Hot shape transformation: the role of PSar dehydration in stomatocyte morphogenesis

• Remi Peters,
• Levy A. Charleston,
• Karinan van Eck,
• Teun van Berlo and
• Daniela A. Wilson

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 47–54, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.5

• -polystyrene block copolymers (PEG-PS) stand out for their versatility and adaptability. These copolymers exhibit a remarkable propensity for self-assembly, allowing the formation of vesicles capable of undergoing diverse shape transformations. Notably, they can adopt the distinctive stomatocyte morphology

• holds profound implications for drug delivery and beyond. By tailoring vesicle morphology to specific requirements, researchers can optimize drug encapsulation, targeting, and release, advancing the efficacy and precision of therapeutic interventions. Continued exploration of these versatile materials

• fabrication [18]. The necessary shape transformation for achieving this morphology is primarily driven by changes in osmotic pressure. Initially achieved through dialysis and later by the addition of PEG solution [1][18], the process involves deflating the polymeric vesicle, prompting it to bend and adopt the

Chemical structure metagenomics of microbial natural products: surveying nonribosomal peptides and beyond

• Thomas Ma and
• John Chu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3050–3060, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.253

• morphology of the host, etc. [25]. Sequence and function metagenomic approaches have been reviewed elsewhere and will not be covered herein [26][27][28]. This Perspective focuses on chemical structure metagenomics (Figure 2c), an emerging field that integrates bioinformatics, chemical synthesis, molecular

Cyclodextrin-based rotaxanes for polymer materials: challenge on simultaneous realization of inexpensive production and defined structures

• Yosuke Akae

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3026–3049, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.252

N-Glycosides of indigo, indirubin, and isoindigo: blue, red, and yellow sugars and their cancerostatic activity

• Peter Langer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2840–2869, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.240

• inhibition of colony formation were observed. Likewise, a concentration-dependent decrease of both the basal and ATP-linked oxygen consumption rate and of the capacity of oxidative respiration were observed at the mitochondrial level in the presence of compound β-33b. In addition, the morphology of the

Mechanochemical difluoromethylations of ketones

• Jinbo Ke,
• Pit van Bonn and
• Carsten Bolm

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2799–2805, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.235

• absorption of mechanical energy and they are influenced by several factors, including the lack of solvation, changes in morphology and rheology of the reaction mixtures during the milling, and variations in concentration and dielectric environment. Consequently, an increased reactivity can be achieved

Applications of microscopy and small angle scattering techniques for the characterisation of supramolecular gels

• Connor R. M. MacDonald and
• Emily R. Draper

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2608–2634, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.220

• is the possibility of using different probes in a multicomponent network. Onogi et al. reported one of the first examples of direct imaging, in situ, of self-sorted supramolecular nanofibres [17]. TEM was able to show that the mixture of gelators gave rise to nanofibres with a morphology similar to

• highly sensitive cantilever to measure the nanometre to sub-millimetre surface morphology. Attractive or repulsive interactions between the surface and the cantilever induce a bending force in the cantilever providing a mechanical means of probing the surface nanostructure [11]. There are various modes

• number of structural features, but the sample preparation required can lead to significant changes in the materials morphology. EM requires many preparative steps to allow structures to be imaged including the application of an ultrathin coating of carbon, gold, or platinum. These are applied to conduct

Natural resorcylic lactones derived from alternariol

• Joachim Podlech

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2171–2207, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.187

• , preferentially affecting the IIα isoform [88], where on the other hand the damage turned out to be repaired in less than two hours [89]. Its induction of oxidative stress leading to DNA damage [90][91][92][93] and its causing cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and changing the cell morphology further contribute to

Factors influencing the performance of organocatalysts immobilised on solid supports: A review

• Zsuzsanna Fehér,
• Dóra Richter,
• Gyula Dargó and
• József Kupai

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2129–2142, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.183

• controllability of surface, geometry, and pore size makes silica-based materials sustainable and functionalisable supports for organocatalytic reactions [44]. The particle morphology of mesoporous silica can be tuned to various shapes, including spheres, tubes, and rods of various dimensions [45], by using a co

• was studied and compared in the esterification of methanol or glycerol with oleic acid (1). It was observed that substrate conversion and product yield also depended on the particle morphology. Rope-type propylsulfonic SBA-15 mesoporous silica gel showed the highest catalytic activity in both studied

