Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• light sources, such as synchrotrons and free-electron lasers, allow researchers to probe the structural, electronic, and dynamic properties of functional materials at an unprecedented level of detail. Techniques like X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, can reveal atomic

• perspectives offered by the ultrahigh brilliance and ultrashort free-electron laser pulses for dynamic studies of the processes that take place upon photoexcitation are discussed. Keywords: cerium oxide; free-electron lasers; thin films; X-ray absorption spectroscopy; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

• under operating conditions. Furthermore, free-electron lasers (FELs), with orders-of-magnitude higher peak brilliance than synchrotrons, have made it possible to achieve temporal resolution of the order of a few tens of femtoseconds, facilitating an ultrafast, element-sensitive characterization of the

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• fast intercalation reaction kinetics. Flower-like MoS2–carbon hybrids have demonstrated superior alkali metal storage capability and high rate performance due to the fast Na+ diffusion in radially orientated ultrathin MoS2 and graphene layers; the latter component ensured high electron transfer and

• . The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the surface of raw MoS2 film, hydrogen-annealed film, and PyC film are compared in Figure 1b,c,e. The raw MoS2 film covers the entire area of the substrate and contains polysulfide nanoparticles on the surface (Figure 1b). These nanoparticles are absent

• 291.8 eV (Figure 2b), which are attributed to the electron transitions from the C 1s core levels to the π* and σ* C=C states in the graphitic structure, respectively [42]. The rather sharp shape of the π* resonance indicates the graphitic-like structure of the PyC film. Weak features appearing between

Facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Ni/NiO on stainless steel for an efficient electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction

• Ha Huu Do,
• Khac Binh Nguyen,
• Phuong N. Nguyen and
• Hoai Phuong Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 837–846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.63

• and metal oxide phases, offering a potential for HER. These outcomes indicated the successful Ni/NiO thin film fabrication on SS substrates. The uniformity of the electrocatalyst material is a vital factor that has a direct effect on electrode performance. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was

• (30.75 Ω), Ni/NiO/SS-5 (9.79 Ω), Ni/NiO/SS-15 (10.58 Ω), and Ni/NiO/SS-20 (19.87 Ω). The lowest Rct of Ni/NiO/SS-10 indicates the best electron/ion transfer kinetics for HER, consistent with the Tafel slope analysis. In general, the electrochemical surface area (ECSA) can be predicted by measuring the

• NiO phases, metallic Ni, and high conductivity of SS, which is advantageous for the Volmer step in alkaline solution, the combination of adsorbed H atoms, and electron transport in the catalytic process. These conclusions guide the fabrication of binder-free, robust, affordable electrocatalysts using

Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• 2.8 J·cm−2 [41]. Additionally, to increase the NP concentration and reduce the organic solvent use, a closed loop liquid flow system was employed. Size distribution, morphology, elemental composition, and crystal structure of the NPs from both CCA targets were examined using transmission electron

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• implemented in electronic structure calculations. Generalized gradient approximation of Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (GGA-PBE) was used for describing exchange-correlation energy of electron–electron interactions. The correction of van der Waals dispersion energy was applied using the DFT-D3 method proposed by

• GO-SG-ZH powder. The graphene-based nanocomposites in hydrogel form and in powder form were comparatively characterized using moisture analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and aqueous dispersibility. Brush coating of graphene oxide–nanosilica–zinc

• coated with nanosilica. The nanosilica-coated films were denoted as SG/PLA. Materials characterization Materials weight and moisture values were measured using a laboratory balance (Ohaus Pioneer, 220 g/0.0001 g) and a moisture analyzer (A&D Weighing MX-50, 51 g/0.001 g), respectively. Scanning electron

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• disulfide (FeS2)) nanoparticles (NPs) of different morphologies using pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) in different organic solvents. The impact of the solvent on the morphological, compositional, and optical properties of the synthesized NPs is investigated by techniques such as transmission electron

• microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. The morphology of the NPs in different solvents varied from spherical, rice-like to rod-like particles which demonstrates the effect of the solvent on the morphology/composition of NPs

