Direct electron beam writing of silver using a β-diketonate precursor: first insights

• Katja Höflich,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Chinmai S. Jureddy,
• Aleksei Tsarapkin and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1117–1124, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.90

• ligands instead of their further dissociation and co-deposition into the deposit. To further investigate the microstructure of the deposit, a thin lamella along the dashed white line in Figure 1a was prepared and studied by TEM. The TEM overview image is depicted in Figure 1c, its alignment and

• the large carbon portion of about 70 atom %, remarkably high contents of oxygen (22 atom %) and phosphorous (7 atom %) are found. This is in line with the favored co-deposition of ligand elements at high local electron flux. Furthermore, compared to the initial precursor stoichiometry of Ag/P = 1:1

• parasitic co-deposition occurred below the actual helix wires caused by the residual primary electrons that penetrate the helix arms [39]. This can potentially be reduced by lowering the primary beam energy and, correspondingly, the interaction volume, while at the same time a more circular cross section of

Determining by Raman spectroscopy the average thickness and N-layer-specific surface coverages of MoS₂ thin films with domains much smaller than the laser spot size

• Felipe Wasem Klein,
• Jean-Roch Huntzinger,
• Vincent Astié,
• Damien Voiry,
• Romain Parret,
• Houssine Makhlouf,
• Sandrine Juillaguet,
• Jean-Manuel Decams,
• Sylvie Contreras,
• Périne Landois,
• Ahmed-Azmi Zahab,
• Jean-Louis Sauvajol and
• Matthieu Paillet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 279–296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.26

• generally, this point is critical for the characterization of samples synthesized using new methods or new precursors that can lead to the co-deposition of several by-products (such as carbon, oxides, and metals), which can significantly change the measured Raman intensities. Based on the results presented

• thickness , for ≤ 3. Nevertheless, we emphasize that this criterion is not only related to the presence of MoS2 and can be influenced by several factors, such as the co-deposition of by-products or the presence of defects, leading to a wrong estimation of . We propose to combine A2D(Si)/A0(Si) with the

Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO₂ substrates

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Jan M. Michalik,
• Inés Serrano-Esparza,
• Zdeněk Nováček,
• Veronika Novotná,
• Piotr Ozga,
• Czesław Kapusta and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

• as an unwanted co-deposition of amorphous carbon. Those deposition and etching processes may co-exist and can be controlled to a certain level by the electron flux [23]. The influence of surface kinetics phenomena on the etch profiles has not been considered in the previous works describing the proof

• [17]. The central protrusion in the etch profiles is observed in ex situ AFM profiles at high doses in case of singular lines and large triangular patterns. Its origin is unlikely due to amorphous carbon co-deposition from the residual vapor impurities. Such transition from the deposition (FEBID) of

Isolation of cubic Si₃P₄ in the form of nanocrystals

• Polina K. Nikiforova,
• Sergei S. Bubenov,
• Vadim B. Platonov,
• Andrey S. Kumskov,
• Nikolay N. Kononov,
• Tatyana A. Kuznetsova and
• Sergey G. Dorofeev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 971–979, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.80

• 520.8 cm−1. Interestingly, the observed Raman spectrum for SP900 is very similar to that of the product of silicon and phosphorus MBE co-deposition at 3:2 molar ratio [34]. This substance was reported as amorphous; however, it could contain Si3P4 NPs along with other SixPy compounds. Factor group

Topographic signatures and manipulations of Fe atoms, CO molecules and NaCl islands on superconducting Pb(111)

• Carl Drechsel,
• Philipp D’Astolfo,
• Jung-Ching Liu,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Rémy Pawlak and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1–9, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.1

• (111) superconducting surface. Carbon monoxide (CO) molecules adsorbed on Pb(111). (a) STM overview image of pristine Pb(111) (Vt = −0.1 V, It = 1 pA). (b) STM image after CO deposition. The estimated coverage is below 0.2 monolayers. (c) Close-up STM topography of CO molecules diffusing on the surface

