Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• (O)C [45]. These oxygen-rich functional groups constitute the formation of various structural defects and attributes to the appearance of a relative high-intensity D band in GO. On the other hand, a blue shift in the position of the G band (1581 cm−1 to 1596 cm−1) was also observed for GO, which

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• dual-functionalized MWCNTs and MWCNTs-G, blank and TMZ-loaded, are presented in Figure 5. When analyzing these spectra, the following features were taken into consideration: the D (“disorder”) band, usually positioned around 1350 cm−1 and related to the degree of structural defects, deteriorations, and

• because of their significance for identifying the structural defects [60][61][62]. In the Raman spectra of MWCNT–COOH and MWCNTs-G-COOH (Figure 5a and Figure 5c, respectively), the intensity ratios of D and G band (IG/ID) were calculated as 0.59 and 0.65, respectively. The analogous calculation for

Mn-doped ZnO nanopowders prepared by sol–gel and microwave-assisted sol–gel methods and their photocatalytic properties

• Cristina Maria Vlăduț,
• Crina Anastasescu,
• Silviu Preda,
• Oana Catalina Mocioiu,
• Simona Petrescu,
• Jeanina Pandele-Cusu,
• Dana Culita,
• Veronica Bratan,
• Ioan Balint and
• Maria Zaharescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.104

• synthesis techniques are effective in producing photocatalytically active materials based on manganese-doped ZnO. Despite the similar start composition, obvious morphological differences, structural defects, and surface chemistry particularities were revealed for the investigated samples, which affected the

Effect of repeating hydrothermal growth processes and rapid thermal annealing on CuO thin film properties

• Monika Ozga,
• Eunika Zielony,
• Aleksandra Wierzbicka,
• Anna Wolska,
• Marcin Klepka,
• Marek Godlewski,
• Bogdan J. Kowalski and
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 743–754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.62

• maximum (FWHM) as well as dislocation density values after annealing the samples at 450 °C indicates a reduction in structural defects and an enhancement in the crystallographic quality of the produced material. The determined parameter values for the 1×, 2×, and 3× samples exhibit only a minor range of

• a lower signal, which means that the electrical properties of some grains had changed. These inhomogeneities may be caused by various factors. One is the effects occurring at grain boundaries or structural defects in the boundaries. The defects disrupt the crystalline order and affect the electronic

Simultaneous electrochemical determination of uric acid and hypoxanthine at a TiO₂/graphene quantum dot-modified electrode

• Vu Ngoc Hoang,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Le Vu Truong Son,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Vo Thang Nguyen,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Ly Hoang Diem,
• Kieu Chan Ly,
• Ho Sy Thang and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 719–732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.60

• are seen at 144, 395, 516, and 639 cm−1, respectively [28]. In the Raman spectrum of GQDs, the peak at 1353 cm−1 can be attributed to the D band, which can be assigned to the vibrations of carbon atoms because of the presence of structural defects. The peak at 1576 cm−1 can be assigned to the G band

Elastic modulus of β-Ga₂O₃ nanowires measured by resonance and three-point bending techniques

• Annamarija Trausa,
• Sven Oras,
• Sergei Vlassov,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Tauno Tiirats,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Boris Polyakov and
• Edgars Butanovs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 704–712, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.58

• individual NWs (see Figure 1b and Figure 1c). The as-grown NWs typically are single crystalline without any distinguishable planar structural defects, such as twin boundaries or stacking faults. Fast Fourier transformation (FFT) was performed on the TEM images to ascribe the crystalline planes and determine

• high concentration of such point defects. This could then partially be responsible for their lower elastic modulus values in comparison to that of the bulk material. Furthermore, planar structural defects, such as stacking faults, can also influence the mechanical properties of NWs. However, reports

Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate

• Elyad Damerchi,
• Sven Oras,
• Edgars Butanovs,
• Allar Liivlaid,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Annamarija Trausa,
• Veronika Zadin,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Loïc Vidal,
• Karine Mougin,
• Siim Pikker and
• Sergei Vlassov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 435–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.39

