Transfer function of an asymmetric superconducting Gauss neuron

• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Aleksander S. Ionin,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Mikhail S. Sidel’nikov,
• Sergey V. Egorov and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1160–1170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.85

• slightly different shapes, which allows them to be distinguished during the initial analysis of experimental data. In recent years, a number of superconducting devices have been proposed based on very thin superconducting films whose kinetic inductance may be comparable to the magnetic one [11][25][26

• , where is the magnetic part of total inductance Lout. Therefore, the use of ultrathin superconducting films is not a promising approach for implementing a superconducting Gauss neuron. C. Input asymmetry One more possible type of asymmetry is related to the unequal input signal supply to the neuron’s

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• occurred for all coatings. In particular, an increase in ion beam current led to a reduction in crystallite size by approximately 30% compared to coatings prepared by conventional EBE process. The average anatase crystallite size for annealed films was in the range of 30.8 to 43.5 nm. A detailed SEM

• analysis of surface morphology and cross sections revealed that the TiO2 films prepared by IBAD had smaller, rounded grains and were denser compared to those deposited by EBE. Optical properties showed high transparency of 77–83% in the visible wavelength range for all as-prepared thin films. However

• , annealing caused a decrease of the transparency level by 32% for films deposited by EBE, while for films from the IBAD process the decrease was less than 10%. The use of an ion gun increased the hardness of the TiO2 films from 2.4 to 3.5 GPa (Iibg = 4 A). Although a similar relationship was observed for

Single-layer graphene oxide film grown on α-Al₂O₃(0001) for use as an adsorbent

• Shiro Entani,
• Mitsunori Honda,
• Masaru Takizawa and
• Makoto Kohda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1082–1087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.79

• ions from aqueous solutions. In order to realize its application use, it is necessary to form large-area GO films with well-controlled thickness. However, the conventional methods for the fabrication of such tailored GO films present considerable challenges. Conventionally, GO films are obtained by a

• drop-casting technique, wherein GO flakes dispersed in a solvent are cast onto a substrate [16][17]. This technique does not allow for the control of number of layers. Consequently, studies have been conducted to synthesize large-area and single-layer GO (SLGO) films. As mentioned above, GO films have

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• molecules and their two-dimensional films. The structure and quality of the films are pivotal parameters for any molecular electronics application, thus making them indispensable for the development of nanoscale electronic devices. In particular, these findings on the controlled self-assembly of

• . Additionally, they can be employed as precursors to produce CaFe2O4 thin films upon calcination. The resulting transparent solution is coated and subjected to calcination/annealing to form mesoporous thin films. The mesoporous films display excellent performance in the oxygen evolution reaction. It would be

• presented an overview of research activities utilizing azobenzene-containing monolayers and liquid crystal polymer films [243]. The linking of azobenzene molecules to liquid crystal and polymer systems has enabled the realization of a number of fascinating new motional functions. The use of photostimulation

Multifunctional properties of bio-poly(butylene succinate) reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes

• Volodymyr Krasinskyi,
• Krzysztof Bajer,
• Ludmila Dulebova,
• Nickolas Polychronopoulos,
• Oksana Krasinska and
• Daniel Kaczor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1014–1024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.76

• wettability of films based on the nanocomposite is 7 mN·m−1 higher than that of the original PBS (52 versus 45 mN·m−1). This indicates that PBS/CNT_0.5 films will not require additional activation before applying paints, adhesives, or coatings. The addition of CNTs also affects the density of PBS

• packaging, which typically require elongation at break in the range of 100–600% and Young’s modulus between 200 and 700 MPa [25]. Potential applications include stretch sleeves, flexible lids, and barrier films, where controlled deformation and improved wear resistance are desired. Rheological analysis

• temperatures of the Plasti-Corder LabStation extruder (Brabender, Duisburg, Germany) were set to 150, 160, and 170 °C, with the die head at 175 °C. The screw speed was 60 rpm, the cooling roll was set to 70 °C, and the rotational speed was 12 min−1. As a result of the films being freely cast onto the cooling

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

Tendency in tip polarity changes in non-contact atomic force microscopy imaging on a fluorite surface

• Bob Kyeyune,
• Philipp Rahe and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 944–950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.72