Exploring the fabrication and transfer mechanism of metallic nanostructures on carbon nanomembranes via focused electron beam induced processing

• Christian Preischl,
• Linh Hoang Le,
• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 319–329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.26

• , the large amount of available precursors allows for the deposition of many different materials [3]. One major challenge in EBID is the undesired co-deposition of carbon and other impurities [4]. The resulting carbonaceous deposits need to undergo further purification steps in order to obtain

• Figure 2f the corresponding local AE spectra acquired at the positions indicated with the correspondingly colored stars are plotted. For both precursors selective deposition was observed and no significant unintended co-deposition due to proximity effects [30][31] is visible in the SE micrographs. Local

Gold(I) N-heterocyclic carbene precursors for focused electron beam-induced deposition

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Aya Mahgoub,
• Cornelis W. Hagen and
• Mats Tilset

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 257–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.21

• postulate that the most plausible fragmentation is the removal of a N=N–Et fragment (6b) with the co-deposition of the metal centre and the strongly bonded carbene moiety 6a, for which the molecular structure is comparable to the imidazole-based precursors (Figure 5). However, we cannot rule out the

One-step synthesis of carbon-supported electrocatalysts

• Sebastian Tigges,
• Nicolas Wöhrl,
• Ivan Radev,
• Ulrich Hagemann,
• Markus Heidelmann,
• Thai Binh Nguyen,
• Stanislav Gorelkov,
• Stephan Schulz and
• Axel Lorke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1419–1431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.126

• confirm that the black dots in the bright field micrographs are indeed Pt-NPs. The co-deposition of platinum and carbon during the PE-CVD process guarantees a homogeneous distribution of the Pt-NPs in the C matrix. Even though the exact position of the Pt-NPs is difficult to determine by projective

Nanocomposite–parylene C thin films with high dielectric constant and low losses for future organic electronic devices

• Marwa Mokni,
• Gianluigi Maggioni,
• Abdelkader Kahouli,
• Sara M. Carturan,
• Walter Raniero and
• Alain Sylvestre

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 428–441, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.42

• final result, a gain in the gate insulation capacitance is expected for OFETs with the addition of conductive particles inside the native parylene C insulating gate. Results and Discussion Silver-PPXC co-deposition: film composition and structure Table 1 gives the experimental parameters of deposited

• , as already observed in the case of co-deposition of UV absorber and parylene [56]. When the shutter is open, the deposition rate further increases (samples A, B and C) showing that the plasma effect on the monomer flow is more pronounced. The deposition rate reaches a plateau for the remaining

•  2 the data for our set of samples (black squares) are compared with those of parylene samples deposited without plasma (blue squares, from [56]) and those without plasma but with co-deposition of UV-absorber (red squares, from [56]). Figure 2 highlights the good linear correlation between film

Electron interactions with the heteronuclear carbonyl precursor H₂FeRu₃(CO)₁₃ and comparison with HFeCo₃(CO)₁₂: from fundamental gas phase and surface science studies to focused electron beam induced deposition

• Ragesh Kumar T P,
• Paul Weirich,
• Lukas Hrachowina,
• Marc Hanefeld,
• Ragnar Bjornsson,
• Helgi Rafn Hrodmarsson,
• Sven Barth,
• D. Howard Fairbrother,
• Michael Huth and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 555–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.53

• and simple in handling, but these benefits come at the expense of incorporation of large amounts of carbon in the deposits by incomplete decomposition or co-deposition of the liberated ligands. Recent developments demonstrate elegant deposit purification techniques to obtain pure, high quality metals

Gas-assisted silver deposition with a focused electron beam

• Luisa Berger,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Iwona B. Szymanska,
• Katja Höflich,
• Mikhail N. Polyakov,
• Jakub Jurczyk,
• Carlos Guerra-Nuñez and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 224–232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.24