• area, morphology and pore size of the solid support have a strong influence on the catalytic properties. Innovative approaches such as confinement effects and advanced material designs such as MOFs, COFs and hyperbranched systems offer promising solutions to enhance catalyst efficiency and selectivity

Cage-like microstructures via sequential Ugi reactions in aqueous emulsions

• Rita S. Alqubelat,
• Yaroslava A. Menzorova and
• Maxim A. Mironov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2078–2083, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.179

• ]. However, the relationship between the structure of the initial particles and the surface morphology of colloidosomes is not yet understood clearly enough. Quite often, there are cases where the number of colloidal particles is clearly insufficient to cover the surface of the droplets observed in stable

Understanding X-ray-induced isomerisation in photoswitchable surfactant assemblies

• Beatrice E. Jones,
• Camille Blayo,
• Jake L. Greenfield,
• Matthew J. Fuchter,
• Nathan Cowieson and
• Rachel C. Evans

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2005–2015, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.176

• azobenzene (Azo) or, more recently, arylazopyrazoles (AAPs), which change shape and polarity on photoisomerisation between the E and Z states, thus changing the self-assembled structure. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is a powerful technique to probe the morphology of PS and can be used to measure the

• light and X-ray irradiation on micelles formed from two different PS, containing either an Azo or AAP photoswitch using SAXS with in-situ light irradiation. The effect of X-ray irradiation on the Z isomer is shown to depend on the photoswitch, solvent, concentration and morphology. We use this to create

• ubiquitous cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), which contain either an Azo (i.e., AzoTAB, Figure 1a) or arylazopyrazole (i.e., AAPTAB, Figure 1b) photoswitch. AzoTAB and AAPTAB were chosen as they display distinct changes in micelle morphology on irradiation with UV light to form the Z-rich PSS [4][19

Structure–property relationships in dicyanopyrazinoquinoxalines and their hydrogen-bonding-capable dihydropyrazinoquinoxalinedione derivatives

• Tural N. Akhmedov,
• Ajeet Kumar,
• Daken J. Starkenburg,
• Kyle J. Chesney,
• Khalil A. Abboud,
• Novruz G. Akhmedov,
• Jiangeng Xue and
• Ronald K. Castellano

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1037–1052, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.92

• perylenebisimide (PBI) components connected laterally through H-bonding and self-assembled orthogonally through π–π interactions [13]. Mixtures of PBI and OPV successfully exhibited ambipolar charge transport depending on processing conditions as a result of the co-assembled morphology. Our group utilized a

Green and sustainable approaches for the Friedel–Crafts reaction between aldehydes and indoles

• Periklis X. Kolagkis,
• Eirini M. Galathri and
• Christoforos G. Kokotos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 379–426, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.36

• also evaluated, where it was observed that even after 8 cycles without any treatment the morphology of the nanotubes remained the same, without leaching of considerable amounts of ʟ-proline into the reaction mixture. The mechanism of action involves the activation of the aldehyde by the grafted ʟ

• nanocompounds, instead picking graphene oxide (GO), due to its unique morphology and high chemical stability (Scheme 20) [112]. The graphene oxide was decorated with CuBr nanoparticles, which had already shown great catalytic potential, forming the GO–CuBr complex that was utilized for the synthesis of BIMs

• research group [126]. Kaur et al. synthesized various CdS nanostructures with differences in their morphology and screened them for their catalytic potential, while avoiding the use of surfactants, which were too difficult to remove from the reaction mixture (Scheme 24). CdS_3a which was a porous and

Optimizing reaction conditions for the light-driven hydrogen evolution in a loop photoreactor

• Pengcheng Li,
• Daniel Kowalczyk,
• Johannes Liessem,
• Mohamed M. Elnagar,
• Dariusz Mitoraj,
• Radim Beranek and
• Dirk Ziegenbalg

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 74–91, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.9

• activity of the hydrogen evolution. The efficiency of the loop photoreactor is also compared with results from literature obtained in a Schlenk tube system [30]. Results and Discussion Photocatalyst characterization The surface morphology of the Pt-PCN photocatalyst has been analyzed by scanning electron

• photocatalyst is referred to as Pt-PCN. The surface morphology, chemical composition, and elemental distribution of the Pt-PCN were analyzed using a ZEISS LEO 1550 VP scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) from Ametek, USA. The SEM was operated at an acceleration

Charge carrier transport in perylene-based and pyrene-based columnar liquid crystals