• fast (horizontal) and slow (vertical) scan directions. The surface directions for the bulk crystal exposing the (111) surface can be determined by cleaving the crystal along another surface from the {111} family [31]. For CaF2 thin films grown on Si(111) surfaces, it has been established that the film

Characterization of ion track-etched conical nanopores in thermal and PECVD SiO₂ using small angle X-ray scattering

• Shankar Dutt,
• Rudradeep Chakraborty,
• Christian Notthoff,
• Pablo Mota-Santiago,
• Christina Trautmann and
• Patrick Kluth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 899–909, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.68

• Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany Technische Universtät Darmstadt, 64289 Darmtadt, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.16.68 Abstract Conical nanopores in amorphous SiO2 thin films fabricated using the ion track etching technique show promising potential for filtration, sensing

• SiO2 (≈26°). As described in our track etching model [13], the cone angle depends only on the ratio of the track-etch rate to the bulk-etch rate. Hence, the different angles indicate different etch-rate ratios for PECVD and thermal SiO2. This discrepancy is not unexpected because PECVD-deposited films

• calculations for PECVD SiO2 thin films used values for the density and composition from our previous study [47]. In both layers, the projected ranges when irradiated with 185 and 89 MeV Au ions were ≈20 μm and ≈14 μm, respectively, whereas the projected ranges for thermal and PECVD SiO2 irradiated with 1.6 GeV

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• SCD surface into graphene requires annealing at temperatures above 800 °C [21]. The annealing of nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films in the presence of a Ni catalyst has been recently explored [22][23][24]. It was shown that graphitization of Ni-coated NCD films begins at a relatively lower

• better properties but high cost, or on more affordable NCD films, whose properties are notably inferior to their monocrystalline counterparts. In this regard, microcrystalline diamond (MCD) films could serve as a more suitable alternative to SCDs. Therefore, the Ni-assisted graphitization of MCD films

• spectra provides information about the spatial orientation of π and σ orbitals relative to the photon incidence. In the present work, we focused on the changes in the surface state of Ni-coated polycrystalline diamond (PCD) films composed of micron-sized grains with (110) and (111) faces during high

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• Manu Bura Divya Gupta Arun Kumar Sanjeev Aggarwal Department of Physics, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119, India 10.3762/bjnano.16.66 Abstract Radio frequency-sputtered zinc oxide films are implanted with 30 keV Ar+ ions at various fluences ranging from 1 × 1015 to 2 × 1016 ions·cm−2

• . Raman spectra reveal the presence of the E2 (low), E2 (high), and A1 (LO) Raman modes in pristine and implanted ZnO films. A gradual fall and rise in peak intensity of, respectively, the E2 (high) and A1 (LO) Raman modes is observed with increases in ion fluence. However, the E2 (low) mode broadens and

• merges completely with disorder-induced broad band at higher fluences. Moreover, the deconvolution of the A1 (LO) Raman peak affirms the presence of defect-related Raman modes in the implanted samples. A gradual reduction in crystallinity of the implanted ZnO films with increasing ion fluence is observed

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• applications, examining the application of high-brilliance light sources on model systems such as supported thin films and epitaxial nanostructures. We review selected studies exploiting the high energy resolution and sensitivity of synchrotron radiation-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray

• perspectives offered by the ultrahigh brilliance and ultrashort free-electron laser pulses for dynamic studies of the processes that take place upon photoexcitation are discussed. Keywords: cerium oxide; free-electron lasers; thin films; X-ray absorption spectroscopy; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

• ; Introduction Transition metal oxides in the form of thin films or nanostructures find extensive use in sustainable energy technologies [1][2]. They serve as active materials or supports for catalysts for various chemical reactions, essential to energy conversion, sensing, and environmental remediation [3][4

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• resulting hybrid and individual films of MoS2 and PyC were placed on the same sample holder to study the interaction with sodium vapor in the ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) chamber of the experimental station of the Russian–German beamline at the BESSY-II synchrotron radiation facility. Such model experiments make

• high. The weak second-order band between 2700 and 2900 cm‒1 is due to the three-dimensional ordering along the c axes of the graphitic film. The NEXAFS spectra measured at the C K-edge of PyC and PyC-MoS2 films pre-annealed in UHV at 673 K for 10 min exhibit two main resonances located at 285.4 and

