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Search for "plasma" in Full Text gives 628 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.
Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31
- layers was predicted to be very high [62], hampering the vacancy diffusion mechanism. Nevertheless, a relatively thick native oxide layer can still form on otherwise stable HfS2 after plasma oxidation. In this process, O ions are believed to permeate through grain boundaries between small crystals and
Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27
- clinical practice. Crossing of biological barriers BNPs face a series of biological barriers upon administration, which significantly influence their therapeutic and diagnostic effectiveness [63]. One of the first challenges is opsonization, where plasma proteins form a “protein corona” [64] on the
- by proteins present on their plasma membranes, which not only serve structural roles but also mediate cell–cell adhesion, either homotypic or heterotypic, depending on molecular affinity. The primary mechanisms underlying homotypic binding involve various classes of adhesion proteins, such as
Polycatecholamine nanocoatings on stainless steel: the effect on attachment of human fibroblasts and platelets
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 365–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.25
- distinguishing mildly and strongly activated ones. Because platelet reactivity varies individually, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) obtained from three donors was independently tested. Figure 9 presents the evaluation of the material coating effect on platelet attachment and activation. In the case of donor 1, there
- -thrombogenic plasma proteins, such as fibrinogen, which is present in PRP and was used for the study [46]. This can lead to the formation of fibrin clots on the biomaterial surface [47]. To date, PDA coatings prepared using a traditional way (slow air oxidation) have been known for increasing the adhesion of
- results demonstrated that, using plasma from different donors, many adhered and activated platelets were detectable on bare SS 316L. This was most probably caused by the hydrophobicity of this surface as SS with an untreated surface is known to attract platelets [50]. SS-PTYR 24 h nanocoating reduced
Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22
- , heating, and evaporation of the material, leading to plasma formation. The plasma cools down in the surrounding liquid releasing nanoparticles (NPs) into the liquid; the cooling process also generates gas bubbles from the liquid environment. These gas bubbles nucleate, forming a cavitation bubble (CB
- and avoiding nonlinear optical effects [17]. Upon reaching the target, the laser pulse induces rapid electronic excitation, leading to the injection of electrons into the surrounding liquid, within the first few picoseconds, from 1 to 20 ps [18]. This triggers the formation of a dense plasma composed
- of the target material components, which remains active for 20 to 200 ps [19][20]. The plasma expands rapidly, generating a mechanical shockwave in both the target and the liquid, with pressures at the laser’s focal spot reaching tens of gigapascals, but strongly depending on the specific laser
Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19
- ] or modified LAO setups. Topography also plays a significant role: While low-roughness surfaces facilitate the process, RMS roughness above roughly 1–2 nm can distort the meniscus and induce lateral broadening of the oxide features. Notably, Ryu et al. demonstrated that oxygen plasma pretreatment of
- higher oxidation states, such as MoO3 or WO3, which can be selectively etched or retained depending on the desired application. Studies have demonstrated that LAO can achieve sub-20 nm patterning resolution on MoS2 [21] and WSe2 [24], enabling the fabrication of nanoribbon-based FETs. Oxygen plasma
- -assisted LAO has been employed to enhance the precision and reduce defects in the resulting patterns [21], making the process highly suitable for device applications requiring nanoscale control. In fact, LAO patterning of both MoS2 and WSe2 is enhanced by an initial oxygen plasma treatment, which forms a
Durable antimicrobial activity of fabrics functionalized with zeolite ion-exchanged nanomaterials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 262–274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.18
- plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The results confirmed silver, copper, and zinc contents of around 1.0–1.5 atom % [4]. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis performed on the functionalized fabrics in the present work confirmed the presence of silver (1.3 wt %), as well as
Multilayered hyperbolic Au/TiO2 nanostructures for enhancing the nonlinear response around the epsilon-near-zero point
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 251–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.17
- permittivity that is always positive, and a metal, which has a negative real part of the permittivity below the plasma frequency. The properties of the new material depend on the constituting materials and the geometry of the design. The property of this type of materials we are interested in for this work is
From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10
