide under microwave heating in an EtOH/H2O mixture in the presence of copper iodide, sodium ascorbate, and N,N-dimethylethylenediamine (156) to afford the double-headed nucleoside 157a. The reaction of the terminal alkyne 155 with benzyl bromide and

A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries

• Guido Gambacorta,
• James S. Sharley and
• Ian R. Baxendale

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1181–1312, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.90

Microwave-assisted multicomponent reactions in heterocyclic chemistry and mechanistic aspects

• Shivani Gulati,
• Stephy Elza John and
• Nagula Shankaraiah

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 819–865, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.71

• time from hours to minutes and seconds. It provides efficient and uniform heating proving to be a rapid method over the conventional ones. Reactants are directly heated when microwave heating is employed while with the conventional methods, the reaction vessel is first heated and the heat is

• capacity and modes to achieve the uphill task easily [19]. The contemporary organic chemistry procedure involving microwave heating has paved way for the molecular diversity that helps in reducing the time required for the drug discovery process. As multicomponent reactions and microwave reactions hold

Valorisation of plastic waste via metal-catalysed depolymerisation

• Francesca Liguori,
• Carmen Moreno-Marrodán and
• Pierluigi Barbaro

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 589–621, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.53

• , glycolysis of PET was performed under microwave heating in the presence of Zn(OAc)2, yielding BHET with an 80% selectivity at 97% conversion due to formation of dimers (Table 2, entry 7) [203][204]. Soluble metal chlorides (zinc, magnesium, iron, zirconium, cobalt, nickel) were also explored as catalysts in

• metal (complex) catalysts, methanolysis of PLA was recently described using alkali metal halides [271]. In an optimised experiment, PLA from various goods (cups, fork, spoons, containers, Mw 120000–260000 g⋅mol−1) was converted into Me-La in up to 97% yield using 2.5 mol % KF, 180 °C microwave heating

Synthesis of N-perfluoroalkyl-3,4-disubstituted pyrroles by rhodium-catalyzed transannulation of N-fluoroalkyl-1,2,3-triazoles with terminal alkynes

• Olga Bakhanovich,
• Viktor Khutorianskyi,
• Vladimir Motornov and
• Petr Beier

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 504–510, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.44

• Prague, Czech Republic 10.3762/bjoc.17.44 Abstract The rhodium-catalyzed transannulation of N-perfluoroalkyl-1,2,3-triazoles with aromatic and aliphatic terminal alkynes under microwave heating conditions afforded N-perfluoroalkyl-3,4-disubstituted pyrroles (major products) and N-fluoroalkyl-2,4

Fluorine effect in nucleophilic fluorination at C4 of 1,6-anhydro-2,3-dideoxy-2,3-difluoro-β-D-hexopyranose

• Danny Lainé,
• Vincent Denavit,
• Olivier Lessard,
• Laurie Carrier,
• Charles-Émile Fecteau,
• Paul A. Johnson and
• Denis Giguère

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2880–2887, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.237

• . Nevertheless, we investigated the preparation of 1,6-anhydro-2,3,4-trideoxy-2,3,4-trifluoro-β-ᴅ-hexopyranose analogues from previously described 1,6-anhydro-2,3-dideoxy-2,3-difluoro-β-ᴅ-hexopyranoses 2–5 using DAST (Table 1). We thus used 2 equivalents of DAST at 100 °C under microwave heating for 1 h and

Selective and reversible 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 6-aryl-1,5-diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes with 1,3-diphenylprop-2-en-1-ones under microwave irradiation

• Alexander P. Molchanov,
• Mariia M. Efremova,
• Mariya A. Kryukova and
• Mikhail A. Kuznetsov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2679–2686, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.218

• liberation of the aromatic aldehyde and formation of the new azomethine imines. Conclusion The cycloaddition of azomethine imines, generated from 6-aryl-1,5-diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes under microwave heating, with 1,3-diarylpropenones occurs regioselective with the formation of 2-benzoyl-substituted pyrazolo

Microwave-assisted efficient one-pot synthesis of N²-(tetrazol-5-yl)-6-aryl/heteroaryl-5,6-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamines

• Moustafa Sherief Moustafa,
• Ramadan Ahmed Mekheimer,
• Saleh Mohammed Al-Mousawi,
• Mohamed Abd-Elmonem,
• Hesham El-Zorba,
• Afaf Mohamed Abdel Hameed,
• Tahany Mahmoud Mohamed and
• Kamal Usef Sadek

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1706–1712, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.142

• developed by reacting 5-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrazole with aromatic aldehydes and cyanamide in pyridine under controlled microwave heating with high yields. X-ray crystallography confirmed the structure of the obtained products. Keywords: microwave irradiation; N2-(tetrazol-5-yl)-6-aryl/heteroaryl-1,3,5-triazine

• green methodologies in synthetic heterocyclic chemistry. The utilization of microwave heating as an energy source has several advantages including operational simplicity, high reaction yields, enhanced rates, and increased energy efficiency [34][35][36][37][38][39][40]. In continuation of our efforts in

• 5-aminotetrazole (3) in pyridine under controlled microwave heating (Scheme 2). Results and Discussion With the initial aim of optimizing the reaction conditions, we began our study by reacting equimolar amounts of cyanamide 1, aromatic aldehydes 2, and 5-aminotetrazole (3) in pyridine and the

Activated carbon as catalyst support: precursors, preparation, modification and characterization

• Melanie Iwanow,
• Tobias Gärtner,
• Volker Sieber and
• Burkhard König

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1188–1202, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.104

• ]. Comparison of conventional and microwave heating Conventional heating for physical or chemical activation of the precursor materials has several drawbacks such as the non-uniform heating of the samples or a high energy demand due to long carbonization and activation times at high temperatures [103][104