• Alessandro L. Alves,
• Simone V. Bernardino,
• Carlos H. Stadtlober,
• Edivandro Girotto,
• Giliandro Farias,
• Rodney M. do Nascimento,
• Sergio F. Curcio,
• Thiago Cazati,
• Marta E. R. Dotto,
• Juliana Eccher,
• Leonardo N. Furini,
• Hugo Gallardo,
• Harald Bock and
• Ivan H. Bechtold

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1755–1765, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.128

• to address the thickness and the morphology of the films of 1 and 2 deposited on the hole-only and electron-only device structures. The thickness of the films in these structures was 40 nm. The films deposited on PEDOT:PSS for the hole-only devices indicate homogenous properties with low root mean

Quinoxaline derivatives as attractive electron-transporting materials

• Zeeshan Abid,
• Liaqat Ali,
• Sughra Gulzar,
• Faiza Wahad,
• Raja Shahid Ashraf and
• Christian B. Nielsen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1694–1712, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.124

• morphology on Qx26 and Qx27, employing indacenodithiophene, Qx and rhodanine as donor, acceptor and end group, respectively. The incorporation of specific side chains facilitated improved thermal stability, solubility, and broad absorption spectra (300–750 nm), narrow bandgaps (1.68–1.74 eV) and PCEs in the

pH-Responsive fluorescent supramolecular nanoparticles based on tetraphenylethylene-labelled chitosan and a six-fold carboxylated tribenzotriquinacene

• Nan Yang,
• Yi-Yan Zhu,
• Wei-Xiu Lin,
• Yi-Long Lu and
• Wen-Rong Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 635–645, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.45

• to observe the morphology of CS-TPE aggregates. At pH 5.3, CS-TPE with Rf = 2, 10 and 20 mol % assembled into homogeneous spherical nanoparticles with average diameters of 131 nm, 166 nm and 236 nm, respectively (Figure 3a–c). This assembly behavior is supposed to be caused by the amphiphilic nature

• ratios for the formation of TBTQ-C6/CS-TPE-10% and TBTQ-C6/CS-TPE-20% supra-amphiphilic assemblies are 0.10 mM TBTQ-C6 + 68 µg/mL CS-TPE-10% (Figure 5c and 5d) and 0.10 mM TBTQ-C6 + 60 μg/mL CS-TPE-20% (Figure 5e and 5f), respectively. The morphology and size distribution of TBTQ-C6/CS-TPE aggregates

• measured on a high-sensitivity fluorescence spectrometer HORIBA Fluorolog-3. TEM experiments. The morphology and size of TBTQ-C6/CS-TPE nanoparticles were studied by use of a Talos F200X G2 field emission transmission electron microscope (TEM). The sample solution was dropped on a copper net and then dried

CuAAC-inspired synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole-bridged porphyrin conjugates: an overview

• Dileep Kumar Singh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 349–379, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.29

• hexagonal columnar phases in their pure states and can form organogels in 1,4-dioxane with an unusual flower-like sphere morphology. Ol'shevskaya et al. [64] recently established a CuAAC-based synthesis of a novel series of meso-triazoloporphyrin-carborane conjugates, as shown in Scheme 33. First, the

Insight into oral amphiphilic cyclodextrin nanoparticles for colorectal cancer: comprehensive mathematical model of drug release kinetic studies and antitumoral efficacy in 3D spheroid colon tumors

• Sedat Ünal,
• Gamze Varan,
• Juan M. Benito,
• Yeşim Aktaş and
• Erem Bilensoy

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 139–157, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.14

• the decrease in cell number and the change in cell morphology draw attention in the microscopic images. In particular, in the CT26 cell line incubated with poly-β-CD-C6 nanoparticles the presence of red-labeled dead cells was observed. Especially in HT29 cells, it is noteworthy that the cellular

Preparation of β-cyclodextrin/polysaccharide foams using saponin

• Max Petitjean and
• José Ramón Isasi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 78–88, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.7

• correlated to the foam stability. Morphology of the matrices studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) The different microstructures of the samples have been analysed for the three polysaccharide combinations. Those of β-cyclodextrin/LBG matrices will be shown here, since all the polysaccharides

• citrate crosslinker, changing the morphology of the internal structures. As can be seen in Figure 3 for sample β-csp (cyclodextrin/saponin without polysaccharides), the washing process causes a swelling of the walls, transforming an ordered porous structure into a random structure, composed of a mixture