- physicochemical parameters, the surface charge is essential for determining nanocarrier interactions with biological membranes, cellular uptake, and biodistribution [17]. With a positive charge, the nanocarrier tends to be absorbed by high plasma proteins and cleared faster from the bloodstream. In contrast
Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9
- lipid structure of NLs, leading to AC leakage, while plasma protein adsorption may cause particle aggregation [7]. In this sense, the presence of proteins in the tissue environment can alter cellular uptake of both cationic and anionic carriers [8]. In short, our understanding of how nanodelivery
- biological media, and thereby enhancing colloidal stability and circulation time. The PEG2000 chains, with a molecular weight of approximately 2 kDa, are of sufficient length to adopt a brush-like conformation when incorporated in a higher molar ratio, limiting access of plasma proteins to the lipid surface
Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7
- structural and functional integrity of the bioactive compounds. 3.5 Stability of nanoparticles in serum Assessing colloidal stability in bovine serum is a critical parameter for inferring the in vivo behavior of nanostructured systems, as the presence of plasma proteins can induce adsorption on the particle
- the surface. This effect is consistent with the literature describing immunoliposomes as more susceptible to interactions with plasma proteins due to the presence of exposed protein domains [71]. The incorporation of 5-FU and R-PE did not promote instability, although small changes in zeta potential
Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1
- were plasma-cleaned in a Diener electronic Tetra 30 system at a N2 pressure of 50 Pa for 20 min. Immediately after plasma cleaning, the substrates were loaded in the NP deposition chamber. The NP deposition experiments were conducted using DC magnetron sputter inert gas condensation in a Moorfield
- /substrate interface [43] might be possible reasons. In addition, since Si(100) substrates are naturally covered by a thin native SiO2 layer under ambient conditions and may form a mixed SiOxNy surface after N2 plasma cleaning, local modification of this oxide or oxynitride layer by NP impact, such as
- partial penetration, removal, or reduction cannot be excluded. We did not detect changes in the roughness between pristine and plasma-treated surfaces (RMS < 0.2 nm at 5 × 5 µm area) that would contribute to a change in friction. Interfacial redox reactions between the copper NP and the wafer surface
Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B12 analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153
- isolation process [2][12]. Quality control measures in the industry include the analysis of VB12 concentrations in serum extracted from blood plasma, pharmaceutical products such as tablets and injections, and fermentation-derived products [13]. The most common techniques to determine the VB12 content in
- different food and pharma formulations include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [14], HPLC coupled with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) [15], and a diode array detector [16], atomic absorption spectroscopy [17], surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy [18][19], capillary
- ) [58][59]. Accordingly, MeCbl emerges as the prevalent form of VB12 in plasma, while AdoCbl is dominant across all tissues [47][60]. MeCbl plays a crucial role in the remethylation of homocysteine (Hcy) to methionine, a process catalyzed by methionine synthase. In this reaction, 5
Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151
- -propanol, and absolute ethanol and then dried with a nitrogen stream. Oxygen plasma etching (Diener, DE) was carried out for 8 min with 300 W of nominal power (100%), at millibars of oxygen pressure, which creates an OH-terminated layer of hydrophilic silicon oxide. For the hydrophilic functionalization
Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139
- premature degradation. Although such high hydrophobicity may limit direct cell interactions, it can be controllably modulated through surface modifications, such as plasma treatment [80], photopolymerization [81], or chemical grafting [82]. These approaches introduce polar functional groups and tune
Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137
- shown below. However, obtaining the information on spatial and temporal evolution of transient laser-induced plasma represents a challenge due to the short plasma lifetime. 1.1 Plasma formation and propagation In a widely accepted mechanism of PLAL, the formation of NPs occurs via two major processes
- : thermal evaporation and explosive ejection [1]. According to the thermal evaporation mechanism, the action of a laser beam on the surface of a solid target initiates the absorption of the laser pulse energy. This results in initiation of melting and ionization with the formation of a plasma plume near the
- , and focusing conditions. The processes occurring during plasma stage are extensively investigated and simulated (Figure 1b) [5][6]. According to the described mechanism, the induction of nonspherical shapes is possible by either variation of the conditions of plasma propagation and expansion or by
PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133
- with thiol-containing plasma proteins and trigger the alternative complement pathway [57]. Therefore, quenching free maleimide groups with cysteine will be required but with added complexity in processing [59]. In addition to these functionalized PEG lipids for click conjugation, trans-cycloctene (TCO
