Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• control the structure of discotic liquid crystal molecular nanowires by manipulating the subphase temperature and surface pressure in a Langmuir monolayer system (Figure 2) [226]. The LB technique represents a powerful methodology that allows for effective control over the assembly of molecular-sized

• . At a temperature of 5 °C, the molecules formed islands with a high degree of density. At 40 °C and 10 mN·m−1, a network of separated nanowires was observed. As the surface pressure increased, the separated nanowires exhibited a tendency to come closer together, ultimately forming a nanowire network

• . At a higher surface pressure of 40 mN·m−1, the nanowires exhibited a tendency to come closer together, resulting in the formation of a compact and uniform monolayer. The interfacial nanoarchitectonics method of separating nanowires will undoubtedly prove invaluable for the separation of other 1D

Multifunctional properties of bio-poly(butylene succinate) reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes

• Volodymyr Krasinskyi,
• Krzysztof Bajer,
• Ludmila Dulebova,
• Nickolas Polychronopoulos,
• Oksana Krasinska and
• Daniel Kaczor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1014–1024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.76

• mixing and kneading elements, including backward elements, to achieve the most uniform distribution and dispersion of CNTs in the polymer matrix [27]. During extrusion, the basic process parameters (Table 5) were recorded: drive torque (M), energy consumption (W), melt temperature (Td), and melt pressure

• pressure and temperature, measured in the die, compared to the PBS/CNT_0.5 extrusion. Therefore, the addition of CNTs, at an amount of 10 wt %, significantly complicates the PBS extrusion process due to a sharp increase in melt viscosity. This conclusion is also supported by the results of measuring the

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used as received. Organic solvents were removed under reduced pressure at 35 °C. Synthetic-purity solvents were used. All solvents used for the spectrophotometric studies were spectrophotometric grade. Sample preparation Stock solutions of the NOPD 2 in MeOH were utilized

• , and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure at 35 °C. The resulting film was rehydrated with an aqueous solution of 1 (50 μM) by stirring overnight at room temperature. The final solution was left to equilibrate and filtered. Encapsulation efficiency (EE %) was calculated using the formula

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• -particle experiments. These voids form due to local pressure differences caused by energy accumulation in hot spots via photoexcited localized surface plasmons, with the overall melting and particle disintegration resembling an inverted crystal nucleation process, where voids act as seeds and their

• other than purely thermal effects. Among these are electron emission [109], near-field forces of the plasmon resonance on the surface, pressure effects due to an expanding electron gas [25][27], or spatial spreading of fast electrons [110][111]. In general, with femtosecond excitation a large fraction

• approaches [115]. The subsequent pressure and temperature conditions emanate from the close interaction of the excited particles with the medium. The width of the SPR reflects the coherence time of this oscillation. This dephasing time amounts to a few femtoseconds, leading to a plasmon resonance width of

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• –sample interaction, often leading to an underestimation of mitochondrial apparent height due to applied cantilever pressure [22][25]. Similarly, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) offers high-resolution imaging but requires mitochondria to be chemically fixed, stained, and sectioned, which precludes the

• ], the pipette exerts a hydrostatic pressure on the sample. This pressure, influenced by the pipette length, amounts to approximately 500 Pa in our case. Furthermore, fluid flux from the pipette can exert forces up to 400 pN. However, because of the small opening diameter of the pipettes used, these

Tendency in tip polarity changes in non-contact atomic force microscopy imaging on a fluorite surface

• Bob Kyeyune,
• Philipp Rahe and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 944–950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.72

• -ordered CaF2(111) [24][25], see [26] for further preparation details. RT experiments were performed with a UHV 750 AFM system (RHK, Troy, MI USA) operated at a base pressure of 7.0 × 10−11 mbar. An Ar+ ion-sputtered silicon cantilever with an eigenfrequency of around 300 kHz and a quality factor of 22000

• experiments were performed at 77 K using a LT UHV STM/AFM (ScientaOmicron, Taunusstein, Germany) operated at a base pressure of 5 × 10−10 mbar. NC-AFM measurements were conducted with a quartz cantilever based on a tuning fork [27] and a chemically etched tungsten tip attached to the end of the active prong