• shown above (Figure 3), heat-induced splitting tends to first occur at regions that have significant structural defects, which is also discussed in more detail by Mayoral et al. [46] and Sun et al. [47]. According to the latter, atoms in a NW tend to diffuse away from the regions of critical defects

ZnO-decorated SiC@C hybrids with strong electromagnetic absorption

• Liqun Duan,
• Zhiqian Yang,
• Yilu Xia,
• Xiaoqing Dai,
• Jian’an Wu and
• Minqian Sun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 565–573, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.47

• same time, wide effective absorption bandwidth (EAB ≥ 7 GHz) remains a great challenge. A good strategy is to form hierarchical heterostructures, characterized by diverse components, abundant heterogeneous interfaces, multiple reflective paths, and enrichment of structural defects [18][19][20

• amorphous state (Figure 2e). The carbon shell may have a positive effect on the nucleation of ZnO particles. This is because oxygen-containing functional groups (such as carboxyl and hydroxy groups) and structural defects are generated on the SiC@C surface during the in situ carbonization [24], which both

Observation of multiple bulk bound states in the continuum modes in a photonic crystal cavity

• Rui Chen,
• Yi Zheng,
• Xingyu Huang,
• Qiaoling Lin,
• Chaochao Ye,
• Meng Xiong,
• Martijn Wubs,
• Yungui Ma,
• Minhao Pu and
• Sanshui Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 544–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.45

• fabrication disorders on each mode. The close eigenwavelength values of the resonances in Figure 4c make the Qr degradation difference negligible, but the structural disorders (non-symmetry, tilted angle, and center shift of the structure) have a distinct impact on the different modes. If the structural

• defects are mainly located at the mode node of a specific mode, the loss caused by the defect will decrease. In contrast, disorders at an antinode will lead to obvious loss (small Qnr) and a dominant Q factor degradation. For our sample, a higher loss caused by defects occurs for the mode with shorter

On the use of Raman spectroscopy to characterize mass-produced graphene nanoplatelets

• Keith R. Paton,
• Konstantinos Despotelis,
• Naresh Kumar,
• Piers Turner and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 509–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.42

• . For example, information on flake size, extent of structural defects, chemical or electronic doping, and strain and layer number can all be extracted from one spectrum [13][14][15][16][17][18]. As such, Raman spectroscopy is widely used by producers to assess the quality of their material, in

The influence of structure and local structural defects on the magnetic properties of cobalt nanofilms

• Alexander Vakhrushev,
• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Olesya Severyukhina and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 23–33, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.3

• dimensions as the ideal HCP structure in the first numerical experiment. A group of cobalt atoms with structural defects acquired as a result of film sputtering in an enlarged form is shown in Figure 3b. Henceforward, to simplify the formulation, the nanosystem of cobalt atoms from the numerical experiment

• arrangement and force behavior, which caused their reorientation. Analysis of Figure 4 shows that there are significant differences in the spin distributions of an ideal crystalline hexagonal close-packed cobalt (letters (a), (b), (c)) and the nanofilm with structural defects formed as a result of the

• numerical experiment (letters (d), (e), (f)). Crystalline cobalt is characterized by small changes in spin states at finite times, with atomic spins set in the direction of external magnetic field induction, (i.e., ox axis). Nanofilms with structural defects and deviations from crystal lattice nodes are

Electrical and optical enhancement of ITO/Mo bilayer thin films via laser annealing

• Abdelbaki Hacini,
• Ahmad Hadi Ali,
• Nurul Nadia Adnan and
• Nafarizal Nayan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1589–1595, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.133

• resistivity follows for higher annealing energies. The resistivity variation can be explained by the behavior of the metal–semiconductor contact and the effect of laser annealing on the structural defects of the surface. The inclusion of a thin metal film with low resistivity and the reduction of grain

Rapid fabrication of MgO@g-C₃N₄ heterojunctions for photocatalytic nitric oxide removal

• Minh-Thuan Pham,
• Duyen P. H. Tran,
• Xuan-Thanh Bui and
• Sheng-Jie You

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1141–1154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.96

