Upcycling agroindustrial waste into graphene oxide supports for gold nanoparticles: toward sustainable nanomaterials

• Juan Marcos Castro-Tapia,
• Selene Acosta,
• Hiram Joazet Ojeda-Galván,
• Elsie Evelyn Araujo-Palomo,
• Edgar Giovanni Villabona-Leal and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 489–504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.32

• of functional groups and defect density. Ferrocene was used as a catalytic nucleation agent during pyrolysis as its iron-containing framework facilitates the formation of initial aromatic carbon nuclei and promotes early-stage graphitization at low temperatures [20][21]. All GO samples were also used

• atoms in aromatic domains and the D band around 1350 cm−1, associated with defects in the crystal lattice such as edges, vacancies, and oxygenated functional groups [38]. The intensity ratio between these peaks (ID/IG) is commonly used as an indicator of structural disorder or defect density in the

• , reducing the number of Raman-active defect sites relative to the G-band signal. Such a scenario is typical for highly oxidized, biomass-derived carbons, where the aromatic domains are broken into very small clusters surrounded by abundant oxygen functionalities [42]. Among the Agro-GO materials, Agro-GOC

Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

• under impacts of energetic particles, such as ions and electrons. At the same time, many concepts of defect production under irradiation in bulk systems are not applicable for 2D materials or require substantial modifications. Various aspects of the physics and chemistry of defects in 2D materials have

• been addressed, and the results of these investigations are presented in hundreds of research papers and review articles. However, the challenges and open questions that still remain in the field have received relatively little attention. These topics were recently addressed at the symposium “Defect

• with low-dimensional targets, and defect-mediated engineering of the properties of 2D systems. We further discuss possible solutions to these problems or suggest “work-arounds”, which should accelerate the progress in the field. Keywords: 2D materials; defects; electron irradiation; ion bombardment

Interconnection morphology effects on the radio frequency response of carbon nanotube sponges

• Manuela Scarselli,
• Javad Rezvani,
• Zeno Zuccari,
• Mattia Scagliotti and
• Simone Tocci

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 343–351, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.23

• synthesis of the CNSs was similar. The differences were: (1) No substrate was used. (2) Thiophene (1% v/v) was added to the solution as defect inducer [26][27][28][29] in addition to ferrocene (2.3 wt %), both dispersed in 10 mL of ethanol, stirred for 4 h and injected at a constant rate (5 mL·h−1) into the

Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• techniques, such as ALD to create ultrasmooth and defect-free surfaces, further enhance the precision and reproducibility of LAO. 3.2.3 Material-specific approaches. Tailoring LAO parameters to the specific properties of the material being patterned is essential for achieving high-resolution and uniform

Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of contaminant species in chemical vapour deposited graphene on copper

• Barry Brennan,
• Vlad-Petru Veigang-Radulescu,
• Philipp Braeuninger-Weimer,
• Stephan Hofmann and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 200–213, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.13

• directly under the graphene after post-growth exposure to atmosphere. This could have implications for better understanding transfer mechanisms that rely on oxidation of the Cu substrate [39][40], defect characterisation [41], or the heat dissipation ability of graphene on Cu [42]. Methods CVD graphene

Reduced graphene oxide paper electrode for lithium-ion cells – towards optimized thermal reduction

• Agata Pawłowska,
• Magdalena Baran,
• Stefan Marynowicz,
• Aleksandra Izabela Banasiak,
• Adrian Racki,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Tymoteusz Ciuk,
• Marta Wolczko and
• Andrzej Budziak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 24–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.3

• in defect formation within the graphene structure. However, the G peak intensity behavior after thermal annealing at various temperatures suggests that higher temperatures promote better preservation of areas with sp2-bonded atoms. This peak can also involve a contribution from sp2-hybridized carbon

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• simultaneously utilizing the abundant UV radiation [75]. It has been demonstrated that the light absorption of ZnO and TiO2 is improved by defect engineering, such as the introduction of oxygen vacancies. According to Kim and Youn, these defects trap light energy, which lowers charge carrier recombination rates

Electron transport through nanoscale multilayer graphene and hexagonal boron nitride junctions

• Aleksandar Staykov and
• Takaya Fujisaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2132–2143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.147

• as a bulk defect. In this work, we deal with periodic graphene models, and we consider only graphitic nitrogen substitutions. The graphitic nitrogen substitution in graphene changes its properties from a zero-bandgap semiconductor to metallic character and decreases its work function [7]. Stone–Wales