• often contaminate the metal deposit via ligand co-deposition or incomplete precursor dissociation [6]. Metal content for typical metal organic FEBID precursors without further processing ranges from 5 to 40 atom % [7]. In order to use FEBID for applications such as plasmonics [8][9][10], defined

• dissociate by electron impact into deposited metal atoms and volatile physisorbed ligands. Yet the desorption rate of the ligands is larger than their further dissociation by the much lower electron flux, preventing co-deposition and leading to purer silver deposits. Due to writing in multiple passes, the

• irradiates it again, thus the FEBID can continue with fresh adsorbates and less co-deposition of carbon. For further studies, box deposits were written with the same electron dose of 7.44 nC/µm2 but different dwell and refreshment times. On first sight it is visible that for short refreshment times as in

Interactions of low-energy electrons with the FEBID precursor chromium hexacarbonyl (Cr(CO)₆)

• Jusuf M. Khreis,
• João Ameixa,
• Filipe Ferreira da Silva and
• Stephan Denifl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2583–2590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.258

• uneven surfaces. Although FEBID is a promising technique, improvements are still needed in order to get pure and highly resolved deposits. CVD precursors are normally used as FEBID precursors; however, their performance is limited, leading to co-deposition of ligands and ligand fragments together with

• well as to minimise the adverse or unwanted effects, such as non-pure metal deposition resulting from the co-deposition of ligands. In order to improve the quality of metallic deposits, LEE interactions with organometallic precursors have been studied. Several studies have been reported, e.g., DEA

Laser-assisted fabrication of gold nanoparticle-composed structures embedded in borosilicate glass

• Nikolay Nedyalkov,
• Mihaela Koleva,
• Nadya Stankova,
• Rosen Nikov,
• Mitsuhiro Terakawa,
• Yasutaka Nakajima,
• Lyubomir Aleksandrov and
• Reni Iordanova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2454–2463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.244

• , ion exchange, and co-deposition [12][13][14] have been developed, major requirements for production efficiency, including reducing production time and cost, have yet to be met. The existing technologies cannot provide efficient control and reproducibility of the spatial characteristics of complex 3D

Comparing postdeposition reactions of electrons and radicals with Pt nanostructures created by focused electron beam induced deposition

• Julie A. Spencer,
• Michael Barclay,
• Miranda J. Gallagher,
• Robert Winkler,
• Ilyas Unlu,
• Yung-Chien Wu,
• Harald Plank,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2410–2424, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.240

• Me2Au(tfac) with co-deposition of water vapor resulted in Au FEBID nanostructures with the highest conductivity achieved to date (resistivity of 8.8 μΩ cm, compared with 2.2 μΩ cm for pure Au [12]). Another recent purification method is laser-assisted electron beam induced deposition (LAEBID) [24

Bi-layer sandwich film for antibacterial catheters

• Gerhard Franz,
• Florian Schamberger,
• Hamideh Heidari Zare,
• Sara Felicitas Bröskamp and
• Dieter Jocham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1982–2001, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.199

• homogeneous film would mean co-deposition with at least two molecules, one to build up the film and one medical drug. To act as vapor, this drug has to be evaporated. None of the commonly used organic molecules (antibiotica, heparine, gendine [16][17][18]) is sufficiently stable to withstand this process

Formation of ferromagnetic molecular thin films from blends by annealing

• Peter Robaschik,
• Ye Ma,
• Salahud Din and
• Sandrine Heutz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1469–1475, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.146

• resulting films exhibit substantial coercivity (13 mT) at 2 K and a Curie temperature of 11.5 K. Keywords: co-deposition; molecular spintronics; organic thin films; phthalocyanines; tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ); Introduction Controlling the structure of molecular thin films is of great interest for

• vacant space which allows the MnPc molecular columns to arrange into the β-phase. So the co-deposition of phthalocyanines with small molecules could allow for the formation of highly oriented molecular films at lower process temperatures. This is crucial for later integration into electronic and