Focused ion beam-induced platinum deposition with a low-temperature cesium ion source

• Thomas Henning Loeber,
• Bert Laegel,
• Meltem Sezen,
• Feray Bakan Misirlioglu,
• Edgar J. D. Vredenbregt and
• Yang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 910–920, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.69

• nozzle kept about 100 μm above the sample surface. The chamber pressure of the Cs+ and the Ga+ FIB was about 5 × 10−7 mbar before deposition and 8 × 10−6 mbar during deposition. For Pt deposition, a beam step size of −150% of the beam diameter was used with an upper limit of 200 nm for the Cs FIBID to

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• producing hybrid materials which combine these two forms of carbon [1][2][3]. In particular, such graphene-on-diamond heterostructures have been shown to be attractive for power electronics [4][5], microelectronic devices [6][7], and detectors [7][8]. At room temperature and atmospheric pressure, carbon in

• hydrogen/acetone/air mixture. The deposition parameters were typical of those previously employed for an “Astex” system (2.45 GHz, 4.5 kW): a pressure of 115 Torr, hydrogen, acetone, and air flow rates of 500, 18, and 0.3 sccm, respectively, and substrate temperature in the range of 940–980 °C [28][37

• ]. The obtained films were about 500 μm thick. Synthetic SCD were produced using high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) method on a BARS apparatus [54]. The starting materials included a graphite rod (99.99% purity), a Ni0.7Fe0.3 alloy as a solvent catalyst, and a synthetic diamond (≈0.5 mm) as a seed

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• cleaned using acetone and, finally, isopropyl alcohol before the experiment. The sputtering chamber is pumped to a base pressure of 1.2 × 10−6 Torr; then a mixture of nitrogen and argon gas is introduced into the sputtering chamber with flows of 1.8 and 10.0 sccm, respectively. When the pressure inside

• the chamber has stabilized, the sputtering power is set to a value of 80 W. The sputtering is performed at a pressure of 1.8 × 10−5 Torr at room temperature with a deposition rate of 0.4–0.5 Å·s−1. A spectroscopic ellipsometer is used to calculate the thickness of the pristine ZnO films. An

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• absorption spectroscopy to explain the factors influencing the material’s reducibility, with particular focus on dimensionality effects and on metal–oxide interaction, and the interaction with molecules. The potential of studies conducted under ambient pressure conditions is highlighted, and, finally, the

• in selected areas with sub-micrometer spatial resolution [55]. In addition, the morphology of zirconia–ceria mixed oxides supported on Rh(111) and the oxidation states of the two oxides, individually and in the mixed phase, were determined [39]. Studies at ambient pressure The identification of

• active sites in catalysts is a crucial problem in view of the optimization of catalyst efficiency and selectivity. The possibility of carrying out spectroscopic studies under conditions as close as possible to ambient pressure has largely contributed to this goal. The application of these methods to

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• 16 h to form a 250–300 nm thick surface oxidized layer. The substrates were thoroughly cleaned using hot mineral acids and placed in a magnetron sputtering system (OJSC Vacuum Systems). The substrates were annealed at 573 K for 30 min in a vacuum at a pressure of 2 × 10−2 Pa. Immediately after this

• , molybdenum was sputtered from a Mo target with a purity of 99.9% for 10 s at a magnetron power of 100 W and an argon partial pressure of 5.4 × 10−1 Pa. The output pressure in the chamber was controlled by the argon flow. The MoS2 films were synthesized by sulfurization of molybdenum layers deposited on SiO2

• reactor zone heated to 473 K. A flow of 24 sccm argon was passed through both reactor zones for 30 min at atmospheric pressure. After this time, sulfurization of the Mo layer was complete. Both zones were cooled to room temperature in a flow of 250 sccm argon. To remove polysulfide impurities and form a

Facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Ni/NiO on stainless steel for an efficient electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction

• Ha Huu Do,
• Khac Binh Nguyen,
• Phuong N. Nguyen and
• Hoai Phuong Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 837–846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.63

• of Ni/NiO were deposited on the SS substrate through reactive RF magnetron sputtering with various O2 flow rates. In particular, the Ni/NiO nanolayers were deposited using a pure Ni target at a deposition pressure of 5 × 10−3 Torr, sputtering power of 70 W, and substrate temperature of 250 °C. In

Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• ablation in liquid; rare-earth free; Introduction Magnetic phase transitions are characterized by changes in the material’s magnetic properties in response to varying conditions such as applied magnetic or electric fields, temperature, and/or pressure. In particular, the magnetic phase transition at the

• suggests that PLAL influences the resulting crystal structure, paving the way to control the material phase by modifying the laser synthesis conditions such as pulse duration, intensity, or solvent, which would drastically affect temperature, pressure, and cooling rate conditions during NP synthesis [64

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• reduction methods for the synthesis of NPs without the need for chemical reagents [12]. Laser ablation techniques are intrinsically efficient and require little manual labor and do not require extreme conditions, such as high vacuum, temperature, and pressure [13][14][15]. One of the many advantages of PLAL

• . Aluminum foil was used to wrap the sample and the glass vessel before they were introduced into a quartz tubular furnace (Lindberg/Blue MTM Mini-Mite Tube Furnace), equipped with a temperature controller. At a very low-pressure, high-quality nitrogen gas was passed through the tubular furnace. The presence

• experimental variables that cause the kinetics of the nanoparticles formation to change, resulting in nanoparticles with different sizes and morphologies [40]. Thermodynamic properties such as density, dielectric constant, viscosity, vapor pressure, and optical properties of the solvents are some of the

Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• ‒desorption isotherms at 77.3 K under controlled pressure conditions. Before analysis, the sample was degassed at 150 °C for 2 h and 30 min under an N2 atmosphere. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (HPLC–MS/MS) The HPLC-MS/MS system consisted of an AB Sciex 4000 QTRAP mass spectrometer

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• inorganic IrO2 [14] based on shock wave formation caused by stress confinement. The conditions for stress confinement are fulfilled if the pulse duration is shorter than the acoustic relaxation time and thus a maximum pressure increase occurs in the particle. For curcumin and CBD, this is the case with a

High-temperature epitaxial growth of tantalum nitride thin films on MgO: structural evolution and potential for SQUID applications

• Michelle Cedillo Rosillo,
• Oscar Contreras López,
• Jesús Antonio Díaz,
• Agustín Conde Gallardo and
• Harvi A. Castillo Cuero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 690–699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.53

• the present work, superconducting TaN thin films were synthesized using PLD. A high-purity Ta target was ablated in a N2 atmosphere while the N2 pressure was varied to investigate its effect on film properties. The substrate temperature was systematically altered to explore its impact on the growth

• temperature and N2 pressure. This optimization aimed to achieve a low oxygen concentration in the films, surpassing levels reported by other researchers. Low oxygen content is crucial for exhibiting superconducting properties and potentially enhancing Tc. Among the fabricated samples, the film deposited at

• that oxygen can occupy the N sites of the crystal without structural modifications [15]. These findings reinforce the potential of PLD as a viable method for fabricating high-quality TaN superconducting films with controlled stoichiometry and phase purity. The optimal combination of N2 pressure and

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• mW emission from a YAG laser source with an MPC600 PSU quantum laser to excite the samples. The XPS measurements were conducted in an ultrahigh vacuum setup (base pressure 5 × 10−9 mbar) comprising several interconnected chambers. The analysis chamber features a RESOLVE 120 MCD5 hemispherical

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• increasing the swelling of the polymer [22]. In the dissolution medium, pores are formed in the polymeric membrane that determine the release of the drug through osmotic pressure difference [16]. Statistical analysis The drug release from the formulated SLNs was analyzed statistically using ANOVA, followed

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• , and regulatory organ. It protects us from microbes and environmental harmful elements, controls body temperature, and gives the sensation of heat, cold, pain, pressure, and touch [24]. Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis are the three primary layers of the skin [25]. The integrity of the skin can be

