Beyond symmetric self-assembly and effective molarity: unlocking functional enzyme mimics with robust organic cages

• Keith G. Andrews

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 421–443, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.30

• bases) and multiple reactive sites can be introduced into a single rigid framework [234], allowing the telescoping of several catalytic steps. However, in terms of organization and polarization, the challenge is to position within porous materials catalytic motifs (Figure 6C) with sufficient

A laterally-fused N-heterocyclic carbene framework from polysubstituted aminoimidazo[5,1-b]oxazol-6-ium salts

• Andrew D. Gillie,
• Matthew G. Wakeling,
• Bethan L. Greene,
• Louise Male and
• Paul W. Davies

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 621–627, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.54

• ][26][27]. The unique Schiff base 6 can however be stored without precautions for several months without degradation and is prepared with minimal processing in 75% yield by telescoping the annulation and condensation steps. As the 4-aminooxazole motif appeared to be a poor nucleophile, we sought to

Inline purification in continuous flow synthesis – opportunities and challenges

• Jorge García-Lacuna and
• Marcus Baumann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1720–1740, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.182

• chemistry tools developed in academia. Keywords: flow synthesis; inline purification; process development; reaction telescoping; scale-up; Introduction Continuous flow chemistry is a mature and widely applied platform technology that exploits intrinsic advantages over batch processing such as better heat

• and mass transfer, improved safety and scalability as well as the potential of reaction telescoping and automation [1][2]. Consequently, researchers from academia and the fine chemical industry have established flow technology as a complementary and oftentimes superior approach to traditional batch

• membranes in telescoping reactions is a more widespread, accessible, and easier to use approach for both industry and academia. These are utilized to separate the organic phase (containing the desired product) from the aqueous phase that might be used to quench the reaction or to remove any reagent

New synthesis of a late-stage tetracyclic key intermediate of lumateperone

• Mátyás Milen,
• Bálint Nyulasi,
• Tamás Nagy,
• Gyula Simig and
• Balázs Volk

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 653–659, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.66

• a Fischer indole synthesis. The inexpensive starting material, the efficient synthetic steps, and the avoidance of the borane-based reduction step provide a reasonable potential for scalability. Keywords: drug substance; indole synthesis; key intermediate; protecting group; telescoping

Flow synthesis of oxadiazoles coupled with sequential in-line extraction and chromatography

• Kian Donnelly and
• Marcus Baumann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 232–239, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.27

• telescoping; Introduction The application of enabling technologies in chemistry has received a surge in interest in recent years [1][2][3][4]. At the forefront of this revolution has been the advent of flow chemistry and its increasing utility in synthetic chemistry [5][6][7][8]. This is largely driven by

A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries

• Guido Gambacorta,
• James S. Sharley and
• Ian R. Baxendale

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1181–1312, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.90

• interconnected output. The potential inclusion of downstream inlets allows for further reagent addition and direct telescoping into a subsequent reactor/reaction step. This can in theory be repeated as many times as is desired. This approach is being increasingly adopted to address synthesis problems across both

• temperature and pressure range access, the potential for in-line purification, monitoring and telescoping, linear scalability and more efficient mixing. These applications are very attractive for a synthetic chemist in all settings, especially considering the current ever-increasing industrial pressure to

• often a work-up procedure meaning that this approach is very accommodating of direct telescoping into further reaction steps and reactors. So far, heterogeneous catalysis of aldol reactions in flow has been mostly geared towards achieving transformations with high enantioselectivity, towards decreasing

Coupling biocatalysis with high-energy flow reactions for the synthesis of carbamates and β-amino acid derivatives

• Alexander Leslie,
• Thomas S. Moody,
• Megan Smyth,
• Scott Wharry and
• Marcus Baumann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 379–384, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.33

• species. This strategy thus highlights the applicability of this work towards the creation of important chemical building blocks for the pharmaceutical and speciality chemical industries. Keywords: biocatalysis; CALB; Curtius rearrangement; flow synthesis; reaction telescoping; Introduction Continuous

• provide future chemists with hands-on experience in modern synthesis technologies. Apart from increased safety and scalability, reaction telescoping is one of the most attractive features of flow synthesis allowing for streamlined routes to minimize the need for the isolation and handling of potentially

• unstable or harmful intermediates [10][11][12][13]. Importantly, recent applications have extended from telescoping chemical transformations to also integrate bioassays [14], inline purification [15] and formulation stages [16]. This development is accompanied by exploiting biocatalyzed transformations

