Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• potential presence of oxidizing agents in brackish water can lead to the breakdown of the PDA matrix. The cross-sectional SEM image shows that the PDA layer remains present on the surface of the Ag@PCTA membrane, with a relatively dense structure (Figure 4h). High-magnification views clearly depict the PDA

Automated collection and categorisation of STM images and STS spectra with and without machine learning

• Dylan Stewart Barker and
• Adam Sweetman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1367–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.99

• accomplished via assessment of the imaging quality on the target molecule and also the characteristics of the scanning tunnelling spectra (STS) on clean metal surfaces. Critically for spectroscopic experiments, assessment of the spatial resolution of the image is not sufficient to ensure a high-quality tip for

• . This schema achieved final precision in classification of 84% and a recall of 74%. Similarly to image classification in scanning probe microscopy (SPM) [16][17][18], the availability of such a large amount of data for training is usually very low, making ML-based classifiers troublesome to train. In

• number of STS measurements can be obtained over various molecules automatically with optimised tips and the quality of the spectra and image assessed automatically. Methods Experimental details We used a third-generation commercial low-temperature (LT) STM NC-AFM instrument (Scienta Omicron GmbH), which

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• light scattering (DLS) is commonly used to determine liposome size and size distribution. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) can be used to image liposome morphology and determine lamellarity. Zeta potential measurements assess the surface charge of liposomes, which

Deep-learning recognition and tracking of individual nanotubes in low-contrast microscopy videos

• Vladimir Pimonov,
• Said Tahir and
• Vincent Jourdain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1316–1324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.96

• filtering, and object edge contrast was enhanced using Gaussian difference filtering. Finally, image contrast was optimized through histogram equalization [10]. Deep learning model The deep learning model and its training are detailed in Supporting Information File 1. In short, an image recognition system

•  1). This approach, which is a variation of the shade correction commonly used in image processing, involves subtracting a background snapshot containing the illumination profile from the image [18][19]. Typically, the first frame (Figure 1a, left image) of a sequence is used as the background

• networks in a single pipeline (Figure 2). The image is first processed by the backbone network to produce a feature map. Region of interest (ROI) proposal and prediction networks then localize boundary boxes of the objects and classify them. Finally, a fully connected convolutional network generates a

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• periodic surface structures (LIPSS). Critical components of this setup include the femtosecond laser, optical parametric amplifier (OPA), ND variable filter (VF), mirrors (M), three-axis stages (3D stages), and a convex lens (L) employed to focus the laser beam onto the surface precisely. The inset image

• incident power at a wavelength of 800 nm. (a) 20 mW, (b) 150 mW, and (c) 300 mW. Showing the EDS elemental analysis for laser-treated and untreated stainless steel surface. (a) SEM image of laser-treated SS substrate, we picked three areas whose EDS spectra are shown in b, c, and d. (e) SEM image of bare

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• suspension has a size of around 20–30 nm and a length below 300 nm, and size increase due to structural collapse would be seen upon drying [24][46]. A SEM image of the nanocellulose sample is given in Figure 3a. After freeze-drying, some coagulation occurred, increasing the size of the sample to reach ≈4 µm

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• force–separation curve analyzed in real time by the software. A color-coded map is obtained according to the physical parameters extracted from the curve, as shown in Figure 1B,C. Figure 2 shows an FV image of the topography or height channel for several individual PA bacteria on the substrate. An

• , maximal deformation, and adhesion force. Created in BioRender. García-torres, L. (2025) https://BioRender.com/zpchrmj. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. Mapping living bacteria with force–volume AFM. A) 2D height image of Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained in FV mode where pixels indicating the

• location of single nanoindentations can be easily discerned. B) Cross-section profiles taken from both main axes of the bacteria shown in A) with dashed lines for length (blue) and width (red). C) 3D reconstruction of the image shown in A) shows how FV can also accurately represent the topography of the

Transfer function of an asymmetric superconducting Gauss neuron

• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Aleksander S. Ionin,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Mikhail S. Sidel’nikov,
• Sergey V. Egorov and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1160–1170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.85

