Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• solution into a gel, enabling precise compositional control and producing homogenous metal oxides suited for photocatalytic applications [74]. Hydrothermal synthesis uses high-temperature, high-pressure aqueous environments to yield well crystalized particles with controlled morphologies, while co

• . High energy demands further restrict the widespread adoption of pressure-driven membrane systems. Additionally, membrane fouling not only raises energy consumption but also adds complexity to system operation and design. This fouling also shortens the operational lifespan of membranes and their

Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• all laminates. They consist of preheating for 5 min at a constant temperature of 200 °C, pressing for 8 min at a pressure of 0.8 MPa and cooling to room temperature for 20 min. The compression times had a marked effect on the feasibility of hot pressing and the mechanical properties of the resulting

• pressure during hot pressing also play a crucial role in the development of stable materials. The thermal conductivity is reduced by increasing the glass fiber content; thus, the molecular movement of the polymer is reduced, which affects the tensile modulus and the maximal strength of the material [41

• ]. At the same time, pressure reduces the inter-atomic distance between polymer chains [52], which might also have been a factor regarding the rather low differences between the tensile properties of the two base materials. It can be concluded that the pressing time and pressure applied during hot

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• have already been demonstrated, including transient pressure and temperature sensors designed for short-term intracranial monitoring after traumatic brain injury. These devices capture delayed-onset symptoms and naturally degrade without requiring surgical retrieval [6] (Figure 1a). Examples are a

• electronic systems. Traditionally studied bioresorbable metals include magnesium, zinc, and their alloy AZ31B [51][52]. Mg has been utilized as a transient conductive material in implantable pressure and temperature sensors, where it served as the interconnects and electrodes and underwent complete

• transient technologies across biomedical, environmental, and security applications. Transient electronics for implantable biomedical applications. (a) A biodegradable silicon pressure sensor (left) and its application to intracranial pressure monitoring in the brain (right). Figure 1a was adapted from [6

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• temperature [5][22] or pressure [23], or the presence of a catalyst [24]. Consequently, alternative approaches for the formation of Si nanowires by laser ablation in liquid environment and under ambient conditions are of high interest. In this work, we have applied a method based on the change of the spatial

• -uniform energy distribution, which will affect plasma generation and confinement, the hydrodynamic trajectory of the ejected target material and pressure relaxation, as well as plasma and cavitation bubble propagation and temporal evolution. In the case of a Bessel beam, the focusing with an axicon

• surface [27] with different plasma parameters than in the plasma generated by a Gaussian beam. A change of the incident beam pattern will change the temperature and pressure inside cavitation bubbles (CBs) and influence CB oscillations. Furthermore, pressure variations at the target interface would be

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• temperature and normal atmospheric pressure [34]. A laser fragmentation mechanism was proposed, based on the interaction between the laser and the nanospheres, which generates plasma (Figure 7e). Most LIL processes can be classified as either fragmentation or melting, depending on the type of final product

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• treatment faster than PS (insulator 16 × 105 Ω·cm). Membrane filtration using PVDF in lab-scale experiments achieves 100% efficiency at a pressure of 2 bar; however, in industrial settings, efficiency drops to 54.6% due to high-pressure requirements [76]. Membrane fouling remains a major drawback, with

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• µm by controlling both the coating time and parylene-C vapor pressure. The thickness of the parylene-C coating was proportional to the product of pressure and time (Pa × min). As Figure 1 shows, a straight cylindrical platinum nanowire can be obtained with the custom-built DENA nanowire growth setup

• -C monomer, where an Edwards E2M1.5 mechanical vacuum pump was used to maintain the vacuum in the 0.133 to 1.33 Pa range during the process. A CPS VG200 vacuum gauge was used for monitoring the pressure. Usually, 4–6 DENA-grown platinum nanowires on the tips of tungsten rods were placed 45° (from

• vertical) in this deposition chamber with Kapton tape. 0.5 g of parylene-C powder was placed in a ceramic boat (7 cm × 1.5 cm × 1 cm), which was used in the deposition process. The system was first evacuated to a pressure below 1.33 Pa. Next, the valve heating tape and tube furnace were activated. Once the

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• in an ammonia solution. When compared to the unmodified CTA membrane, the modified membrane exhibited comparable desalination performance. Specifically, for 1.5 g·L−1 brackish water under 6 MPa pressure, the modified membrane achieved a water flux of approximately 21.06 L·m−2·h−1 and a retention rate

• Information File 1, Figure S5). Desalination performance of membranes In the RO process, the water flux and salt rejection rate of the membranes were evaluated before and after modification. At a pressure of 6 MPa, the water fluxes of Ag@PCTA, PCTA, and CTA were measured at 21.05, 21.06, and 21.13 L·m−2·h−1

