Calibration of piezo actuators and systems by dynamic interferometry

• Knarik Khachatryan and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2086–2091, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.143

• control over the interferometer cavity. Measurements involve the expansion and contraction of the piezo tube by an amount of the order of 100 nm, raising the issues of piezo nonlinearity [19], hysteresis [20], and creep [21]. Therefore, we address systematic errors in tube piezo calibration and explore to

• and hysteresis occurring after switching polarity from positive to negative. Note that we observe this phenomenon although we paused the measurement for 25 min between contraction and extension experiments to give the system time for equilibration. The deviation of data points from a straight line is

• that the misalignment and the fiber piezo motion history may deteriorate the excitation system calibration. This is probably due to piezo hysteresis and the fit procedure that has been optimized for the perfectly aligned interferometer [13] but not extensively tested for the misaligned interferometer

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• lines due to hysteresis and drift in the open loop x–y scanners. These problems are more pronounced when attempting to resolve smaller features, and image processing techniques such as filtering and smoothing are not particularly effective in enhancing resolution, as shown by Figure 6e. Conclusion We

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• function of relative humidity. There were distinct differences between tissues and a pronounced hysteresis between sorption and desorption. Finite element analysis was performed on geometries ranging from simplified bilayer models to complex remodeled scales. Simulation results showed an underestimation of

• threshold, a more nuanced study of the differences in water uptake between tissues is required to gain a better understanding of motion actuation. Quan et al. [24] also measured the gravimetric water uptake, revealing a hysteresis between uptake and evaporation, but without distinguishing between the scale

• , the sclereid cells achieve a moisture content of 27.7 ± 0.4% for desorption and 26.8 ± 0.4% for absorption. In comparison, the sclerenchyma fibers achieve a moisture content of 23.7 ± 0.6% for desorption and 23.0 ± 0.5% for absorption. In terms of the hysteresis observed, the difference in moisture

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• into the TiO2 lattice. Figure 3b shows the nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm of the TiO2 nanowires on carbon cloth at 77 K. The adsorption isotherm exhibits a type-IV profile with an H3 hysteresis loop, indicative of mesoporous structures with slit-like pores. This is further corroborated by the

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

Transfer function of an asymmetric superconducting Gauss neuron

• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Aleksander S. Ionin,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Mikhail S. Sidel’nikov,
• Sergey V. Egorov and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1160–1170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.85

• . It can be seen that as tanα increases, the curve becomes asymmetric, that is, the left part becomes flatter, and the right one steeper (Figure 3a). For sufficiently large asymmetry ( for the parameters in Figure 3a), the transfer function becomes multivalued, and hysteresis should be observed during

• lA/lB increases, the distortion of the transfer function increases (Figure 4a), which leads to its multivaluedness (and hence to hysteresis). This is related to the increase in the inductance of the overall receiving circuit 2l+ as lA increases. The opposite change (reducing lA while keeping lB

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• artefacts such as (mechanical) hysteresis effects caused by the elastic behaviour of the measuring tip or the mechanical components of the SPM setup, as well as repeated displacements of the object during the scan of each line. Drift phenomena are considerable, too, which are primarily caused by the lateral

• a linearly decreasing trend, represented by the blue dotted line. This trend supports the suitability of the TEV as a parameter for characterising morphodynamics. The hysteresis effects mentioned earlier are always time-independent. The TEV is still not zero for non-viable objects like fixed

Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• particle size), demonstrating the intrinsic superparamagnetic nature of NPs. While the Ge-based CCA demonstrates almost twice the saturation magnetization (Ms) and ≈20% lower hysteresis (Hc) in bulk form, the Al-based CCA exhibits comparable Ms and ≈45% lower Hc at the nanoscale at 5 K. These results

• File 1) confirms an elevated oxygen concentration at the NP surface, indicating surface oxidation effects. Most oxide shells, such as MnO, NiO, or FeO are antiferromagnetic [61] and exhibit higher anisotropy than the NP core, leading to an exchange bias effect in the hysteresis loop and an increase in

• suggests that the magnetization changes smoothly across the transition point, consistent with ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic ordering. The M–H curve at 5 K (Figure 6b and Figure S5b, Supporting Information File 1) exhibits a pronounced hysteresis loop with a Hc of 8.4 kA·m−1 and a high saturation