• , prediction, pattern recognition, and image and video generation. The increasing number of tasks and the growing volume of processed information highlight the relevance of using superconducting elements, which offer the advantages of high clock frequency and energy efficiency [1][2]. Studies [3][4][5][6

Deep learning for enhancement of low-resolution and noisy scanning probe microscopy images

• Samuel Gelman,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Nir Kampf,
• Marek Patočka,
• Maricarmen Rios,
• Marcos Penedo,
• Georg Fantner,
• Amir Beker,
• Sidney R. Cohen and
• Ido Azuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1129–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.83

• minutes are typically required for each scan. Second, AFM scans can contain inherent artifacts in the captured image due to the operating system settings or the sample and its interaction with the tip. In principle, tip–surface contact should be carefully controlled to avoid damage due to these

• interactions. Scanning distortions due to non-linearities in the scan are also trickier to correct and harder to avoid in fast scanning. Some of these artifacts can be eliminated or attenuated by image processing techniques [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Another resolution-limiting factor in AFM is the tip

• to map the surface to scales below the measured image feature size by “erosion” [14]. It is also important to note that recently machine-learning based methods have been applied to blind reconstruction to reconstruct true surface images from AFM images experimentally broadened by the tip [15

Towards a quantitative theory for transmission X-ray microscopy

• James G. McNally,
• Christoph Pratsch,
• Stephan Werner,
• Stefan Rehbein,
• Andrew Gibbs,
• Jihao Wang,
• Thomas Lunkenbein,
• Peter Guttmann and
• Gerd Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1113–1128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.82

• TXM image. The qualitative agreement improves if we incorporate a small tilt into the condenser illumination relative to the optical axis, implying a small misalignment in the microscope. Finally, in quantitative comparisons, we show that the model predicts the nanosphere’s expected absorption as

• the microscope’s image-formation process, and for the improvement of 3D tomographic reconstruction procedures [13][14][15][16], which are used to produce 3D volumes from a 2D tilt series of TXM images. Over the past three decades, models for soft TXMs have grown increasingly sophisticated [17][18][19

• combination of the ellipsoidal mirror and central stop produces illumination of the sample (Figure 1a) over an angular range of 0.83–1.18°. The final size of the ellipsoidal mirror’s focused spot (≈2.7 μm × 0.7 μm) is smaller than most samples, and therefore to generate an image of the sample, the focused

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• morphology. After thermal modification, the surface morphology of the prepared coatings without additional ion bombardment showed very large grains with an average size of approximately 100 nm, which formed agglomerates with visible voids between them (Figure 3 A). Additionally, the cross-section image

• the cross-section morphology of the titanium dioxide coating deposited with Iibg = 3 A (Figure 3b), changing its fibrous structure to a coarse-grained one. The width of these elongated grains ranged from 60 to 120 nm. Contrary to this, the cross-section image (Figure 3c) of the TiO2 coating deposited

• coating, as the grains tend to grow due to recrystallization and diffusion processes, leading to changes in density and structure. The formation of a double-layer coating, as observed in the cross-section scanning electron microscopy image (inset in Figure 4c) of the annealed TiO2 coating deposited with

Single-layer graphene oxide film grown on α-Al₂O₃(0001) for use as an adsorbent

• Shiro Entani,
• Mitsunori Honda,
• Masaru Takizawa and
• Makoto Kohda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1082–1087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.79

• Figure 1 shows an atomic force microscopy (AFM) image of SLG and SLGO on α-Al2O3(0001) substrates. The as-grown SLG film has an atomically flat surface and wrinkles with its height less than 0.4 nm [18]. The single layer of graphene was confirmed through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) peak

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• inverted light microscope to observe the scratch closure (cellular migration). These images were analyzed using the Wound Healing Image Analysis Platform (Wimasis) and the ImageJ software, and the percent scratch closure was calculated. Von Kossa staining assay To estimate the influence of NMs and US

• amplitude and PRFM phase images of hBNs. The amplitude image presents the strength of hBNs piezoelectric response, which was recorded as 2 mV. This acquired amplitude response measures the effective piezoelectric coefficient, which can be correlated with the polarization magnitude. The observed PRFM