• desalination experiments. The feed comprising a 1.5 g·L−1 NaCl aqueous solution was set with a test pressure of 6 MPa and a temperature of 25 ± 0.5 °C. Prior to commencing the test, the membrane was compacted. During the experimentation, it was imperative to record both the volume of permeate and the

Automated collection and categorisation of STM images and STS spectra with and without machine learning

• Dylan Stewart Barker and
• Adam Sweetman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1367–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.99

• was operated using an RC5 Nanonis controller, with all experiments carried out in UHV (base pressure ≤5 × 10−11 mbar) cooled to 5 K. Gold and silver crystals (spl.eu) were prepared via repeated sputter–anneal cycles, sputtering under an argon pressure of ≈5 × 10−5 mbar, with a beam energy of 1.5 kV

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• encapsulation in SLNs include high-pressure homogenization and microemulsion techniques. In these processes, drugs are incorporated in the melted lipid before nanoparticle formation, leading to high entrapment efficiency within the solidified lipid matrix, whereas hydrophilic drugs may be partitioned at the

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• allow for better control of liposome size, lamellarity, and drug loading. For example, microfluidics, membrane contactors, and pressure-controlled processes can improve EE, reduce organic solvent residues, and improve scalability and reproducibility [111][112][113]. The most commonly used synthesis

• achieving consistent therapeutic effects [115][116]. Moreover, the membrane contactor method can be scaled up for large-scale production of liposomes. Furthermore, the pressure-controlled method enables the production of liposomes with specific sizes and compositions. This method can produce liposomes with

Deep-learning recognition and tracking of individual nanotubes in low-contrast microscopy videos

• Vladimir Pimonov,
• Said Tahir and
• Vincent Jourdain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1316–1324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.96

• comparison of manually measured and DL model-extracted results is shown in Figure 3a,b. Figure 4 compares the main kinetic parameters extracted manually and using the AI-assisted method from in situ videos of nanotube growth performed at the same growth temperature and ethanol partial pressure. In Figure 4a

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• thickness. Alternatively, Liu et al. [16] employed RF sputtering with a single BiVO4 target, but the volatility of Bi in a vacuum environment often led to an imbalanced Bi/V ratio, requiring precise regulation of oxygen partial pressure. Gong et al. [17] utilized DC co-sputtering of Bi and V targets to

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• essential to maintain hemostasis by binding various biomolecules circulating in blood. They not only maintain the electrolyte and osmotic pressure but also deliver a variety of molecules across the body [73][74]. Peptides possess different functional groups on their surface that can act as a template for

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• the sample (g·m−1·h−1·Pa−1), L is the sample thickness (m), ΔP is the vapor pressure difference (Pa), S is the saturation vapor pressure at the test temperature (Pa), R1 is the relative humidity inside the dish, and R2 is the relative humidity at the cup. The surface morphology of the biopackaging

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• . Therefore, the type and density of these MS channels triggered at different threshold values of membrane tension determine the survival capacity of the bacteria under drastic changes in osmotic pressure [16][17][18][19][20]. PA is also known to use other channel proteins to overcome the attack by

• membrane tension and rigidity are two intertwined physical parameters with a dynamic behavior dictated by the internal turgor pressure of the bacteria during swelling or plasmolysis. Therefore, understanding the dynamics of their mechanical response due to changes in external conditions or exposure to

• certain osmotic pressure is set. We can observe that mean values for k and Y obtained from the distributions were smaller than those obtained from the middle region of PA. This comparison also indicates how, in a nanoindentation map, the distribution overshadows the mean value taken where the geometrical

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• shown to be less expensive than wet chemically produced NPs after a break-even-point of 550 mg/h. Thus, it makes the laser system to be of low cost in large-scale processes [61]. Furthermore, procedures for LAL are usually not bound to strict limitations when it comes to pressure and solvent, as for

• of two in manganese content. Deviating manganese contents were already observed in the works by Johny et al. [34] and Tahir et al. [63] and depletions can be explained with manganese having the lowest melting point and highest vapor pressure [85][86], but also due to its negative redox potential and

• ), related to the conditions of stress and thermal confinement of the deposited laser energy. Conversely, in ns-LAL the energy of the laser pulse is transferred deeper into the bulk target, and peak temperature and pressure are significantly lower (about 5000–8000 K and 4.8 GPa). It is important to note that

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• practice, additional heating of the substrates, reducing the pressure in the working chamber, applying additional electrical bias to the substrates, or using ion beam assistance are used. All of these methods lead to an increase in the total energy of the nucleating particles on the substrate. Ion beam

• crucible. Diffusion and a rotary backing pumps enabled a base pressure in the vacuum chamber below 1.5·10−5 mbar. The operating pressure in the IBAD process was kept below 1.7·10−3 mbar, and the thin film coatings were deposited with an additional oxygen gas flow of 100 sccm. The ion beam gun (Advanced