- intramuscular injections of firefly luciferase or erythropoietin (EPO) mRNA within pSar-LNPs or PEG-LNPs. In ALC-0315 formulations, pSar-LNPs achieved over fivefold higher luminescence and significantly elevated EPO levels in muscle tissue and plasma compared to PEG-LNPs. While SM-102 formulations showed
Programmable soliton dynamics in all-Josephson-junction logic cells and networks
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1883–1893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.131
- convenient to express this equation in a dimensionless form. We normalize the time to the inverse of a reference plasma frequency, , where , and normalize the current to a reference critical current . This yields: In this normalized equation, the dots above the phases indicate differentiation over time with
Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126
- nanoscale size, lipid fusion with membrane components, or disruption of the plasma membrane structure [48][49]. However, several studies have also highlighted the remarkable potential of nanoemulsions against intracellular amastigote forms. In addition to enhancing cutaneous penetration, nanoemulsions also
Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122
- scavenger receptors) on phagocytic cells. These particles are internalized through the plasma membrane, forming a cup-shaped invagination that develops into phagosomes. These phagosomes subsequently fuse with lysosomes, where the contents undergo acidic degradation [78][79]. Internalization of PNs by
- coated pits along the plasma membrane. These pits undergo disassembly via dynamin, leading to the formation of vesicles that are transported to endosomes for subsequent degradation. NPs smaller than 200 nm with a positive surface charge, as well as growth factors and transferrin, are internalized through
- . The pharmacokinetic profile revealed IFNα bioavailability in plasma similar to that observed with subcutaneous administration. This study was a continuation of the research by Cánepa et al. [134], which demonstrated the stability of these formulations in the gastrointestinal tract, showing that
Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120
Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116
- characterized by two free functional groups responsible for drug binding, while a semiconductor shell helps reduce toxicity [106]. Quantum dot nanoparticle synthesis processes involve colloidal and plasma systems, which allow for the utilization of bioactive compounds such as fructose, chitosan, citric acid
Few-photon microwave fields for superconducting transmon-based qudit control
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1580–1591, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.112
- ), or a pair of JJs forming an interferometer-like circuit, so the spectrum is no longer equidistant. In the case where the JJ pair is used, the characteristic (plasma) frequency of the transmon can be quickly adjusted in 10–20 ns in the range of 1 GHz by an external magnetic field [35]. In practice
- , taking into account the nonlinearity [6]: where -EC/12 is the nonlinearity parameter and is the plasma frequency of the transmon. The first term in the Hamiltonian describes a free linear evolution of the photon operators, characterized by their oscillations in time in the Heisenberg representation. The
- coupling strength can be estimated as: and it will vary depending on the external magnetic flux (EJ(Φext) and ωp/2π(Φext)). Here, Zvac ≈ 377 Ω and Z0 = 50 Ω. Taking this expression into account, at a typical plasma transmon frequency of ωp/2π = 5–6 GHz, the coupling strength will be g/2π ≈ 1.2 GHz, and
Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109
- such as repeated stacking of SiOx/SiNx layers via plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition or high-density conformal coatings using atomic layer deposition (ALD) (Figure 2e) [88]. Notably, both SiO2 and Si3N4 are bioresorbable materials [23][88][89][90], and efforts have been made to adopt these
Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108
- -uniform energy distribution, which will affect plasma generation and confinement, the hydrodynamic trajectory of the ejected target material and pressure relaxation, as well as plasma and cavitation bubble propagation and temporal evolution. In the case of a Bessel beam, the focusing with an axicon
- provides longer depth of focus with a sharp central intensity, which is surrounded by concentric rings. In the case of annular beam ablation, the characteristic feature is the formation of a stagnation layer at the center of the plasma normal to the target, which results in a plasma jet near the target
- surface [27] with different plasma parameters than in the plasma generated by a Gaussian beam. A change of the incident beam pattern will change the temperature and pressure inside cavitation bubbles (CBs) and influence CB oscillations. Furthermore, pressure variations at the target interface would be
Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104
- temperature and normal atmospheric pressure [34]. A laser fragmentation mechanism was proposed, based on the interaction between the laser and the nanospheres, which generates plasma (Figure 7e). Most LIL processes can be classified as either fragmentation or melting, depending on the type of final product
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