• higher than the piezoelectric response of hBNs, as expected due to the perovskite ceramic structure of BaTiO3 [56]. The phase contrast image also revealed a polarization magnitude of 300°, indicating the presence of spontaneous electrical polarization in BaTiO3 after stimulation. In vitro cell

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• -retrieved to image the specimen, revealing strained lattice deformations along the direction parallel to the Bragg reflection. Whilst this Bragg CDI offers exceptional sensitivity to lattice strain fields formed over the whole specimen, its imaging capability relies on successfully collecting a complete 3D

• must be structurally (morphologically) identical to the extent dictated by the image resolution. This condition is practically achievable due to remarkable advancements in monodisperse NP synthesis. Each single-pulse coherent diffraction pattern is collected from a new, fresh specimen with completely

• ]. Light scattering becomes relevant if the structures exceed a size of a fraction of the wavelength [126][127][128]. Figure 8A shows several schemes of exciting NPs by focused laser beams for excitation and probing. Both coaxially and side illumination allow to image the scattering emitted from induced

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• processes and warrants further investigation. Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) methods, such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), have been employed to image mitochondria in liquid, showing features of both the inner and outer membrane [22][23][24]. However, AFM measurements are influenced by the cantilever

• small and primarily influenced by instrumental factors. Furthermore, its time-dependent behaviour should resemble that of metabolically inactive objects. This hypothesis is validated in the subsequent analysis. Figure 6a shows a difference image of a fixed mitochondrion and Figure 6b the TEV as a

• resolution ranged from 128 × 128 pixels to a maximum of 1024 × 1024 pixels, with scan ranges varying from 0.25 μm2 to 100 μm2. Each image line in the fast scan direction was scanned in both forward and backward directions, producing two images per measurement, that is, one forward and one backward scan. The

Tendency in tip polarity changes in non-contact atomic force microscopy imaging on a fluorite surface

• Bob Kyeyune,
• Philipp Rahe and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 944–950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.72

• reverse direction of presented cases. The contrast modes C4 or C4* are cyclic members of the same contrast mode, as introduced in [10]. Consequently, the assignment of NC-AFM image data to these contrasts modes requires the acquisition of systematic distance-dependent measurements [10]. Without such

• acquiring data in the constant height mode, we invert Δf images so that a steeper force gradient appears as a brighter feature corresponding to an elevation in an image of the same feature taken in the constant frequency shift (topography) mode. Arrows in the upper right corner of Δf images represent the

• ) reconstructed unit cell from STM imaging [33]. With the surface orientation established, the sublattices can be identified through a distance-dependent analysis of NC-AFM images [10], and corresponding model drawings of the CaF2(111) surface geometry are superimposed on the image data. To improve the signal-to

Synthesis of biowaste-derived carbon-dot-mediated silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of electrochemical properties for supercapacitor electrodes

• Navya Kumari Tenkayala,
• Chandan Kumar Maity,
• Md Moniruzzaman and
• Subramani Devaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 933–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.71

• storage. The size distribution, morphology, and crystallinity of PG-CDs-AgNPs were further characterized by SEM and TEM analysis. The SEM image of PG-CDs-AgNPs (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2a) reveals that PG-CDs-AgNPs possess spherical and distorted spherical structure. Supporting Information

• -CDs-AgNPs proves the existence of O, C, and Ag (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2c–e). Figure 4a–c displays TEM images of PG-CDs-AgNPs with different scale bars exhibiting that the particles are spherical and uniformly distributed. Figure 4d is the HR-TEM image of PG-CDs-AgNPs, exhibiting a

• crystalline nature. The ring-like diffraction suggests the (111) plane. The symmetry in the diffraction spots indicates that the spherical particles possess a high degree of crystallinity. Thus, both the SAED pattern and HRTEM image suggest that the synthesized spherical PG-CDs-AgNPs are nanocrystals

Structural and magnetic properties of microwave-synthesized reduced graphene oxide/VO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite

• Sumanta Sahoo,
• Ankur Sood and
• Sung Soo Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 921–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.70

• demonstrating improved magnetic characteristics due to alterations in the electronic structure. To further comprehend the elemental composition of GVF, the elemental analysis was also performed, and the corresponding elemental distribution and EDX spectrum are shown in Figure 5a,b. The SEM image displays a wide