• . When the current is calculated for different applied biases, the current/voltage (I/V) curve is obtained. Results and Discussion We start our calculations with a comparison of the electronic properties of graphite, bulk h-BN, graphite with Stone–Wales defect, graphitic nitrogen-doped graphite, and bulk

• h-BN with Stone–Wales defect. For graphite and bulk h-BN, we adopt a graphite unit cell with A–B stacking consisting of two layers and two atoms per layer. We perform geometry optimization, density of states (DOS) calculations, and band structure calculations. For graphite and h-BN with Stone–Wales

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• peroxidase, or UV-assisted photo-Fenton processes. Notably, oxidised CNOs degrade more readily than their pristine counterparts, due to their higher defect density and greater abundance of oxygen-containing functional groups [42]. These findings highlight that the biodegradability of CNMs strongly depends on

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

• from 0.5 μm/s to 0.1 m/s [8][9][60], meaning our simulated shear speeds exceeded even the fastest experimental rates several times. This is probably due to a much higher loading rate and a defect-free, smooth substrate in the simulations. The friction coefficient μ is the unitless ratio of frictional

Piezoelectricity of layered double hydroxides: perspectives regarding piezocatalysis and nanogenerators

• Evgeniy S. Seliverstov,
• Evgeniya A. Tarasenko and
• Olga E. Lebedeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1812–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.124

• even surpass, established individual piezocatalysts like BaTiO3 in terms of degradation efficiency or reaction rate, especially when LDHs are ultrathin or doped/composited. However, many BaTiO₃-based systems still offer advantages in stability, availability of well-studied defect engineering, and

• carrier localization effects), or to interfacial electronic interactions that facilitate charge transfer. While these mechanisms may coexist, many publications lack the necessary control experiments (e.g., mechanical stimulation without light/oxidant, photocatalysis without stress, or defect-free samples

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• and enhances both the photocatalytic activity and humidity sensitivity of GO and PI. The most pronounced improvements occurred at higher fluences, where defect generation and partial deoxygenation contributed to optimal performance. Ion implantation thus represents an effective approach for tuning the

• often leads to the displacement of the target nuclei and to significant defect formation in the irradiated material, such as substitution defects [21]. We performed an initial estimation of the ions’ energy losses and range depth of the implanted Ag ions in GO and PI films using SRIM software [22]. This

• collisions dominate the energy loss mechanism. This results in intense atomic displacements near the surface, leading to significant surface damage, defect formation, and localized modifications within a shallow depth (Rp = 25–27 nm). The opposite situation occurs when both GO and PI were implanted with 1.5

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• methods in transient electronics to enhance inorganic encapsulation performance. Yet, it remains difficult to completely eliminate defects within limited film thicknesses. More recently, defect-free layers formed from single-crystalline silicon or its oxide have been explored as waterproof barriers for

• ) Encapsulation strategies use bilayers to block defects, while ALD forms uniform, defect-free films; Mg degradation begins at flaws and spreads in DI water. Figure 2e was adapted from [88], S.-K. Kang et al., “Dissolution behaviors and applications of silicon oxides and nitrides in transient electronics”, Adv

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• recombination of free excitons in a quantum confined system [43][44][45], while the blue and green emissions can be attributed to defect states or surface traps generated during the laser ablation process. For example, the observed photoluminescence can originate from the radiative recombination of

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• stability in addition to other benefits like tunable size and morphology, crystalline phases, new compounds and alloys, and defect engineering. These nanocolloids are useful for fabricating different devices mainly with applications in optoelectronics, catalysis, sensors, photodetectors, surface-enhanced

• characteristics, are influenced by the NP size and crystalline quality (Figure 3b,c). LFL also plays a crucial role in tuning the optical properties of NPs. Laser processing affects the defect density and optical bandgap of the particles, as demonstrated by changes in the optical transmission spectra before and

• after LFL treatment. By adjusting processing parameters such as solvent choice, the defect emission, including green defect emissions, can be controlled, providing further opportunities for tailoring the optical properties of NPs for various applications. The mechanisms behind nanoparticle formation

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• through the oxidative coupling of catechol groups using a hydrogen peroxide/horseradish peroxidase (H2O2/HRP) catalytic system [41]. The addition of the antibiotic doxycycline provided the hydrogels with antimicrobial activity to treat infected full-thickness defect wounds. Flexible films composed of