Safe and highly efficient adaptation of potentially explosive azide chemistry involved in the synthesis of Tamiflu using continuous-flow technology

• Cloudius R. Sagandira and
• Paul Watts

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2577–2589, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.251

• all the steps in Tamiflu synthesis. We knew that the current step will not be compatible with the subsequent step when considering telescoping as it requires anhydrous conditions. This prompted us to investigate whether alternative azidating agents, which are soluble in organic solvents, such as

• vial at room temperature. Azide 5 selectivity was reduced with time in the vial. Therefore, the development of a suitable quenching procedure may be helpful. The TBAA procedure seems to be a promising NaN3 procedure replacement when considering the aforementioned anhydrous telescoping due to its

An improved synthesis of adefovir and related analogues

• David J. Jones,
• Eileen M. O’Leary and
• Timothy P. O’Sullivan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 801–810, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.77

• approach [35][38]. In an attempt to overcome these difficulties, some groups have explored telescoping the MTB-mediated alkylation of 4 with the subsequent dealkylation of 6 [38][40]. However, as trimethylsilyl bromide (TMSBr) is moisture sensitive, telescoping the two reactions is difficult due to the

A general and atom-efficient continuous-flow approach to prepare amines, amides and imines via reactive N-chloramines

• Katherine E. Jolley,
• Michael R. Chapman and
• A. John Blacker

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2220–2228, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.196

• ; telescoping; Introduction N-Chloramines are versatile reagents, however, their availability is restricted by their stability, so useful would be in situ methods to produce and use them [1][2]. The continuous-flow methodology is useful in this context, enabling control over reaction exotherms and improved

High-yielding continuous-flow synthesis of antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine

• Eric Yu,
• Hari P. R. Mangunuru,
• Nakul S. Telang,
• Caleb J. Kong,
• Jenson Verghese,
• Stanley E. Gilliland III,
• Saeed Ahmad,
• Raymond N. Dominey and
• B. Frank Gupton

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 583–592, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.45

• isolated yield of 89%. Due to the need to use an excess of hydroiodic acid it is important to remove its excess from the eluting reaction stream before telescoping into the next step in flow. The product stream containing crude 10 was mixed in-line with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and saturated NaHCO3

A concise flow synthesis of indole-3-carboxylic ester and its derivatisation to an auxin mimic

• Marcus Baumann,
• Ian R. Baxendale and
• Fabien Deplante

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2549–2560, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.251

• looked at telescoping the final two steps of the process; substitution of the ethoxy group by hydrazine and then ring formation to the 3H-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-one unit [32][33]. In this procedure a 0.95 M THF solution of compound 12 was united with a solution of hydrazine (1.0 M in THF) and directed into a

Continuous-flow synthesis of highly functionalized imidazo-oxadiazoles facilitated by microfluidic extraction

• Ananda Herath and
• Nicholas D. P. Cosford

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 239–246, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.26

• isolation of intermediates. We have shown that the “telescoping” of multiple synthetic steps into a single continuous process provides an efficient method for the production of heterocyclic compound libraries in sufficient quantities for biological screening in high-throughput assay formats as well as

Extrusion – back to the future: Using an established technique to reform automated chemical synthesis

• Deborah E. Crawford

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 65–75, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.9

• point to react with polystyrene in a second reaction (Scheme 2) [16]. This is an example of telescoping which is considered to be very advantageous in continuous flow technology for example. As a result of being able to carry out polymerisation and post polymerisation functionalisation by TSE, different

• environment, the extruder is advantageous as the amount of solvent required is either reduced or eliminated. Furthermore, typically the reaction times are greatly reduced and telescoping can be achieved in the extrusion process as discussed. Typical pilot scale single screw extruder (left) and a laboratory

• heating (right). Taken from [44]. Synthesis of Ni(NCS)2(PPh3)2 and [Ni(salen)] by twin screw extrusion. Adapted from [2]. Polymerisation of styrene using s-BuLi as an initiator. Telescoping process of the formation of polystyrene, followed by post polymerisation functionalisation with isoprene. The figure

Electron-transfer-initiated benzoin- and Stetter-like reactions in packed-bed reactors for process intensification

• Anna Zaghi,
• Daniele Ragno,
• Graziano Di Carmine,
• Carmela De Risi,
• Olga Bortolini,
• Pier Paolo Giovannini,
• Giancarlo Fantin and
• Alessandro Massi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2719–2730, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.268