• oxide with wide bandgap (3.5–5 eV), high availability, non-toxicity, low cost, and native structural defects [18][19]. The large bandgap energy is the limitation of MgO, reducing the photocatalytic performance and applicability of MgO [20]. Various efforts have been made to enhance the absorption in the

• nm with an excitation wavelength (770 nm) in the visible range, which could be caused by the native structural defects in MgO [18]. 3% MgO@g-C3N4 shows intense fluorescence at 420 nm via excitation at 850 nm, due to the recombination of charge carriers. The photogenerated electrons from the valance

Revealing local structural properties of an atomically thin MoSe₂ surface using optical microscopy

• Lin Pan,
• Peng Miao,
• Anke Horneber,
• Alfred J. Meixner,
• Pierre-Michel Adam and
• Dai Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 572–581, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.49

• photoluminescence spectroscopy. Owing to the larger population of charge carriers, the photoluminescence from these structural defects of monolayer WS2 originates from the biexcitons under high-power excitation [16]. Interestingly, tilt boundaries in monolayer MoS2 induce strong photoluminescence enhancement and

Tin dioxide nanomaterial-based photocatalysts for nitrogen oxide oxidation: a review

• Viet Van Pham,
• Hong-Huy Tran,
• Thao Kim Truong and
• Thi Minh Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 96–113, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.7

• [47]. Surface and defect states Structural defects and lattice imperfections usually bestow most of the properties exploited for applications of SnO2 materials as they influence various physicochemical properties and reactions on the surface. Most important are defect states of materials, including

Measurement of polarization effects in dual-phase ceria-based oxygen permeation membranes using Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Kerstin Neuhaus,
• Christina Schmidt,
• Liudmila Fischer,
• Wilhelm Albert Meulenberg,
• Ke Ran,
• Joachim Mayer and
• Stefan Baumann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.102

• indicated by the arrow in the upper left side in Figure 1b. The HAADF image in Figure 2a shows a CSO-FC2O interface with the left CSO grain tilted along its [001] direction. A clean surface without any significant structural defects is observed. Corresponding to the square-defined region in Figure 1a

Uniform arrays of gold nanoelectrodes with tuneable recess depth

• Elena O. Gordeeva,
• Ilya V. Roslyakov,
• Alexey P. Leontiev,
• Alexey A. Klimenko and
• Kirill S. Napolskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 957–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.72

• same time, only a minor part of nanowires is known to grow through the whole thickness of a template when potentiostatic electrodeposition is used [22][23][24][25]. Not only electrodeposition conditions but also thickness and structural defects in the AAO template influence the completeness of the

Stability and activity of platinum nanoparticles in the oxygen electroreduction reaction: is size or uniformity of primary importance?

• Kirill O. Paperzh,
• Anastasia A. Alekseenko,
• Vadim A. Volochaev,
• Ilya V. Pankov,
• Olga A. Safronenko and
• Vladimir E. Guterman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 593–606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.49

• ]; differences in the principles of calculation, which serve as the basis for the corresponding research methods [41]; a possible contribution of NP structural defects to the broadening of the X-ray diffraction pattern maxima [42], and problems related to the recognition of ultra-small particles in TEM

Out-of-plane surface patterning by subsurface processing of polymer substrates with focused ion beams

• Serguei Chiriaev,
• Luciana Tavares,
• Vadzim Adashkevich,
• Arkadiusz J. Goszczak and
• Horst-Günter Rubahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1693–1703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.151

• wrinkle-like micropatterns [23][24]. In this work, we have employed thin films of a Pt60Pd40 alloy and of pristine Au. The primary reason for this choice was the difference in their microstructures, specifically in the availability of structural defects capable of providing the release of gases from

The influence of an interfacial hBN layer on the fluorescence of an organic molecule

• Christine Brülke,
• Oliver Bauer and
• Moritz M. Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1663–1684, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.149

• the intensities of the Raman modes, since these depend on the sample positions, which we assign to a correlation with the local roughness due to structural defects of the surface. Note that we systematically did not observe the characteristic Raman line of hBN at approximately 1,370 cm−1 that was