• associated with the substrate. The absence of the Si 2p line in the spectra of MoS2 and PyC-MoS2 films indicates the formation of a continuous MoS2 film with a thickness of more than 3 nm [46]. The atomic concentrations of Mo and S in the MoS2 film are about 9 and 28 atom %, respectively, and decrease to

Facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Ni/NiO on stainless steel for an efficient electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction

• Ha Huu Do,
• Khac Binh Nguyen,
• Phuong N. Nguyen and
• Hoai Phuong Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 837–846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.63

• synthesizing electrode materials in recent years because they offer a cleaner pathway than solution-based synthetic processes [20][21][22]. Among vacuum deposition methods, magnetron sputtering has been widely applied in industrial applications for fabricating thin films because of its advantages, such as good

• with a thickness of 1 mm was used as a substrate for catalyst growth. Fabrication of the Ni/NiO/SS samples Grade 304 SS was cut into pieces of 60 mm × 25 mm, washed with soap, and then sonicated in a mixture of acetone and ethanol to remove the impurities left on the SS template. After that, thin films

• distribution in materials were studied using EDX. The Raman spectra were studied using a LabRAM-HR Evolution Raman microscope with a laser wavelength of 532 nm. The composition of the thin films was investigated using XPS on a Thermo Scientific K-Alpha XPS system. Electrochemical measurements The HER catalytic

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• coating on polymer substrates, typically polylactide films. Interfacial adhesion of graphene-based nanosheets on polylactide substrates made the antibacterial coating stable for several application purposes. In general, supramolecular graphene-based hydrogels are bioinspired hydration structures to

• , leading to facile brush coating on plastic films of polylactide (PLA). Dehydrated GO-SG-ZH coating is adhered to the PLA substrate through interfacial interactions. Furthermore, antibacterial activities, coating stability, and mechanical properties of the nanocomposite materials were investigated and

• compression at 190 °C. As a result, thin and transparent PLA films were made with the average thickness of 0.2 mm. In the next stage, the GO-SG-ZH nanocomposite in hydrogel form (≈95% water) was used as an aqueous paint for brush coating on PLA thin films. After brush coating, the coated films were left to

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• nanocolloids. The structural, morphological and electrical characterizations of the films are also presented. By sulfurization of the films, phase-pure pyrite thin films are obtained. The photodetection range was up to 785 nm photocurrent in the order of 10−6 to 10−4 A for different annealing conditions and a

• films. The conventional methods reported for the synthesis of pyrite NPs include chemical methods using stabilizing agents [4], high-energy mechanical ball milling [6][7], colloidal pyrite by wet solution/phased chemical approaches [8][9], and hot injection [10][11]. In this study, PLAL was employed to

• performance by first fabricating amorphous iron oxide films on normal glass substrates by spray pyrolysis followed by heating in sulfur atmosphere at 350 and 400 °C [20]. For pyrite film fabrication, solvothermal or hydrothermal and chemical synthetic routes are generally adopted [21][22][23]. Henríquez et al

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• known that 270 nm SiO2/Si substrates provide the highest optical contrast (O.C.) value for a single layer or few layers of CrCl3 [2][11]. Because of the insulating behavior of 270 nm SiO2 and to avoid surface charging, we utilized Si(001) wafers with a 1 nm layer of SiO2 and ITO films (190 nm) on glass

High-temperature epitaxial growth of tantalum nitride thin films on MgO: structural evolution and potential for SQUID applications

• Michelle Cedillo Rosillo,
• Oscar Contreras López,
• Jesús Antonio Díaz,
• Agustín Conde Gallardo and
• Harvi A. Castillo Cuero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 690–699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.53

• Física, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Apdo. Postal 14-740, México D.F. 07360, México 10.3762/bjnano.16.53 Abstract The growth of superconducting tantalum nitride (TaN) thin films on magnesium oxide (MgO) substrates has been studied

• using pulsed laser deposition (PLD). This research investigates the influence of varying deposition parameters, including substrate temperature and ambient gas composition, on the structural, morphological, and superconducting properties of the films. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction

• , atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed that the TaN films exhibit excellent crystallinity and smooth surface morphology, when deposited at optimal temperatures of 750 and 850 °C. The films exhibit superconducting transition temperatures (Tc) ranging from 5.0 to

