Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment

• Georgi Mateev,
• Dean Dimov,
• Nataliya Berberova-Buhova,
• Nikoleta Kircheva,
• Todor Dudev,
• Ludmila Nikolova,
• Elena Stoykova,
• Keehoon Hong,
• Dimana Nazarova,
• Silvia Angelova and
• Lian Nedelchev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12

• calculations further support these findings, indicating that temperature-dependent intermolecular interactions and conformational changes play a significant role in shaping the optical behavior of the films. These results provide new insights into the structure–property relationships underlying thermochromism

• and properties. Polymer molecules can assemble through various intermolecular interactions, forming different aggregate structures that can drastically change the properties of solid-state materials. The wide variety of polymer chain types and architectures based on very diverse chemistries further

• measuring the intensity of the emitted fluorescence light at another wavelength. Treating PAZO at 230 °C induced an increase in fluorescence intensity (≈400%) and a redshift (20 nm). Red shift can be induced by various factors, such as changes in the polymer structure, aggregation, or interactions with

Safe and sustainable by design with ML/AI: A transformative approach to advancing nanotechnology

• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 176–185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.11

• , health, and safety (EHS) risks. The unique physicochemical properties of ENMs, including their high surface-to-volume ratio and reactivity, often result in unpredictable interactions with, and transformations by, biological and ecological systems [9][10]. Traditional risk assessment approaches, while

• , their interactions with biomolecules and toxicity endpoints that may be overlooked by traditional methods [39][40][41]. (3) Lifecycle modelling: AI-assisted simulations and probabilistic methods support comprehensive lifecycle analyses including prospective approaches, evaluating environmental fate and

• reliance on time-consuming and ethically challenging animal studies. ML and AI methods form the backbone of these predictive capabilities, allowing researchers to exploit large datasets encompassing everything from physicochemical descriptors to biomolecule interactions to transcriptomic and proteomic

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• physicochemical parameters, the surface charge is essential for determining nanocarrier interactions with biological membranes, cellular uptake, and biodistribution [17]. With a positive charge, the nanocarrier tends to be absorbed by high plasma proteins and cleared faster from the bloodstream. In contrast

• tuneable, site-specific delivery via GelMA-PEDOT interactions and degradation over 21 days [73]. Esmaeili et al. developed a charge-reversible MCM@CS@PEG-APT (DOX-GFP) nanosystem that minimises off-target effects by pH-sensitive charge transition, enhancing tumour selectivity, reducing systemic toxicity

• by promoting higher cellular uptake and minimizing nonspecific interactions, thereby enhancing therapeutic accuracy. However, despite their potential, several challenges limit their clinical translation. Regulatory authorities, including the FDA and EMA, require extensive safety assessments due to

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• the physicochemical characteristics and effectiveness of nanoliposomal (NLs) formulations. However, there has been minimal focus on elucidating nano–bio interactions and understanding the behavior of these formulations at organ and cellular levels. Specifically, it is widely recognized that when

• evolution of physicochemical characteristics and surface properties of NLs in biorelevant media. Additionally, in order to point out the influence of specific characteristics on the brain targeting potential of these formulations, we investigated interactions between NLs and blood–brain barrier (BBB, hCMEC

• therapeutic outcomes [3][5]. Namely, current research on NLs predominantly focuses on their physicochemical characteristics and efficiency, but minimal attention has been given to understanding the nano–bio interactions at organ and cellular levels. When exposed to biological fluids, nanodelivery systems like

Capabilities of the 3D-MLSI software tool in superconducting neuron design

• Irina E. Tarasova,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Evgeny N. Zhardetsky,
• Aleksandr S. Ionin,
• Mikhail M. Khapaev and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 122–138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.8

• supplemented with elements that supply and read out the input and output magnetic fluxes, respectively. Possible interactions between parts of the experimental device complicate the analysis of its TF; however, the necessary design criteria can still be expressed through the components of a 5 × 5 inductance

• and Gauss neurons whose layouts (see Figure 5) were obtained mainly by scaling down previously studied prototypes [26][27]. Some design adjustments were made also to explore the scalability of neurons layouts and to suppress screen-mediated interactions. In particular, the minimum linewidth of the

• , that is, a matrix for interactions between mesh cells and a Galerkin matrix for solution of integro-differential equations. Filling the matrices needs O(N2) operations, and the solution procedure needs O(N3) operations, where N is the number of mesh nodes. These two operations basically define the

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• from [e.g., n = 507] HSPC-50-R-PE control liposomes and [e.g., n = 788] HSPC-IM-R-PE immunoliposomes, which were obtained from six and eight independent AFM images, respectively. 2.4 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Drug–nanoparticle interactions were studied by subjecting the previously