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• , unparalleled high cooling rates occur [64][65], resulting in distinct NP undercooling [50], creating defect-rich NP structures [40][66][67]. Despite these high cooling rates, LSPC-fabricated metal or alloy NPs are usually crystalline. At the example of immiscible binary alloys, it has been clarified that LAL

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• ablation and fragmentation products with a high defect density, and enhances catalytic activity. In addition, the liquid may also participate in the reaction by electrostatic stabilization [12], formation of gases [16], or chemical interaction with the target to enhance redox reactions or passivating

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• merges completely with disorder-induced broad band at higher fluences. Moreover, the deconvolution of the A1 (LO) Raman peak affirms the presence of defect-related Raman modes in the implanted samples. A gradual reduction in crystallinity of the implanted ZnO films with increasing ion fluence is observed

• shorter with the rise in argon ion fluence, which can be correlated with the emergence of the defect-induced band. Moreover, phonon softening relates to tensile stress, while phonon stiffening relates to compressive stress. Thus, all argon ion-implanted ZnO films show phonon softening, which indicates

• represent sub-bandgap absorptions due to defects. The optical bandgap values decrease after implantation from 3.29 ± 0.05 eV to 2.89 ± 0.04 eV with the rise in ion fluence. This is assigned to the emergence of defect-trapping levels between valence band and conduction band [46]. These trapping levels can be

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• pump–probe X-ray diffraction, to more complex systems like highly doped and ternary oxides, or to systems with variable and well-controlled defect densities and architecture, also under operando conditions. Optimizing the lifetime of photoexcited charges, but also understanding the mechanisms and the

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• hybrid anodes based on MoS2. The diffusion of sodium ions in layered MoS2 is highly anisotropic. It is fast along the basal planes and is not possible through defect-free layers [3]. Thus, when the interlayer channels coincide with the Na+ movement paths, the diffusion distance is shortened, resulting in

• confirms the vertical orientation of the MoS2 layers relative to the substrate surface [37]. The weak defect-induced mode LA(M) at 227 cm−1 and the asymmetric shape of the E12g and A1g modes indicate the nanometer size of the MoS2 crystallites in the plane [38][39]. All the above modes are visible in the

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• properties for 2D magnets by manipulating factors such as layer thickness, applied strain, and induced defect sites. Numerous theoretical studies predict that magnetic order in monolayers occurs at temperatures significantly higher than the bulk Curie temperature (i.e., 17 K). In their work, Liu et al

• air we observed the huge Cl vacancy signature in Cl 2p core levels (i.e., a low-energy component at 198 eV). Our conclusion is that the thin CrCl3 layers are more difficult to be modified because of the high energy of defect formation and the rapid quenching of them by mobile free atoms; this is

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• ), and laser melting (LML) in liquids are aimed at synthesizing nanoparticles (NPs) from bulk targets (LAL), by downsizing (LFL), or by increasing/reshaping (LML) particle dispersions [1]. On the other hand, pulsed laser defect engineering in liquids (PUDEL) processes involve targeted post-treatment of

• colloids, for example, to increase their defect density in favor of electrocatalytic or optical properties without changing their size [6][7][8]. In addition, the acronym PUDEL has recently been used for pulsed laser diffusion enhancement in liquids, which refers to an increase in diffusion without

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• Ni3+ to reach charge neutrality. Additionally, NiO exhibits a wide bandgap, which also prompts considerable research interest. The properties of NiO are highly dependent on the synthesis method, owing to the variable dimensionality, morphology, crystalline orientation, and defect structure [44

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• as grain boundaries and interfacial defect states that hinder performance. Specifically, since the interaction of adjacent layers at the interfaces of a solar cell is an important limiting factor for its operation, there is a need for dedicated studies regarding interfacial behavior. Kelvin probe

• 1), with voltage drops and rises being apparent because of the band bending introduced by mobile ions or surface defect states caused by the cleaving. Furthermore, the CPD decrease (black curves) on the HTL side relative to the perovskite when BCF is included in both cases reveals the p-doping of

• accumulation at the perovskite junctions because of the applied bias (like the aforementioned defect-state and relative work function contributions). Consequently, we use these bias-induced potential profiles (that result from the aforementioned subtraction of CPD profiles) to plot electric field profiles