Zeolite materials with Ni and Co: synthesis and catalytic potential in the selective hydrogenation of citral

• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Yailen Costa Marrero,
• Tania Farias Piñeira,
• Céline Fontaine,
• Lexane Paget,
• Beatriz Concepción Rosabal,
• Arbelio Penton Madrigal,
• Vitalii Petranovskii and
• Gwendoline Lafaye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 520–529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.40

• isotherms showed a hysteresis loop, which is associated with capillary condensation within the materials’ pores and is expected to be more pronounced in HEU than in Mor. This can be attributed to the smaller channel diameter of HEU (maximum opening of 0.31 × 0.75 nm2) compared to Mor (maximum opening of

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• oxide on the nanopatterned silicon surface. Additionally, the post-bombardment growth of silicon oxide on nanopatterned silicon leads to site-dependent growth of native oxide, which is useful for producing hysteresis in surface current–voltage characteristic measurements [50][51]. The preferential

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• (isotherm I or II according to IUPAC classification); at increasing pressure, the absorption continues and is accompanied by a hysteresis loop (isotherm IV according to IUPAC classification). For the series of Ti-WNh-C samples hydrolyzed in pure water, the inflection point on the desorption curves appears

• around P/P0 = 0.5, and it is followed by a broad hysteresis loop. The shape of this loop mainly corresponds to bottle-shaped pores (type H2, more precisely H2b, which corresponds to a pore blocking effect but without percolation, which may also indicate a narrow size distribution of pore cavities), with

• some presence of slit-shaped pores (type H3). Hydrolysis in 70% ethanol solution (i.e., Ti-ENh-C series) results in a wider distribution of mesopores by size. Volume VBJH and diameter DBJH of the mesopores determined from the desorption branch of the hysteresis loops are given in Table 2. The surface

Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection

• Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen,
• Tien Dat Doan,
• Huy Hieu Luu,
• Hoang Anh Nguyen,
• Thi Thu Ha Vu,
• Quang Hai Tran,
• Ha Tran Nguyen,
• Thanh Binh Dang,
• Thi Hai Yen Pham and
• Mai Ha Hoang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1522–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.120

• simultaneous presence of FeBTC and CuBTC phases in the (Cu)(Fe)BTC sample indicates the successful synthesis of (Cu)(Fe)BTC composite. The N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms of the (Cu)(Fe)BTC sample are of type I with H4 hysteresis ring according to IUPAC classification (Figure 1b) [35]. The N2 adsorption

Investigation of Hf/Ti bilayers for the development of transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters

• Victoria Y. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1353–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.108

• regions the critical temperature is different. Furthermore, such a protracted transition can be explained by the effect of phase separation in a film of large size, that is, it becomes superconducting in parts. The film sample C1, unlike samples A1–A4 and B1, shows thermal hysteresis, which is expressed

The role of a tantalum interlayer in enhancing the properties of Fe₃O₄ thin films

• Hai Dang Ngo,
• Vo Doan Thanh Truong,
• Van Qui Le,
• Hoai Phuong Pham and
• Thi Kim Hang Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1253–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.101

• depicts the hysteresis curves (M–H) of samples 1, 2, and 3. The magnetization of the Fe3O4 thin film grown on the multilayer structure is significantly larger than the those of the others, as shown in Figure 3a. Figure 3b shows a magnification of the M–H loops from −2 kOe to 2 kOe to show more details

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• kilohertz. Another alginate-based humidity sensor is carbonized lignin-loaded sodium alginate (CL/SA). The CL/SA composite film provided extremely high sensitivity, low hysteresis, and consistent repeatability throughout a wide relative humidity range of 11–97%. Furthermore, the CL/SA sensor allowed for

Beyond biomimicry – next generation applications of bioinspired adhesives from microfluidics to composites

• Dan Sameoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 965–976, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.79

• ) simplified modeling of effective bending stiffness as either two parallel non-adhesive sheets or as iii) a bonded sandwich composite structure. (b) Small scale tests show substantial bending stiffness increase as anticipated, but the large hysteresis indicates that internal delamination and plastic behavior

Radiofrequency enhances drug release from responsive nanoflowers for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