Single-layer graphene oxide film grown on α-Al₂O₃(0001) for use as an adsorbent

• Shiro Entani,
• Mitsunori Honda,
• Masaru Takizawa and
• Makoto Kohda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1082–1087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.79

• was annealed at 900 °C in open air in order to obtain an atomically flat surface. Then, the substrate was introduced into a vacuum furnace. The base pressure of the furnace was 6 × 10−6 Pa. After evacuating, the substrate was annealed up to 1000 °C for 1 h. For the graphene growth, a methanol vapor

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• control the structure of discotic liquid crystal molecular nanowires by manipulating the subphase temperature and surface pressure in a Langmuir monolayer system (Figure 2) [226]. The LB technique represents a powerful methodology that allows for effective control over the assembly of molecular-sized

• . At a temperature of 5 °C, the molecules formed islands with a high degree of density. At 40 °C and 10 mN·m−1, a network of separated nanowires was observed. As the surface pressure increased, the separated nanowires exhibited a tendency to come closer together, ultimately forming a nanowire network

• . At a higher surface pressure of 40 mN·m−1, the nanowires exhibited a tendency to come closer together, resulting in the formation of a compact and uniform monolayer. The interfacial nanoarchitectonics method of separating nanowires will undoubtedly prove invaluable for the separation of other 1D

Multifunctional properties of bio-poly(butylene succinate) reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes

• Volodymyr Krasinskyi,
• Krzysztof Bajer,
• Ludmila Dulebova,
• Nickolas Polychronopoulos,
• Oksana Krasinska and
• Daniel Kaczor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1014–1024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.76

• mixing and kneading elements, including backward elements, to achieve the most uniform distribution and dispersion of CNTs in the polymer matrix [27]. During extrusion, the basic process parameters (Table 5) were recorded: drive torque (M), energy consumption (W), melt temperature (Td), and melt pressure

• pressure and temperature, measured in the die, compared to the PBS/CNT_0.5 extrusion. Therefore, the addition of CNTs, at an amount of 10 wt %, significantly complicates the PBS extrusion process due to a sharp increase in melt viscosity. This conclusion is also supported by the results of measuring the

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used as received. Organic solvents were removed under reduced pressure at 35 °C. Synthetic-purity solvents were used. All solvents used for the spectrophotometric studies were spectrophotometric grade. Sample preparation Stock solutions of the NOPD 2 in MeOH were utilized

• , and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure at 35 °C. The resulting film was rehydrated with an aqueous solution of 1 (50 μM) by stirring overnight at room temperature. The final solution was left to equilibrate and filtered. Encapsulation efficiency (EE %) was calculated using the formula

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• -particle experiments. These voids form due to local pressure differences caused by energy accumulation in hot spots via photoexcited localized surface plasmons, with the overall melting and particle disintegration resembling an inverted crystal nucleation process, where voids act as seeds and their

• other than purely thermal effects. Among these are electron emission [109], near-field forces of the plasmon resonance on the surface, pressure effects due to an expanding electron gas [25][27], or spatial spreading of fast electrons [110][111]. In general, with femtosecond excitation a large fraction

• approaches [115]. The subsequent pressure and temperature conditions emanate from the close interaction of the excited particles with the medium. The width of the SPR reflects the coherence time of this oscillation. This dephasing time amounts to a few femtoseconds, leading to a plasmon resonance width of

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• –sample interaction, often leading to an underestimation of mitochondrial apparent height due to applied cantilever pressure [22][25]. Similarly, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) offers high-resolution imaging but requires mitochondria to be chemically fixed, stained, and sectioned, which precludes the

• ], the pipette exerts a hydrostatic pressure on the sample. This pressure, influenced by the pipette length, amounts to approximately 500 Pa in our case. Furthermore, fluid flux from the pipette can exert forces up to 400 pN. However, because of the small opening diameter of the pipettes used, these

Tendency in tip polarity changes in non-contact atomic force microscopy imaging on a fluorite surface

• Bob Kyeyune,
• Philipp Rahe and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 944–950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.72

• -ordered CaF2(111) [24][25], see [26] for further preparation details. RT experiments were performed with a UHV 750 AFM system (RHK, Troy, MI USA) operated at a base pressure of 7.0 × 10−11 mbar. An Ar+ ion-sputtered silicon cantilever with an eigenfrequency of around 300 kHz and a quality factor of 22000

• experiments were performed at 77 K using a LT UHV STM/AFM (ScientaOmicron, Taunusstein, Germany) operated at a base pressure of 5 × 10−10 mbar. NC-AFM measurements were conducted with a quartz cantilever based on a tuning fork [27] and a chemically etched tungsten tip attached to the end of the active prong