• of the molecule of interest. Experimental Organic thin films have been grown using a SPECTROS deposition chamber by Kurt J. Lesker Company with a base pressure of 3 × 10−7 mbar. During the co-deposition in total three quartz crystal microbalances (QCM) were utilised to achieve a one-to-one ratio of

Nanostructured germanium deposited on heated substrates with enhanced photoelectric properties

• Ionel Stavarache,
• Valentin Adrian Maraloiu,
• Petronela Prepelita and
• Gheorghe Iordache

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1492–1500, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.142

• optimization of parameters for the in situ synthesis of thin films with high Ge content (50 %) into SiO2. Crystalline Ge nanoparticles were directly formed during co-deposition of SiO2 and Ge on substrates at 300, 400 and 500 °C. Using this approach, effects related to Ge–Ge spacing are emphasized through a

• glass substrates resulting in a higher cost of fabrication. In this paper, we report a detailed investigation of the optimization of parameters for the in situ synthesis of thin films with high Ge content into SiO2. The Ge-nps were directly formed during co-deposition of SiO2 and Ge on substrates at 300

3D solid supported inter-polyelectrolyte complexes obtained by the alternate deposition of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)

• Eduardo Guzmán,
• Armando Maestro,
• Sara Llamas,
• Jesús Álvarez-Rodríguez,
• Francisco Ortega,
• Ángel Maroto-Valiente and
• Ramón G. Rubio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 197–208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.18

• . This behavior is explained by the co-deposition of counterions with the polymer chains, which becomes more prominent as the ionic strength increases. This type of behavior is on the basis of a charge compensation mechanism that will be discussed below. The compensation mechanism is related to the

Sonochemical co-deposition of antibacterial nanoparticles and dyes on textiles

• Ilana Perelshtein,
• Anat Lipovsky,
• Nina Perkas,
• Tzanko Tzanov and
• Aharon Gedanken

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1–8, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.1

• , however, find only one report in which sonochemistry was used for the co-deposition of AgNPs and AgCl on TiO2 NPs to form Ag@TiO2 and Ag/AgCl@TiO2 [18]. The synthetic process revealed that in fact it was a one-step process combining Ag+, TiO2 NPs, and NaCl in ethylene glycol solution. The sonochemical

• saline. The plates were allowed to grow overnight at 37 °C and the viable bacteria were counted thereafter. Results and Discussions Optimization of the co-deposition The deposition of the two compounds, the antibacterial ZnO or CuO, and the RO16 or RB5 dyes were carried out by dissolving the

• after 65 washing cycles at 75 °C [9]. Herein, for the first time we report on the co-deposition of two functional materials. The morphologies of the dye alone and co-deposited dye and metal oxides were studied by HRSEM and are shown in Figure 4. The morphology of RB5 sonochemically deposited on cotton

Growth and morphological analysis of segmented AuAg alloy nanowires created by pulsed electrodeposition in ion-track etched membranes

• Ina Schubert,
• Loic Burr,
• Christina Trautmann and
• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1272–1280, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.131

• electrodeposited with a slow rate, as needed for a well-controlled process, at low potentials close to −0.5 V. To grow Au-rich nanowires higher negative potentials need to be applied. The concentration of KAu(CN)2 in the electrolyte is increased compared to the KAg(CN)2 concentration to counteract the co

• -deposition of Ag at these more negative potentials. To investigate the composition of AuAg alloy nanowires as a function of the deposition voltage, we deposited nanowire arrays at three different voltages, namely −0.5 V, −0.8 V, and −1.1 V using an electrolyte containing 20 mM KAg(CN)2 and 50 mM KAu(CN)2

Magnetic properties of iron cluster/chromium matrix nanocomposites

• Arne Fischer,
• Robert Kruk,
• Di Wang and
• Horst Hahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1158–1163, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.117