• occurs passively during the formation of vesicles. For water-soluble drugs, such as those used in this study, loading occurs through interactions with the intraliposomal aqueous core. For hydrophilic drugs, encapsulation efficiency tends to be low, so the drug/lipid ratio is usually lower, between 10 and

• findings highlight the importance of optimizing lipid composition not only according to the general hydrophilicity or lipophilicity of the drug, but also considering the molecular size, structure, and specific interactions with lipid components. The stability of formulations containing HSPC 50 was

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

Microscopic study of the intermediate mixed state in intertype superconductors

• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Alexander V. Kalashnikov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin and
• Alexei Vagov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 57–62, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.5

• entire temperature range 0 < T < Tc. Our results demonstrate the key features of IT superconductivity, namely, nonmonotonic vortex interactions and formation of vortex clusters. Using results of the calculations, we construct a “temperature–coupling” phase diagram that delineates distinct superconducting

• vortex–vortex interactions, which are attractive at long and repulsive at short ranges [14]. The long-range attraction destabilizes the regular Abrikosov lattice, promoting the formation of vortex clusters. Subsequent studies have also highlighted the important role of many-vortex effects, which extend

• beyond simple pairwise interactions and decisively shape IMS vortex configurations [26][27]. Despite the long-standing experimental evidence and theoretical efforts, IT superconductivity remains insufficiently explored. This gap arises from the limitations of perturbative approaches, which are strictly

Subdigital integumentary microstructure in Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkota): do those lineages with incipiently expressed toepads exclusively exhibit adhesive setae?

• Philipp Ginal,
• Yannick Ecker,
• Timothy Higham,
• L. Lee Grismer,
• Benjamin Wipfler,
• Dennis Rödder,
• Anthony Russell and
• Jendrian Riedel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 38–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.4

• arboreal, lifestyle [29] as these microstructures effect increased adhesive interactions with smooth, inclined surfaces. The surfaces of some arboreal habitats can be very smooth [30][31][32], imposing selective demands for adhesive capabilities that permit safe and efficient locomotion. Saxicoline

• sufficient van der Waals interactions between the feet and the substratum to allow the first stages of whole-body support (whole-animal adhesive competency) [3][13]. Initial strengthening of adhesive attachment between the digits and the substratum can be hypothesized to underlie subsequent modification of

•  1), yet shows adhesive competency [7][13][50]. Once this occurs, the filament–substrate interaction can be seen as the “trigger” that promotes further elaboration of spines and prongs into setae (enhancing adhesive interactions) and the modification of the scales to support more filaments (promoting

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• strategies for tailoring nanoparticle/substrate interactions. Keywords: adhesion; atomic force microscopy; magnetron sputtering; nanomanipulation; nanoparticles; Introduction Nanoparticles (NPs) are at the forefront of basic research and technological innovation, captivating researchers and engineers from

• [15][16][17]. However, achieving consistently accurate manipulation of NPs has inherent limitations due to limited knowledge of the exact geometry of the AFM tip as well as the complex interactions involving surface contact area and interfacial friction between the AFM tip, NPs, and the substrate [18

• ]. Further, the yield strength effects are also entirely omitted. In addition, neither chemical interactions with the substrate nor its mechanical response are considered. For small NP diameters (2–4 nm), the predicted deformation seems clearly overestimated, as the theoretical contact radius exceeds the NP

Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• ratios [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] and polarization anisotropy [30][31]. In biological applications involving fluorescent nanothermometry, light–tissue interactions must be carefully considered for an accurate temperature measurement. To address this, a wide range of luminescent

• electrostatic interactions between the cationic PEI coating and negatively charged cell surfaces. The positive charge of PEI can be enhanced at lower pH levels, such as those found in parts of the C. elegans digestive tract [60], potentially promoting further endocytosis. In contrast, the UCNPs@lipids

Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size

• Dounia Louaguef,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Sébastien Diliberto,
• Klaus M. Seemann,
• Thomas Gries,
• Joelle Bizeau,
• Damien Mertz,
• Eric Gaffet and
• Halima Alem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157

• Zn2+ into tetrahedral sites, which strengthens the Fe3+–O bond through enhanced covalency and changes in cation distribution, leading to shorter and stiffer bonds. The additional upward shift to 730 cm−1 in the core–shell structure reflects interfacial strain and electronic interactions between the

• observed peak positions and their shift, highlighting the impact of lattice distortions, bond strengthening, and interfacial interactions on the vibrational properties of the material [18]. The presence of peaks at ≈2850 cm−1 and ≈2920 cm−1 is associated with the C–H stretching vibrations from surface