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• 0.14 mbar and 280 W). Consequently, we deposited a compact layer of TiO2 via an aqueous 0.75 M TiCl4 solution (Sigma-Aldrich, 99.99% trace metal basis). A volume of 80 μL of the solution was spin-coated at 5000 rpm for 30 s, and the resulting films were annealed at 500 °C for 30 min. Afterwards, we

• deposited a mesoporous TiO2 layer from a (transparent) titania paste solution (Aldrich, 16.67 wt % in ethanol) via spin coating and annealed it (same parameters as in the previous step). After each of these titania deposition steps, we subjected the films to a UV-ozone cleaning step (FHR UVO 150) for 30 min

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• amount of 100 µg) in the filtrate (Figure S3B, Supporting Information File 1). The DPPH scavenging assay reveals differences in TA antioxidant behavior. Free TA molecules in FLG suspension eliminated approximately 90% of free radicals, while FLG–TA films deposited on gold scavenged only 15% of the

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• dermal matrix [85]. In vitro studies showed that the use of electrospun silk nanofibers favors the attachment of human fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and deposition of collagen type I [86]. Silk can be processed into hydrogels, scaffolds, and films with the incorporation of bioactive factors such as growth

• functionalization of SF facilitate its usage in optics as a biosensor and implantable device [92]. Malinowski et al. showed that conventional transparent films often lack adequate haze, but SF films exhibit ultrahigh optical transparency (>93%) and transmission haze (>65%). In this study, soft lithography was used

• to create and analyze SF films with various nanostructures that exhibit tunable optical properties depending on the structure. When combined with silicon photodiodes, the power conversion efficiency increased by 6.96% with flat SF films and 14.9% with nanopatterned SF films. This demonstrates the

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• Abstract This study investigates the recovery of the B1 phase from the high-pressure B2 phase, at atmospheric pressure, in cadmium oxide (CdO) nanoparticles incorporated within sol–gel synthesized CdxZn1−xO (x = 0.40) composite thin films. The recovery process is investigated using electronic excitations

• ; Introduction Zinc oxide (ZnO)-based thin films are of significant interest due to their wide bandgap value (3.37 eV at room temperature), transparent electrical conduction, and large excitonic binding energy (60 meV) [1]. In contrast, cadmium oxide (CdO) exhibits a lower bandgap of 2.2 eV, along with high

• electron mobility (>100 cm2/V/s) and high electrical conductivity (>1014 S/cm), demonstrating its potential for optoelectronic applications [2][3][4]. The incorporation of cadmium into ZnO effectively reduces the bandgap, rendering the thin films suitable for applications in the visible region of the

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• Usha Rani Kafi Devi Divya Gupta Sanjeev Aggarwal Ion Beam Centre, Department of Physics, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136119, India 10.3762/bjnano.16.38 Abstract Molybdenum (Mo) thin films have extensive applications in energy storage devices and photovoltaic solar cells because of their

• remarkable thermal stability, high melting point, and chemical inertness. In the present study, Mo thin films of different thicknesses (150, 200, 250, and 300 nm) have been deposited on Si(100) substrates via radio frequency sputtering in an argon atmosphere at room temperature. Some of these films have been

• implanted with 1 × 1017 N2+·cm−2 at 30 keV using a current density of 4 µA·cm−2. Surface morphology and structural, optical, and electrical properties of the as-deposited and implanted Mo thin films have been systematically investigated. The crystallinity of Mo thin films is enhanced with increasing

Impact of adsorbate–substrate interaction on nanostructured thin films growth during low-pressure condensation

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 473–483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.36

• elastic adsorbate–substrate interactions in processes of nanostructuring of thin films during low-pressure condensation in the framework of theoretical approaches and numerical simulations. It will be shown that an increase in the elastic interaction strength induces first-order transitions and pattern

• multicomponent substrates leads to the formation of a stationary surface morphology with an elevated number of adsorbate islands of smaller size, compared to one-component substrates. This study provides a deep insight into the peculiarities of nanostructured thin films’ growth in low-pressure systems with

• different adsorbate–substrate bonding. Keywords: adsorbate–substrate interaction; adsorptive systems; numerical simulations; pattern formation; Introduction Innovative nanostructured thin films are widely exploited in ground-breaking developments regarding transistors [1][2], energy harvesting [3][4

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34