• homogeneous conditions and their subsequent utilization in transesterification and amidation processes by the reaction telescoping approach [12]. Similarly, the group of Brown reported on the oxidative esterification and amidation of aldehydes in undivided microfluidic electrolysis cells mediated by

Development of a continuous process for α-thio-β-chloroacrylamide synthesis with enhanced control of a cascade transformation

• Olga C. Dennehy,
• Valérie M. Y. Cacheux,
• Benjamin J. Deadman,
• Denis Lynch,
• Stuart G. Collins,
• Humphrey A. Moynihan and
• Anita R. Maguire

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2511–2522, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.246

• , the possibility of telescoping the amide formation and thiolation steps was considered. Attempts were made to use triethylamine as the base in a continuous thiolation reaction, however, the reaction was found to progress slowly and a maximum conversion of 39% was observed by 1H NMR spectroscopy

• envisaged that flowing the reaction through a heated section of tubing would be analogous to the batch ‘hot plunge’ method but with the capacity for faster heating of the reaction. Given the superior performance of α-thioamide 2 synthesis in batch, the potential telescoping of the thiolation process with

Investigating the continuous synthesis of a nicotinonitrile precursor to nevirapine

• Ashley R. Longstreet,
• Suzanne M. Opalka,
• Brian S. Campbell,
• B. Frank Gupton and
• D. Tyler McQuade

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2570–2578, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.292

• reactions are performed by passing reagents through devices containing small-dimensional channels as opposed to using batch reactors [15][16][17]. Flow reactors are particularly advantageous in multistep syntheses where telescoping steps avoids isolation of dangerous and/or unstable intermediates and

An overview of the synthetic routes to the best selling drugs containing 6-membered heterocycles

• Marcus Baumann and
• Ian R. Baxendale

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2265–2319, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.265

Flow synthesis of phenylserine using threonine aldolase immobilized on Eupergit support

• Jagdish D. Tibhe,
• Hui Fu,
• Timothy Noël,
• Qi Wang,
• Jan Meuldijk and
• Volker Hessel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2168–2179, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.254

• microreactor. Analysis of the four isomers of phenylserine on a chiral column. Phenylserine synthesis. Synthesis of chiral α-aminoalcohol by telescoping aldolase reaction with decarboxylation. Comparison of direct and indirect method. Comparison of productivity between the theoretical calculations and

The application of a monolithic triphenylphosphine reagent for conducting Ramirez gem-dibromoolefination reactions in flow

• Kimberley A. Roper,
• Malcolm B. Berry and
• Steven V. Ley

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1781–1790, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.207

• chemist [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Combining this enabling technology with solid-supported reagents and scavengers offers synergistic benefits over using the two technologies independently. Utilising polymer-supported reagents and scavengers to purify the flow stream permits telescoping of reaction sequences

[3 + 2]-Cycloadditions of nitrile ylides after photoactivation of vinyl azides under flow conditions

• Stephan Cludius-Brandt,
• Lukas Kupracz and
• Andreas Kirschning

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1745–1750, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.201

• further generalization of this flow protocol along with telescoping it with vinyl azide formation. Formation of azirines 2 from vinyl azides 1, photoinduced ring-opening to the nitrile ylides 3, and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to the pentacyclic N-heterocycles 5. Solid-phase assisted synthesis of vinyl

A scalable synthesis of the (S)-4-(tert-butyl)-2-(pyridin-2-yl)-4,5-dihydrooxazole ((S)-t-BuPyOx) ligand

• Hideki Shimizu,
• Jeffrey C. Holder and
• Brian M. Stoltz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1637–1642, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.187

• /kg) allowed isolation of ligand 1 in high purity and with no observed decomposition. Conclusion In conclusion, we have developed a concise, highly efficient and scalable synthesis of the chiral ligand (S)-t-BuPyOx (1) (Figure 2). Efforts to further refine the synthesis by telescoping the procedure

The application of a monolithic triphenylphosphine reagent for conducting Appel reactions in flow microreactors

• Kimberley A. Roper,
• Heiko Lange,
• Anastasios Polyzos,
• Malcolm B. Berry,
• Ian R. Baxendale and
• Steven V. Ley

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1648–1655, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.194

• and reaction safety [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Further benefits can be realised when flow processing techniques are combined with the use of solid-supported reagents and scavengers, which allow telescoping of reactions or in-line removal of byproducts to both increase the purity profile of the output product