• . The detailed structure of the GVF was monitored by HRTEM analysis. The corresponding images are shown in Figure 8a–f. As shown in Figure 8a, the rGO nanosheets are found to be transparent and thin in nature. In the magnified HRTEM image, an agglomerated dispersion of Fe2O3 NPs and VO2 nanospheres (NSs

• , d) GVF NC at lower and higher magnifications. EDX analysis of GVF NC: (a) SEM image (scale bar – 50 μm), (b) EDX spectrum, and the corresponding elemental mapping showing the distribution of C, O, V, and Fe. Morphology analysis of GV: (a–c) SEM images at lower and higher magnifications; (d–h) SEM

Focused ion beam-induced platinum deposition with a low-temperature cesium ion source

• Thomas Henning Loeber,
• Bert Laegel,
• Meltem Sezen,
• Feray Bakan Misirlioglu,
• Edgar J. D. Vredenbregt and
• Yang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 910–920, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.69

• Figure 7. These bright-field TEM images were used for grain diameter measurements in the same way as done in [11]. In short, bright-field TEM images similar to those shown in Figure 7, but taken at two times higher magnification, were analyzed using the particle analyzer option provided by the image

• using the two upper contacts, while the resulting voltage was measured between the two lower contacts to evaluate the resistivity R in the same way as in [11]. After these measurements were done, the area A of the cross section was determined with a FIB cut and SEM image (see Figure 8b). The length l

• lead to a higher electrical resistivity. Appendix Table 2 contains the complete set of parameters of the FIBID for the growth rate measurements. (a) SEM images of Pt deposited with Cs+ ions at 16, 8, 5, and 2 kV on Si. The upper part of the image appears brighter because the native oxide of Si was

Characterization of ion track-etched conical nanopores in thermal and PECVD SiO₂ using small angle X-ray scattering

• Shankar Dutt,
• Rudradeep Chakraborty,
• Christian Notthoff,
• Pablo Mota-Santiago,
• Christina Trautmann and
• Patrick Kluth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 899–909, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.68

• analyzing and fitting one-dimensional (1D) sections of the SAXS patterns employing different form factors rather than performing 2D image fitting. We implemented our new fitting method to investigate conical nanopores in the two different SiO2 membrane materials. For nanopores in thermal SiO2 we confirm

• uncertainties in dimensional measurements and makes it challenging to obtain robust structural information about the nanopores. Figure 2 shows a representative 2D scattering pattern obtained from conical nanopores in thermal SiO2. This image represents the simultaneous measurement of approximately 107 parallel

• nanopores, tilted by ≈20° with respect to the X-ray beam. Although fitting the entire image can give precise information on the nanopore size and cone angle, fitting the size distribution is computationally too expensive [29]. Our new approach of fitting the scattering intensities uses two orthogonal 1D

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• surface RMS roughness and grain size of films after implantation, FESEM images have been processed with Image J software [36] and the results are given in Table 5. It is observed from Figure 8 that average grain size and surface RMS roughness reduce with ion fluence. As the implantation dose of argon ions

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• spectra in photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) mode, in which the photon energy is scanned across the XAS edge and the intensity of the secondary electrons is detected using a PEEM. This allowed to image the shape and size of ceria nanoislands on Ru(0001) and to probe and compare the oxidation state

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• on the surface of the MoS2 film annealed in a hydrogen atmosphere (Figure 1c). An attempt to measure the cross section of this film did not yield a contrast image because of the charging effect. Therefore, to estimate the thickness of the studied film, we used a thicker MoS2 film synthesized with a

• molybdenum layer sputtered for 90 s. Part of the film surface was covered with a protective Pt layer and a lamella was cut using a focused ion beam (FIB) system (see the Experimental section for details). Figure 1d shows the SEM image of the cross section of the lamella. The bright round spots on the film

• different sizes formed during CVD synthesis (Figure 1b). The thickness of the MoS2 film estimated from the cross-sectional SEM image is about 33 nm (Figure 1d). Therefore, it can be estimated that the MoS2 film obtained using a molybdenum layer sputtered for 10 s has a thickness of no more than 4 nm. The