• significant time reduction and therefore energy savings [103]. The major problem of microwave heating is that the carbon sources are poor receptors for the irradiation, thus activation agents are necessary as heat carriers and for promotion of porosity [104]. Wang et al. prepared activated carbons with high

• surface areas by microwave-induced ZnCl2 activation within minutes. The porosity of the materials can be tailored by the carbon precursor to ZnCl2 ratio and the microwave irradiation time [104]. Foo et al. investigated the activated carbon preparation by microwave heating with K2CO3 activation from wood

Diversity-oriented synthesis of 17-spirosteroids

• Benjamin Laroche,
• Thomas Bouvarel,
• Martin Louis-Sylvestre and
• Bastien Nay

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 880–887, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.79

• Stewart–Grubbs catalyst combined with microwave heating at 120 °C (allyl ethers) or 170 °C (4-pentenyl ethers), demonstrating improved yields [77]. These temperatures were needed for the reaction to quickly go to completion. With 17-O-allylmestranol (5a), a rapid screening of the Stewart–Grubbs (SG

• study (Scheme 2). Thus, in the presence of G-II in toluene and under microwave heating, the reaction provided 17-spirosteroid dienes 8–10 in good yields (67–82%). Spirocyclic vinylcyclopentene substrates 8a,b and 9a,b were engaged in Diels–Alder reactions with a variety of dienophiles (11–15). The

Architecture and synthesis of P,N-heterocyclic phosphine ligands

• Wisdom A. Munzeiwa,
• Bernard Omondi and
• Vincent O. Nyamori

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 362–383, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.35

• bipyridyl- (6), quinolinyl- (7), phenanthrolinyl- (8) and terpyridinyl- (9) phosphine ligands (Figure 1) [60]. Trofimov et al. [61][62] reported on an alternative reaction pathway using microwave heating for the synthesis of tris(2-pyridyl)phosphine in which white and red phosphorus were used. On treating

Functionalization of the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine ring in α-phosphonoacrylates and α-phosphonopropionates via microwave-assisted Mizoroki–Heck reaction

• Damian Kusy,
• Agata Wojciechowska,
• Joanna Małolepsza and
• Katarzyna M. Błażewska

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 15–21, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.3

• -bromoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)-2-(diethoxyphosphoryl)acrylates 1, no desired product 3 was formed under standard heating conditions (Table 1, entry 1). Recently, multiple variants for the application of microwave heating for conducting Mizoroki–Heck reactions have been reported, including the use of

• heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts, as well as continuous-flow conditions [13][14][15]. Therefore, we tested microwave heating, a technique which is known for significant acceleration of the C–C coupling reaction [16]. We carried out the optimization studies using model substrates – compound 1a and benzyl

• , which led to 91% yield (Table 1, entry 22). The shorter exposure to microwave heating probably limited the decomposition of the substrate and the product. Among the various choices of solvents, propionitrile (PCN) delivered the highest amount of product 3, while other solvents led to lower yields (Table

Multicomponent reactions (MCRs): a useful access to the synthesis of benzo-fused γ-lactams

• Edorta Martínez de Marigorta,
• Jesús M. de Los Santos,
• Ana M. Ochoa de Retana,
• Javier Vicario and
• Francisco Palacios

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1065–1085, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.104

• aromatic, heteroaromatic and aliphatic amines in ethanol, under microwave heating, and without metal catalyst [83]. Very good yields of 35 are obtained in a very simple and cost-effective manner. A rather similar approach was disclosed shortly later by Han and co-workers [84], who used β-ketoacids (34 R3

• improvement on this multicomponent approach, making use of β-cyclodextrine as promoter, water as a solvent, and microwave heating (route C, Scheme 16) [98]. Under these neutral conditions, they prepared up to nineteen compounds (60–95%, R1 = H, Cl, R2 = alkyl, benzyl, aryl), including two derivatives

Synthesis of (macro)heterocycles by consecutive/repetitive isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions

• Angélica de Fátima S. Barreto and
• Carlos Kleber Z. Andrade

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 906–930, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.88

• amounts of each reagent. Neither room-temperature reactions nor reflux conditions led to satisfactory results. However, microwave heating of 11 at 120 °C for 30 min in trifluoroethanol as solvent allowed the obtention of the desired tetrazole-ketopiperazines 12 in yields ranging from 20–72% (1:1 to 9:1

• backbone could be easily exchanged. Later on, our group introduced the use of microwave heating to this same synthetic strategy for the synthesis of a cyclic peptoid (Scheme 18) [33]. The combination of these two tools (microwave heating and consecutive IMCRs) has proved to be a particularly attractive

An improved synthesis of adefovir and related analogues

• David J. Jones,
• Eileen M. O’Leary and
• Timothy P. O’Sullivan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 801–810, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.77

• were unable to access 2 (Scheme 7). Instead, the major product isolated in both cases was novel heterocycle 35. It is likely that cleavage of one of the pivaloxymethyl groups, followed by intramolecular cyclisation, results in the formation of 35. Microwave heating of 33 in the presence of DBU also

Microwave-assisted synthesis of biologically relevant steroidal 17-exo-pyrazol-5'-ones from a norpregnene precursor by a side-chain elongation/heterocyclization sequence

• Gergő Mótyán,
• László Mérai,
• Márton Attila Kiss,
• Zsuzsanna Schelz,
• Izabella Sinka,
• István Zupkó and
• Éva Frank

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2589–2596, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.236

• -activated acylimidazole derivative was then converted to a β-ketoester containing a two carbon atom-elongated side chain than that of the starting material. A Knorr cyclization of the bifunctional 1,3-dicarbonyl compound with hydrazine and its monosubstituted derivatives in AcOH under microwave heating