Structural optical and electrical properties of a transparent conductive ITO/Al–Ag/ITO multilayer contact

• Aliyu Kabiru Isiyaku,
• Ahmad Hadi Ali and
• Nafarizal Nayan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 695–702, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.57

• heat treatment lowers the trade-off between transparency and conductivity by reducing structural defects in the films. The sheet resistance of the multilayer structure of the IAAI film can be expressed as [29]: where is the total sheet resistance of the IAAI film, RAl and RAg are the sheet resistance

Synthesis of amorphous and graphitized porous nitrogen-doped carbon spheres as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

• Maximilian Wassner,
• Markus Eckardt,
• Andreas Reyer,
• Thomas Diemant,
• Michael S. Elsaesser,
• R. Jürgen Behm and
• Nicola Hüsing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1–15, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.1

• -hybridized carbon atoms inside the graphite layers; the D band is associated to the A1g in-plane breathing vibration mode occurring at the edges of sp2-hybridized carbon domains, which appear for structural defects and disordered structures. A relative degree of graphitization can be evaluated by the ratio

Green and scalable synthesis of nanocrystalline kuramite

• Andrea Giaccherini,
• Giuseppe Cucinotta,
• Stefano Martinuzzi,
• Enrico Berretti,
• Werner Oberhauser,
• Alessandro Lavacchi,
• Giovanni Orazio Lepore,
• Giordano Montegrossi,
• Maurizio Romanelli,
• Antonio De Luca,
• Massimo Innocenti,
• Vanni Moggi Cecchi,
• Matteo Mannini,
• Antonella Buccianti and
• Francesco Di Benedetto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2073–2083, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.202

• microprobe analysis (EMPA)) to discriminate kuramite from other closely related polymorphs. Moreover, we confirmed the presence of structural defects due to a relevant antisite population. Keywords: Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS); Cu3SnS4 (CTS); green chemistry; kuramite; photovoltaic materials; solvothermal synthesis

• (probably enhanced by the Au coating) ascribed to surficial structural defects of the platelets or to a new growing facet. Electronic microprobe analysis (EMPA)/wavelength dispersion spectroscopy (WDS) EMPA analysis showed and confirmed that the molar ratios between Cu, Zn, Sn, S and Cl in the sample does

Synthesis of highly active ETS-10-based titanosilicate for heterogeneously catalyzed transesterification of triglycerides

• Muhammad A. Zaheer,
• David Poppitz,
• Khavar Feyzullayeva,
• Marianne Wenzel,
• Jörg Matysik,
• Radomir Ljupkovic,
• Aleksandra Zarubica,
• Alexander A. Karavaev,
• Andreas Pöppl,
• Roger Gläser and
• Muslim Dvoyashkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2039–2061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.200

• range of 5–15 nm and to a shift of the maximum of the pore width distribution towards larger values. One possible explanation of this observation is the appearance of additional structural defects (to those resulting from the H2O2 treatment) due to exposure of the material to high temperatures (i.e

• . Based on the results of NH3-TPD, CO2-TPD, 29Si MAS NMR, EPR and PFG NMR, the structures of the titanosilicates with summarized significant elements (e.g., acid and basic sites as seen by TPD, structural defects caused by post-synthetic treatment, presence of hydroxyl groups, pore accessibility for

• initial reaction rates are needed. Conclusion The applied hydrothermal synthesis of the microporous ETS-10 titanosilicate (Na,K-ETS-10) resulted in crystals with an average size of ≈30 μm without structural defects visible by SEM and TEM, but with the presence of a small fraction (less than 5%) of

Tuning the performance of vanadium redox flow batteries by modifying the structural defects of the carbon felt electrode

• Ditty Dixon,
• Deepu Joseph Babu,
• Aiswarya Bhaskar,
• Hans-Michael Bruns,
• Joerg J. Schneider,
• Frieder Scheiba and
• Helmut Ehrenberg

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1698–1706, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.165