Visualizing nanostructures in supramolecular hydrogels: a correlative study using confocal and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy

• Shaun M. Smith,
• Ferdinando Malagreca,
• Jacqueline Hicks,
• Giuseppe Mantovani,
• David B. Amabilino,
• Christopher Parmenter and
• Lluïsa Pérez-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2274–2284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.156

• nitrogen atoms are functionalized with carboxymethyl groups, providing aqueous solubility and enabling favourable interactions with the cationic imidazolium-based moieties in the gel network. Together, these probes enable complementary insights into the gel network’s morphology and probe–gel interactions

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• . Additionally, the optical chirality at the near field is greater than that of the incident CPL, increasing the polarization selectivity of the interactions between molecules and CPL [17][18]. After more than two decades of development, the synthesis of cPNSs has evolved from nanolithography and self-assembly

• enantioselectivity induced by cPNSs has primarily been attributed to their geometrical chirality, which structurally favors interactions with chiral molecules [21][22]. However, chiral-induced spin selectivity through cPNSs can potentially promote enantioselective catalytic reactions [23]. Furthermore, the chiral

• recent research reduced Ag(I) on the surface of AuNRs dispersed in solution with the presence of citric acid and CPL [78]. The chiral NPs obtained in these two studies exhibit relatively low g-factors, measured at 0.0025 and 0.0001, due to interparticle interactions and Brownian motion of the particles

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• quantitation range and RR were 0.08–2.40 ng/mL and 89–106%, respectively [91]. Cannon et al. employed SPR to indirectly detect VB12 by observing the interactions between this vitamin and its specific binding proteins, with the protein interaction acting as the recognition step, the SPR chip as the indicator

• , the recognition relies on analyte–electrode interactions, the electrode or surface-bound luminophore acts as the indicator, and the signal is the electrochemically induced light emission. These reactions generate excited states that emit light as they relax back to lower energy levels [98]. Therefore

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• carbohydrates to AuNPs provides particle stability and biocompatibility and allows for studying carbohydrate-mediated interactions and designing novel carbohydrate-based antiviral agents [8][9]. From a molecular point of view, glyconanoparticles are water-soluble gold nanoclusters with a three-dimensional

• , we observed a very small number of NPs and higher agglomeration than on APDMES (Figure 6E,F,K,L). Like on APDMES, PEG AuNPs are less uniformly distributed than dimanno-AuNPs. The differences are likely due to the delicate balance between capillary flow and surface interactions. The flow is likely the

• dominant driver of particle motion, and strong particle–substrate interactions may lead to particle attachment before they are transported to the contact line, thereby preventing the formation of a “coffee ring” [34]. Detailed height measurements of adsorbed particles in water vapor AFM under variable RH

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• of the physicochemical properties and interactions of their constituents [7][9]. In this context, the quality by design (QbD) framework provides a systematic and scientifically grounded approach for pharmaceutical formulation development. QbD emphasizes predefined quality objectives, product and

• formulation to ensure quality consistency. Experimental design for the development and optimization of Passiflora setacea microemulsion An initial exploratory 23 full factorial applied was employed to evaluate the effects and interactions among key formulation variables (see Supporting Information File 1

• , Tables S4 to S6). However, the presence of significant higher-order interactions limited the predictive capability and overall fit of the model. These limitations indicated the need for a more refined strategy with higher resolution and reduced confounding effects. Therefore, a Box–Behnken design (BBD

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• in this study, it is generally accepted that the surface charge of NCs plays a critical role in their colloidal stability, dispersion behavior, and biological interactions [22][32]. In cubic cuboargyrite phase, there are 14 polyhedra with antimony and silver at the center (Figure 1c). Herein, a

• cells. A comprehensive understanding of the fundamental mechanisms governing this selective activity against cancer cell lines necessitates further investigation. Elucidating the specific molecular interactions and signaling pathways between NCs and malignant cells may provide an alternative therapeutic

• ratio and enhanced surface reactivity [30]. These features, combined with the tunable surface chemistry of nanoparticles, allow for efficient interactions with free radicals and facilitate electron transfer reactions, resulting in robust antioxidant activity [49]. This activity involves scavenging free

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• tend to evade renal filtration due to the formation of a protein corona that effectively increases their hydrodynamic size [38]. Beyond renal clearance, particle size also critically influences toxicity, metabolic fate, tumour targeting, protein interactions, and hepatic processing. Additional

• . Depending on the intended route of delivery and application, this may involve cytotoxicity assays to assess effects on cell viability and metabolism, and hemocompatibility assays to evaluate interactions with blood components such as red blood cells, clotting factors, and platelets. In vitro release studies