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• Abstract This study investigates the recovery of the B1 phase from the high-pressure B2 phase, at atmospheric pressure, in cadmium oxide (CdO) nanoparticles incorporated within sol–gel synthesized CdxZn1−xO (x = 0.40) composite thin films. The recovery process is investigated using electronic excitations

• pressure exerted by the Zn2SiO4 phase on CdO nanoparticles during oxygen ion irradiation leads to the coexistence of both B1 and B2 phases. X-ray absorption near-edge spectra (XANES) reveal minimal changes in the intensity of the spike-like Zn L3,2 pre-edge feature associated with the Zn2SiO4 phase under

• , we reported a local pressure-driven structural phase transformation (PT) from B1 (NaCl) to B2 (CsCl) in CdxZn1−xO (x = 0.4) composite binary oxide thin films [1]. The radiation stability of these phases is crucial for optoelectronic applications in space, where the exposure to high-energy particles

Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• introduced into the GIS under ambient conditions as it was tested stable. The GIS nozzle was placed 200 µm above the substrate at an angle of 30° to the substrate plane. Both GIS and substrate were heated using resistive heating wires. FEBID was carried out at an operating pressure of 2.0 × 10−6 mbar. For

• 0.35 nA. The operating pressure was 1.5 × 10−5 mbar. Results and Discussion The square deposit, fabricated on the native-oxide Si(100) substrate using a spiral inward scanning strategy, was analyzed to assess its morphology and structure. Secondary electron detection in SEM imaging reveals the

Zeolite materials with Ni and Co: synthesis and catalytic potential in the selective hydrogenation of citral

• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Yailen Costa Marrero,
• Tania Farias Piñeira,
• Céline Fontaine,
• Lexane Paget,
• Beatriz Concepción Rosabal,
• Arbelio Penton Madrigal,
• Vitalii Petranovskii and
• Gwendoline Lafaye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 520–529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.40

• of isopropanol and transferred into the autoclave. The reactor was first purged with nitrogen and then with hydrogen before raising the temperature to 130 °C. A mixture of 3 mL citral and 10 mL isopropanol was then introduced into the reactor via a cylinder under 75 bar of hydrogen pressure. Time

• zero was considered at this point. During the catalytic test, the reaction was carried out under constant pressure using a pressure control system. After various reaction times, liquid samples were manually collected and analyzed by gas chromatography to determine conversion and selectivity values. It

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• generation in Mo thin films with a low-energy argon ion beam (1 keV) across different ion fluences (1016–1018 ions·cm−2). Thornton et al. [16] examined a transition from tensile to compressive stress in argon-ion-implanted Mo thin films as the sputtering gas pressure decreased. Sun et al. [17] also analyzed

• the properties of argon-ion-implanted Mo thin films deposited via ion beam sputtering, varying deposition parameters such as accelerating voltage, incidence angle, and chamber pressure. Films deposited at near-normal incidence exhibited compressive stress and a nearly linear increase with the

• to a base pressure of 2.0 × 10−3 mbar, with a working pressure during deposition of approximately 1.2 × 10−2 mbar; deposition times varied from 7 to 12 min, resulting in films with thicknesses from 150 to 300 nm, as measured by spectroscopic ellipsometry. After deposition, some films with different

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• extraction composed of molybdenum. The study systematically examines the dependence of ion beam current on critical parameters, such as gas pressure, magnetron power, extraction voltage, and ion energies. The Gaussian nature of the beam profile is scrutinized and elucidated within the context of grid

• for sustaining the plasma. The ion source’s compact design is user-friendly and capable of producing a high beam current density using single- or multigrid extraction systems [27][28]. The extracted beam current is influenced by magnetron power, gas pressure, and extraction voltage. Furthermore, the

• various parameters is extensively examined and elucidated. Experimental parameters, spanning from plasma generation to ion beam extraction, are systematically optimized for the study of low-energy Ar-ion-induced nanostructures on silicon. The dependence of the extracted ion beam on gas pressure, magnetron