• Yanyan Wen,
• Ningning Song,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Weiwei Wu,
• Qixiong Lin,
• Minjie Cui,
• Rongrong Li,
• Qiufeng Yu,
• Sixue Wu,
• Yongkang Liang,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 569–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.49

• of a layer on CUR-Fe NPs and CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs. Furthermore, the three new diffraction peaks at 28.7°, 37.34°, and 64.8° confirmed the presence of MnO2. The magnetic properties of the NFs were verified by magnetic hysteresis loops. Figure 2h shows that Fe3O4 NCs and CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs were

• , respectively). f) FTIR spectra of HCCP, CUR, HPS, and the CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs. g) XRD patterns of the Fe3O4 NCs, curcumin, CUR-Fe NPs, and CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs. h) Hysteresis loop of the Fe3O4 NCs and CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs, indicating that they were superparamagnetic. a) T1/T2-mapping MR imaging of CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs at pH 5.0

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light by cobalt ferrite nanoparticles/graphene quantum dots

• Vo Chau Ngoc Anh,
• Le Thi Thanh Nhi,
• Le Thi Kim Dung,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Truong Son,
• Nguyen Thi Thao Uyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Uyen Thu,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Le Trung Hieu,
• Tran Ngoc Tuyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 475–489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.43

• . The magnetic characteristics of the CF/GQDs nanocomposite were identified by using VSM. The magnetic parameters, including the saturation magnetization (Ms), coercivity (Hc), and remanence (Mr), are presented in Table 2. As can be seen in Figure 6c, the hysteresis characteristics of CoFe2O4 show hard

• ferrites with high coercive field and magnetization, while the hysteresis loops of CF/GQDs are reversible, indicating that CF/GQDs exhibit superparamagnetic characteristics. The magnetic saturation values of the CF/GQDs-140, -180 and -200 samples are 0, 11.1, and 36.3 emu/g, respectively, at room

• of CoFe2O4 and CF/GQDs. All isotherm curves belong to type V according to IUPAC. At a high relative pressure (above 0.8), the hysteresis sloop indicates that the materials have micro-meso structures. The surface area of CoFe2O4 is small because of heavy agglomeration (21.0 m2·g−1). However, CF/GQDs

Superconducting spin valve effect in Co/Pb/Co heterostructures with insulating interlayers

• Andrey A. Kamashev,
• Nadir N. Garif’yanov,
• Aidar A. Validov,
• Vladislav Kataev,
• Alexander S. Osin,
• Yakov V. Fominov and
• Ilgiz A. Garifullin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 457–464, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.41

• (dPb)/I2/Co2 (3 nm)/Si3N4 (85 nm) with the variable Pb layer thickness dPb. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 2: Characteristic magnetic hysteresis loops M(H) for the samples with and without insulating interlayers. Funding The work of A.A.K. and N.N.G. concerning preparation of the

Unveiling the nature of atomic defects in graphene on a metal surface

• Karl Rothe,
• Nicolas Néel and
• Jörg Kröger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 416–425, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.37

• bond with the microscope probe is reflected by the strongest attraction at the vacancy center as well as by hysteresis effects in force traces recorded for tip approach to and retraction from the Pauli repulsion range of vertical distances. Keywords: atomic force microscopy and spectroscopy; graphene

• bond formation (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3). The propensity to form a chemical bond between the Au tip apex atom and C atoms close to the center of type-1 defects is likewise reflected by the occurrence of hysteresis loops in Δf and I approach and retraction traces. Figure 5 compares Δf

• , the Δf traces for the tetravacancy exhibit a hysteresis loop in tip approach and retraction cycles. The width of the loop, defined as δ = Δzp − Δza with Δza and Δzp denoting the tip excursions where Δf↓ and Δf↑ intersect (Figure 5c), varies across the defect. Large values of δ are mostly observed at

On the mechanism of piezoresistance in nanocrystalline graphite

• Sandeep Kumar,
• Simone Dehm and
• Ralph Krupke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 376–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.34

• . However, a hysteresis is observed between forward and reverse sweeps, indicating that structural changes in the films occur, which are in part irreversible. To gain insights into the strain distribution in the strained NCG, we performed in situ Raman measurements with strain as shown in Figure 3a. The