• nanocolloid in this work. The optical properties of nanocolloids and their thin films were evaluated using UV–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy. The nanoparticle characterization and surface morphology were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• changes upon dissolution in saline were tested. For the undissolved sample, calcium alginate microcapsules with irregular shapes were registered via scanning electron microscopy, inside which core–shell nanoparticles were identified by transmission electron microscopy micrographs. Magnetic studies (DC and

• the dissolution time. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies performed on the completely dissolved sample revealed that some of the Fe3+ ions became paramagnetic, while the rest remained exchange coupled into clusters. The nonintentional manganese contamination was determined using EPR in the

• information about the iron release process from such microcapsules based on changes in physical properties. In order to carry out this study, a multi-technique analysis of undissolved and dissolved compounds was performed, including microstructure studies using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• effect) [19][20][21]. A well-known and suitable technique to investigate the electronic structure of surfaces is X-ray photoemission spectro-microscopy [22][6]; in order to obtain the necessary spatial resolution, the beam size must be reduced to tens of nanometers. The Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical

Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• the lateral bonding effect of GA and PVA, as well as the dissolution of cellulose by Zn2+. The rough, wrinkled surface and cracks are likely due to the focused high-energy electron beam during the FE-SEM imaging process [22]. Larger agglomerates, possibly ZnSO4 residues, are also apparent, which

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• yield of submicrometer particles and nanoparticles was quantified using UV–vis extinction spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and analytical centrifugation, while high-performance liquid chromatography determined degradation. We found improved fragmentation efficiency at lower mass

• extent such nonlinear, free-electron-generating, radical-promoting effects need to be considered as a contribution to the degradation of the nutraceuticals in our specific setup. On the one hand, it is well-known that the threshold of the Kerr effect is considerably lower in the presence of (inorganic

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• . This is significantly smaller than the yield depth in a scanning electron microscope (≈4 µm) or transmission electron microscope (≈1000 Å). Another advantageous aspect of the SPEM is its capacity to achieve high lateral resolution, which enables the investigation of inhomogeneities which are relatively

• article, the focal distance was ≈10 mm. The narrow X-ray spot normally impinges the sample surface generating a cloud of photoelectrons, part of which are collected by a hemispherical electron analyzer pointing at the sample at a 30° take off angle. The choice of such angle is strongly constrained by the

• crowded area around the sample where the sample and optics holders and analyzer nose must be located within a space of a few millimeters. The further displacement of the electron analyzer increases the natural surface sensitivity of XPS; depending on the kinetic energy of the detected photoelectrons, the

High-temperature epitaxial growth of tantalum nitride thin films on MgO: structural evolution and potential for SQUID applications

• Michelle Cedillo Rosillo,
• Oscar Contreras López,
• Jesús Antonio Díaz,
• Agustín Conde Gallardo and
• Harvi A. Castillo Cuero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 690–699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.53

• , atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed that the TaN films exhibit excellent crystallinity and smooth surface morphology, when deposited at optimal temperatures of 750 and 850 °C. The films exhibit superconducting transition temperatures (Tc) ranging from 5.0 to

• 750 °C, the sample, which has δ-TaN as the significant phase, exhibits a superconducting transition at Tc = 5.3 K. The highest value of Tc was obtained for the film deposited at 850 °C with pN2 = 90 mTorr (Tc = 6.3 K). Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy samples were prepared by a 4 kV Ar

• epitaxial growth in the MgO [100] direction, and Figure 6d shows a region away from the substrate. There are low-crystallinity regions and others that have planes with a growth in the direction of the substrate. Figure 6e shows the electron diffraction pattern of TaN; it presents the (200) and (220) planes

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• about charge generation and transport within the absorber material, as well as charge extraction to the relevant interfaces [9][10][11][12]. The details of interfacial electronic carrier extraction at the junctions of the perovskite with the electron and hole transport layers (ETL, HTL) define the

• therefore a charge accumulation within the perovskite. Initial studies suggested that this asymmetrical charge carrier behavior indicates an unfavorable hole extraction and a promoted electron extraction [9][13][14], but the migration and interaction of mobile ions (such as I− ions interacting with 2,2',7,7

• scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images (See Supporting Information File 1, Section 4). The lateral resolution for both AFM and SEM measurements is a few nanometers. The AFM channel that exhibited the clearest contrast between the layers was the amplitude error signal

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• include superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide, are natural byproducts of the oxidative metabolism. Mammalian cells maintain balanced ROS levels for homeostasis and cellular proliferation. However, excess ROS creates an electron imbalance that triggers continuous electron transfer

• granules, each being hundreds of micrometers in size (Figure 1A). In contrast, the obtained FLG–TA colloid has a layered structure, and sheets seem to have been peeled off from the graphite surface (Figure 1B,C). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs of the flakes’ edges (Figure 1D,E) reveal

• significantly lower than the ratios reported for alternative synthesis methods in earlier studies [15]. In fact, polyphenolic compounds, such as TA, can act as electron donors [15][22], consequently triggering a change in the G band intensity. This change is likely due to the incorporation of electron donor

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• analysis. APT-loaded SLNs were prepared by the precipitation method and characterized by physicochemical studies including particle size and zeta potential measurements, drug content, encapsulation efficiency and solubility studies, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron

• solubility and enhanced dissolution using a minimum quantity of carriers. The developed SLNs were evaluated regarding drug content and using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), as well as polydispersity index (PDI), particle size

• dispersion. SEM studies Scanning electron micrographs of APT-CD-NP4 and APT-PX-NP8 shown in Figure 3 illustrate that polymeric content was deposited on the SLN surface because of organic solvents. After evaporation of the organic solvent, colloidal particles are closely packed. Dispersions in organic

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• difference between the DPPH method and the others can be explained by the different antioxidant mechanisms. DPPH is more useful in apolar surroundings and mainly involves hydrogen donation. ABTS is a method that includes electron and hydrogen donation, in addition to being useful for both nonpolar and polar

• 220 °C, detector temperature 240 °C, solvent cut-off time 2 min, electron ionization (EI) mode at 70 eV with a mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) range of 40 to 350 Da. The components of the essential oil were identified using their retention indices (RI), calculated for each constituent by injecting a series

Focused ion and electron beams for synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 613–616, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.47

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Krakow, av. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland 10.3762/bjnano.16.47 Keywords: deposition; etching; focused electron beams; focused ion beams; lithography; milling; nanofabrication; 3D nanostructures; It

• underdeveloped technology at that time. In his visionary address, he proposed techniques such as direct ion lithography using focused beams and introduced the concept of combined photo-electron lithography. Feynman's contribution was not limited to his visionary approach of advancing technology through

• the best of times, it was the worst of times" [2] – onto a 200 × 200 micron square of plastic using an electron beam. This achievement prompts a reflection: is nowadays the best or the worst of times for the development of electron and ion beam technologies? With the hope to contribute addressing this

Feasibility analysis of carbon nanofiber synthesis and morphology control using a LPG premixed flame

• Iftikhar Rahman Bishal,
• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Faizuan Bin Abdullah,
• I Putu Tedy Indrayana and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.45

• placement of the thermocouple within the flame, a two-axis positioning system was employed with an Arduino-based control unit. The positioning system has 1 mm accuracy with x- and y-axis traverse ranges of 100 and 200 mm, respectively. The grown CNFs were characterized by field-emission scanning electron

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• electron mobility (>100 cm2/V/s) and high electrical conductivity (>1014 S/cm), demonstrating its potential for optoelectronic applications [2][3][4]. The incorporation of cadmium into ZnO effectively reduces the bandgap, rendering the thin films suitable for applications in the visible region of the

• spectrometer (Bruker), equipped with an Ar ion laser (532 nm) with 0.2 mW laser operating power. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was carried out with a HITACHI SU8020 model, using an electron beam energy of 3.0 keV. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed using an ESCA-5000 Versa Probe

• system (Physical Electronics) with an Al Kα (1486.7 eV) beam and a 124 mm hemispherical electron analyzer. X-ray absorption near-edge structure experiments were performed at PIRX beamline [15] in the SOLARIS synchrotron facility in Poland [16], focusing on Zn L2,3 and O K edges in total electron yield

Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• electron charge transfer at the surface of the electrode. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the charge transfer enhancement with 4-ATP, a small organic molecule with delocalized π-electron system, has been employed to improve the sensitivity of electrochemical biosensing of proteins

• . This approach to amplify the electrochemical signal for biosensing of H1 provides a platform for the early detection of influenza A H1N1 virus. Results and Discussion In this study, an electrochemical biosensor exhibiting enhanced electron charge transfer properties was constructed in order to detect

• protein at clinically relevant concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was explored to characterize the surface of the electrodes after electrodeposition of gold nanoparticles (Figure 2). Because of the high conductivity of gold, a difference in contrast is

Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes) - UMR 6251, Rennes, France Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (NCU), Toruń, Poland 10.3762/bjnano.16.41 Abstract Gas-assisted focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID) as a direct, minimally invasive 3D nanopatterning

• nanostructure and composition of the deposits were determined, and possible volatile products produced under electron-induced dissociation, explaining the composition, are investigated. A method to eliminate the residual gas contamination during FEBID was implemented. [Pd(tbaoac)2] contains large organic

• ligands and only about 5 atom % palladium in the pristine molecule, yet the obtained palladium content in the deposits amounts to around 30 atom %. This translates to an exceptional removal efficiency of about 90% for the ligand-constituting elements carbon and oxygen through electron-induced dissociation

Zeolite materials with Ni and Co: synthesis and catalytic potential in the selective hydrogenation of citral

• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Yailen Costa Marrero,
• Tania Farias Piñeira,
• Céline Fontaine,
• Lexane Paget,
• Beatriz Concepción Rosabal,
• Arbelio Penton Madrigal,
• Vitalii Petranovskii and
• Gwendoline Lafaye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 520–529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.40

• nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. The initial natural zeolite samples were also examined via powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD patterns were recorded using a PW 1218 diffractometer (Philips, Almelo, Netherlands) equipped with a curved graphite monochromator and Cu Kα

• radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å). Data were collected at a scan speed of 2°/min with a step size of 0.05°. SEM images were acquired using a FEI Nova NanoSEM 450 electron microscope. For this purpose, samples were mounted on holders and coated with a thin layer of gold prior to observation. Temperature-programmed

Water in nanoporous hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets: a first-principles study

• Juliana A. Gonçalves,
• Ronaldo J. C. Batista and
• Marcia C. Barbosa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 510–519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.39

• BH van der Waals functional [30]. We make use of norm-conserving Troullier–Martins [31] pseudopotentials in the Kleinman–Bylander [32] factorized form. Also, we have used as basis set the standard double-ζ plus polarizations orbitals (DZP). The basis functions and the electron density were projected

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• electron beam evaporation [10] have been reported in the literature. RF sputtering is the predominant technique for thin film deposition because of its benefits regarding layer adhesion, uniformity, composition, and deposition rate compared to other methods [11]. In the deposition of molybdenum films, RF

• ] investigated the effects of argon ion bombardment on the characteristics of Mo thin films. Films with reduced porosity and larger grains demonstrated increased reflectance and decreased resistivity, consistent with electron mean free path analysis results. Navin et al. [15] investigated self-organized pattern

• may influence the electrical properties. As the thickness changes, the internal stress distribution could lead to impediments in electron transport, causing slight deviations from linearity. Nitrogen ions create defects, vacancies, or impurities in the molybdenum film, acting as scattering centers for

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• generating ion beams in a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy electron cyclotron resonance ion source, generally used for nanostructuring solid surfaces. The investigation focuses on developing, accelerating, and extracting Ar ions from a magnetron-coupled plasma cup utilizing a three-grid ion

• collisions, the internal energy of the colliding particles does not change. Ionization, stripping, electron capture, and excitation of atoms due to collisions are examples of inelastic collisions. Free electrons colliding with atoms also produce ions. Electrons in the gas are heated by the inductively

• various ions using gaseous plasma, the ion sources can be classified in direct current (DC)-operated ion sources, radio frequency discharge ion sources, and microwave-based electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion sources, as well as electron bombardment, charge exchange, and laser-driven ion sources [17