Multifrequency AFM integrating PeakForce tapping and higher eigenmodes for heterogeneous surface characterization

• Yanping Wei,
• Jiafeng Shen,
• Yirong Yao,
• Xuke Li,
• Ming Li and
• Peiling Ke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2077–2085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.142

• piezoelectric actuator PD-II while the tip was retracted approximately 200 nm from the surface to avoid any influence of tip–sample interactions. The amplitude–frequency response was measured using the built-in lock-in amplifiers, and the operational excitation frequencies were determined by referencing the

• these different areas (see Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2). Mechanistic insights and operational advantages The material contrast generated by the superposed eigenmode phase originates from the cantilever’s high sensitivity to the gradient of tip–sample interactions and energy dissipation

• vibrational measurements is also recognized in concurrent AFM techniques [29]. This mechanism enables the high eigenmode to stably and sensitively probe the near-surface region and detect a broader spectrum of tip–sample interactions, which contributes to improved material property contrast in phase and

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

• dynamics to capture molecular interactions at the spatula–substrate interface and finite element method to simulate the mechanical behavior of the larger setal shaft. This hybrid approach enables synchronized simulations that resolve both fine-scale interfacial dynamics and overall structural deformation

• structures on their feet [1][2]. This bioadhesion mechanism has been studied extensively, especially for biomimetic adhesive applications [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Understanding these interactions presents a formidable challenge in biophysics and materials science due to the extremely small length and time

• gecko spatula was then used to bridge molecular interactions and macroscopic adhesion behavior. This mesoscale model accurately simulated spatula detachment from various substrates and matched experimental pull-off forces observed in AFM studies and pull-off pressures from united atom simulations of

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• drugs. Beyond pharmaceuticals, chiral chromatography is also essential in agrochemicals, flavors, fragrances, and many other chemicals whose stereochemistry plays a role in their biological interactions and sensory properties. The essence of chiral chromatography involves using chiral stationary phases

• or derivatizing agents, enabling the separation of enantiomers based on their interactions with these chiral entities. It is obvious that the transport properties of the two enantiomers must be different for them to be separated successfully. Transport in porous media is a topic with much broader and

• material. In essence, one sees here the interplay of all processes contributing to transport. Gathering information about the phenomena at short(er) distances and short(er) timescales and about the correlation between the mobility of guest species and intermolecular interactions with functionalized

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• critical gap persists in thoroughly understanding the complex polymer–lipid interactions, particularly in systems designed for the simultaneous co-encapsulation of compounds with vastly different physicochemical properties, such as hydrophilic HA and lipophilic βCp. An in-depth understanding of these

• specific interactions is essential for precise modulation of encapsulation efficiency, ensuring system stability and achieving tailored kinetic release. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to thoroughly investigate lipid–polymer interactions within coaxially electrospun PLA nanofibers

• number of beads and the formation of fibers with a more dispersed structure, likely reflecting insufficient polymer chain entanglement and Taylor cone instability. This behavior appears to result from interactions between NE-βCp droplets and HA chains, which may disrupt the jet and hinder solvent

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• has an absorption band at 248 nm, the wavelength change from 248 nm to 532 nm resulted in a significant decrease in absorption and consequent production of near-spherical NPs, similarly to those obtained in other solvents that do not directly participate in chemical interactions with the liquid

• . However, the additional 248 nm laser irradiation of the spherical NPs in methanol could transform NPs into nanowires. This underlines the importance of controlling chemical reactions during all stages of laser ablation and laser modification processes. Chemical interactions can become key parameters if

• chains in stabilizing ligands influences particle–particle coupling; therefore, the exchange of stabilizing agents will influence the overall shape of nanomaterials [43][44]. Further surface engineering by the control of ligand–ligand interactions can result in the formation of novel nanoarchitectures

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• tested in FEBID processes. Preliminary studies of new or potential FEBID precursors employ electron ionization mass spectrometry and gas-phase cross-beam experiments (dissociative ionization and dissociative electron attachment), but more informative are investigations into the interactions of molecules

• decomposition mechanisms are proposed. Studies have been conducted on ion–molecule interactions in both solid and gas phases. Ultrahigh vacuum experiments on a few monolayers of FIBID precursors, such as [Ru(CO)4I2], [(η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2Re(CO)5], and [Fe(CO)5], have been used to elucidate decomposition pathways

• . Gas-phase interactions between [Fe(CO)5] molecules and ions of helium, neon, argon, and krypton were carried out. However, the authors noted that these results may not accurately reflect the behavior of the precursor on the surface during actual FIBID processing since the conditions under which the