Inclusion complexes of the steroid hormones 17β-estradiol and progesterone with β- and γ-cyclodextrin hosts: syntheses, X-ray structures, thermal analyses and API solubility enhancements

• Alexios I. Vicatos,
• Zakiena Hoossen and
• Mino R. Caira

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1749–1762, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.184

• (refcode: DOCYID), and the γ-CD·PRO complex produced via co-precipitation (3:2). (a) The crystal morphology of β-CD·BES recorded with polarised light. (b) The crystal morphology of β-CD·PRO. (c) The highly magnified crystal morphology of γ-CD·BES. (d) The crystal morphology of γ-CD·PRO. (a) A

Mechanochemical bottom-up synthesis of phosphorus-linked, heptazine-based carbon nitrides using sodium phosphide

• Blaine G. Fiss,
• Georgia Douglas,
• Michael Ferguson,
• Jorge Becerra,
• Jesus Valdez,
• Trong-On Do,
• Tomislav Friščić and
• Audrey Moores

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1203–1209, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.125

• absorption band corresponding to the heptazine breathing mode at 800 cm−1, while also retaining the characteristic P–C vibration at 950 cm−1 (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3, green). STEM-EELS analysis The composition and particle morphology were investigated further using scanning tunneling

• at 300 °C for 1 hour under argon, the phosphorus content is shown to increase, while still remaining partially localized, with the particles retaining their size and morphology (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4b). 31P magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR Bulk solid-state analysis of the heptazine

Tetraphenylethylene-embedded pillar[5]arene-based orthogonal self-assembly for efficient photocatalysis in water

• Zhihang Bai,
• Krishnasamy Velmurugan,
• Xueqi Tian,
• Minzan Zuo,
• Kaiya Wang and
• Xiao-Yu Hu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 429–437, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.45

• binding interaction between m-TPEWP5 and G is strong enough to form a stable complex in an aqueous solution. The morphology of the supramolecular m-TPEWP5G and m-TPEWP5G-EsY systems was monitored by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). As shown in Figure 3, m-TPEWP5G self-assembled to form a worm

Recent developments and trends in the iron- and cobalt-catalyzed Sonogashira reactions

• Surendran Amrutha,
• Sankaran Radhika and
• Gopinathan Anilkumar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 262–285, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.31

• that the morphology of the catalyst did not change after six consecutive reaction cycles. Apfel et al. reported the first selective cross-coupling reaction between terminal phenylacetylene and iodobenzene derivatives using Fe(II) bisphosphine complexes, which serve as precatalyst (Scheme 17) [33]. In

• polymer) (Co@imine-POP) has been synthesized by immobilizing cobalt onto a nitrogen-rich porous organic polymer (Scheme 20) [35]. Using scanning electron microscopy, the surface morphology of the catalyst was evaluated. Nowadays, covalent organic frameworks (COF) were found to be a suitable support in

• various features like structure, morphology, magnetic nature, and catalytic performance. One among the major attractions of this protocol is that the catalyst could be reused for at least 7 successive runs. Chu et al. developed an efficient and inexpensive procedure for the formation of carbon–carbon

Synthesis and bioactivity of pyrrole-conjugated phosphopeptides

• Qiuxin Zhang,
• Weiyi Tan and
• Bing Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 159–166, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.17

• peptides, resulting in hydrogelation (Figure 3A) [62]. In comparison with 1, 4a, forming networks of nanoparticles at 400 μM and 200 μM, exhibits little change in the morphology of the assemblies after being incubated with 1 U/mL of ALP for 24 h (Figure 3B), although LC–MS confirms the enzymatic

Cryogels: recent applications in 3D-bioprinting, injectable cryogels, drug delivery, and wound healing

• Luke O. Jones,
• Leah Williams,
• Tasmin Boam,
• Martin Kalmet,
• Chidubem Oguike and
• Fiona L. Hatton

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2553–2569, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.171

• [18]. This has led to concerns over producing cryogels with dimensions greater than 25 mm [19]. Although, a report by Macková et al. outlines the benefits of graduated pore size distribution in hydrogels used in tissue engineering, since many human body tissues also exhibit a heterogeneous morphology

• properties and/or morphology. Often it can be characterised in terms of swelling, as the solubility of a polymer within a solvent, or solvation state, changes with temperature in thermally responsive cryogels. This leads to variation in cryogel volume, as at differing temperatures the nature of intra- and