• A custom-designed apparatus was used for the fine-tuned co-deposition of preformed Fe clusters into antiferromagnetic Cr matrices. Three series of samples with precisely defined cluster sizes, with accuracy to a few atoms, and controlled concentrations were fabricated, followed by a complete

Tunable magnetism on the lateral mesoscale by post-processing of Co/Pt heterostructures

• Oleksandr V. Dobrovolskiy,
• Maksym Kompaniiets,
• Roland Sachser,
• Fabrizio Porrati,
• Christian Gspan,
• Harald Plank and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1082–1090, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.109

• Figure 2. As will be shown below by TEM, it is this nanoporosity which allows Co to penetrate into the Pt layer during the Co deposition and to form a Co/Pt alloy phase. Considering the Co–Pt binary phase diagram [47], for a Co/Pt-ratio of 1:1, the CoPt L10 phase can form. This phase is a hard

Magnetic properties of self-organized Co dimer nanolines on Si/Ag(110)

• Lisa Michez,
• Kai Chen,
• Fabien Cheynis,
• Frédéric Leroy,
• Alain Ranguis,
• Haik Jamgotchian,
• Margrit Hanbücken and
• Laurence Masson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 777–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.80

• Si nanoribbons (NRs) and high-density arrays (5 × 106 cm−1) of Si NRs are formed on Ag(110) upon submonolayer condensation of Si at room temperature (RT) and 460 K, respectively. We have recently shown that Co deposition on the Si/Ag(110) system at RT leads to the self-organized growth of Co dimer

• ][28][29]. The STM image of Figure 2c shows a typical 1D Co nanostructure formed after Co deposition at RT on isolated Si NRs, partially covering the Ag(110) surface. The grown 1D nanostructures correspond to Co nanolines composed of dimers oriented perpendicular to the axis of the Si NRs. A Co dimer

• that of Co in-diffusion, Co deposition at a lower temperature was performed in the experiments presented here to form longer, defect-free, Co nanolines. The STM images in Figure 2a,b show the formation of identical and highly ordered Co dimer nanolines on the Ag(110) surface completely covered with the

Influence of size, shape and core–shell interface on surface plasmon resonance in Ag and Ag@MgO nanoparticle films deposited on Si/SiO_x

• Sergio D’Addato,
• Daniele Pinotti,
• Maria Chiara Spadaro,
• Guido Paolicelli,
• Vincenzo Grillo,
• Sergio Valeri,
• Luca Pasquali,
• Luca Bergamini and
• Stefano Corni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 404–413, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.40

• caused by diffusion on the surface and agglomeration. Atomic resolution TEM gave evidence of the presence of crystalline multidomains in the NPs, which were due to aggregation and multitwinning occurring during NP growth in the nanocluster source. Co-deposition of Ag NPs and Mg atoms in an oxygen

• where NPs are embedded in a metal [19] or oxide solid matrix [23][24]. The potential of this co-deposition technique can also be exploited to study the optical properties of NP films composed of Ag cores with a transparent shell/matrix, with particular emphasis on the evolution of the shape and the

• energy position of the SPR. For this purpose, controlled co-deposition and systematic investigation of the NP structure, chemical composition and film morphology is crucial in order to obtain films of desired functional properties. Computation of optical spectra, which is necessary for the interpretation

Synthesis, characterization, monolayer assembly and 2D lanthanide coordination of a linear terphenyl-di(propiolonitrile) linker on Ag(111)

• Zhi Chen,
• Svetlana Klyatskaya,
• José I. Urgel,
• David Écija,
• Olaf Fuhr,
• Willi Auwärter,
• Johannes V. Barth and
• Mario Ruben

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 327–335, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.31

• the remarkable coordination reactivity of carbonitrile groups, which are very well known in bulk coordination chemistry. The linker 2 was deposited by organic molecular beam epitaxy onto an atomically clean and flat Ag(111) surface kept at 300 K, followed by the controlled co-deposition of Gd atoms