• results in a permanent increase in initial resistance seen by a hysteresis (blach and red curves in Figure 2a) and an offset in the second cycle (red curve in Figure 2a) [43]. Although the processes are different, there is a competition between bond breaking and rotation at certain strain values; the

Modulated critical currents of spin-transfer torque-induced resistance changes in NiCu/Cu multilayered nanowires

• Mengqi Fu,
• Roman Hartmann,
• Julian Braun,
• Sergej Andreev,
• Torsten Pietsch and
• Elke Scheer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 360–366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.32

• number of contacted nanowires can be estimated to be around six in the present case; for detailed calculations see Supporting Information File 1. The maximal dV/dI is achieved at µ0H ≈ −21 mT/21 mT in the downsweep/upsweep of the magnetic field, respectively. The gradual changes in the dV/dI hysteresis

• at a positive critical current Ic+ of 1.5 mA in the upsweep of I (initiating from a large negative current) and an abrupt jump at a negative critical current Ic− of around −1.2 mA in the downsweep of I (starting from a large positive current), thereby forming a hysteresis loop. The hysteresis loop

• be of the order of 107 A/cm2, which is comparable to the reported values in trilayer [18][29] or multilayer [16][26] magnetic nanowires. For more details of the signatures of STT in the hysteresis loops and the estimation method of the current density see Supporting Information File 1. Ic+, Ic−, and

Ultrasensitive and ultrastretchable metal crack strain sensor based on helical polydimethylsiloxane

• Shangbi Chen,
• Dewen Liu,
• Weiwei Chen,
• Huajiang Chen,
• Jiawei Li and
• Jinfang Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 270–278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.25

• substrate via sputter deposition. The metal thin film is then pre-stretched to generate microcracks. The sensor demonstrates a remarkable stretchability of 300%, an exceptional sensitivity with a maximum gauge factor reaching 107, a rapid response time of 158 ms, minimal hysteresis, and outstanding

• gauge factor of 107, a broad strain range of 300%, a rapid response time of 158 ms, minimal hysteresis, and outstanding durability. (The GF serves as a means to assess the sensitivity of stretchable strain sensors; it is defined as the ratio of the relative change in resistance to the applied mechanical

• loading and unloading attributed to the viscoelastic properties of PDMS. Moreover, the sensor exhibited exceptionally rapid response behavior, further affirming its reliability. The hysteresis of the helical sensor was assessed at a strain of 280% and a stretching speed of 10% per minute in a complete

Vinorelbine-loaded multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery systems: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release study

• Zeynep Özcan and
• Afife Binnaz Hazar Yoruç

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 256–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.24

• ]. The crystal structure of Fe3O4 nanoparticles can be tailored to allow for precise control, and these nanostructures find utility in various production processes. Magnetite nanoparticles exhibit superparamagnetic behavior due to the negligible energy barrier in the hysteresis of the particles

• × magnification. (d) Particle diameter distribution of Fe3O4 NPs. (a) X-ray diffraction patterns of Fe3O4 NPs. (b) FTIR spectra of Fe3O4 NPs. (c) Hysteresis loop for Fe3O4 NPs. FESEM images of (a) PDA/Fe3O4 NPs (1:1), (b) PDA/Fe3O4 NPs (2:1), and (c) PDA/Fe3O4 NPs (4:1), all 250,000× magnification. (d) FTIR

• spectra of Fe3O4 NPs and PDA/Fe3O4 NPs (1:1, 2:1, and 4:1 ratio). (a) FTIR spectra for Fe3O4 NPs and PDA/Fe3O4 NPs. (b) FTIR spectra for VNB and VNB/ PDA/Fe3O4 NPs. (c) Hysteresis loops for Fe3O4 NPs, PDA/Fe3O4, and VNB/PDA/Fe3O4 NPs. (a) Infrared thermal camera images of NPs at ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 4

Ferromagnetic resonance spectra of linear magnetosome chains

• Elizaveta M. Gubanova and
• Nikolai A. Usov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 157–167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.15

• is well known [14][15][33][34][35] that the power absorbed by the assembly per unit time and per unit volume is proportional to the area of the assembly hysteresis loop where m is the reduced magnetic moment of the assembly. To numerically calculate the power absorbed by an assembly of