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Search for "saline" in Full Text gives 194 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology.

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

  • Taisei Himeda,
  • Risako Kunitomi,
  • Ryosuke Nabeya,
  • Tamotsu Zako and
  • Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

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  • = AlCl, Fe, Co, Zn) and Pt complex octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) by nanosecond laser fragmentation of the corresponding microcrystalline powders in an aqueous solution of the amphiphilic polymer Pluronic® F-127. All nanoparticles dispersed stably in phosphate-buffered saline and cell culture media without
  • polypropylene oxide (PPO) arranged in a triblock structure. Here, the stability in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.2), which is used widely in pharmacology and biomedical experiments, was examined. We evaluated the phototoxicity of the fabricated nanoparticle colloids in vitro against PC12 cells (a cell
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Published 11 Jul 2025

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

  • Sevin Adiguzel,
  • Nilay Cicek,
  • Zehra Cobandede,
  • Feray B. Misirlioglu,
  • Hulya Yilmaz and
  • Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

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  • using an ultrasonic bath before treatment. Using an ultrasonic bath, US was applied to cells after NMs treatment and within the incubation period, 3 times for 5 s daily at 37 kHz for all in vitro experiments. After the incubation, the medium was removed and washed with phosphate buffered saline (1X PBS
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Published 07 Jul 2025

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

  • Sabina Lewińska,
  • Pavlo Aleshkevych,
  • Roman Minikayev,
  • Anna Bajorek,
  • Mateusz Dulski,
  • Krystian Prusik,
  • Tomasz Wojciechowski and
  • Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

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  • changes upon dissolution in saline were tested. For the undissolved sample, calcium alginate microcapsules with irregular shapes were registered via scanning electron microscopy, inside which core–shell nanoparticles were identified by transmission electron microscopy micrographs. Magnetic studies (DC and
  • completely dissolved sample. Keywords: calcium alginate; dissolution; iron oxyhydroxide nanoparticles; magnetic properties; saline; spectroscopy; Introduction Hematinic are substances such as iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid that are essential in the production of blood [1]. Iron deficiency drugs, which
  • the main subject of this work. It should be stressed that the studies performed here did not have any commercial funding. An additional purpose was to analyze the morphological and structural changes of AB-Fortis iron during the dissolution process in saline. In this case, the goal was to provide
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Published 02 Jun 2025

Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

  • Demian van Straten,
  • Luuk van de Schepop,
  • Rowan Frunt,
  • Pieter Vader and
  • Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

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  • by which FCS heat inactivation could affect cellular interactions with LNPs were studied in detail. Materials and Methods Buffers, reagents, materials Phosphate buffered saline (PBS), bovine serum albumin (BSA), thioflavin T (ThT), cholesterol and distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC) were purchased
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Published 30 May 2025

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

  • Tina Friedenauer,
  • Maximilian Spellauge,
  • Alexander Sommereyns,
  • Verena Labenski,
  • Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
  • Christoph Rehbock,
  • Heinz P. Huber and
  • Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

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Published 26 May 2025

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

  • Teissir Ben Ammar,
  • Naji Kharouf,
  • Dominique Vautier,
  • Housseinou Ba,
  • Nivedita Sudheer,
  • Philippe Lavalle and
  • Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

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  • Hoechst 33258 were obtained from MERCK Sigma-Aldrich Reagent (Darmstadt, Germany). α-MEM cell culture medium was purchased from Gibco (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were acquired from Dominique Dutscher (Brumath, France). The
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Published 20 May 2025

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

  • Mazhar Hussain,
  • Muhammad Farooq,
  • Muhammad Asad Saeed,
  • Muhammad Ijaz,
  • Sherjeel Adnan,
  • Zeeshan Masood,
  • Muhammad Waqas,
  • Wafa Ishaq and
  • Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

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  • microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), in vitro drug release in 0.1 M HCl (pH 1.2) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4), and pharmacokinetic studies. The optimal formulation (APT-CD-NP4) containing the highest
  • than the poloxamer 407-based formulations in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4) and 0.1 N HCl (pH 1.2). The optimal SLN formulation APT-CD-NP4 is a promising tool for oral sustained-release dosage in order to improve the bioavailability of the BCS class-IV drug APT. Solubility analysis of APT and APT
  • -loaded SLNs in 0.1 N HCl (pH 1.2) and phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4). (a) Zeta Potential and (b) particle size of APT-CD-NP4. SEM photomicrographs of (a, b) APT-CD-NP4 and (c, d) APT-PX-NP8. (a) FTIR spectra and (b) X-ray diffractograms of APT, poloxamer 407, β-CD, APT-CD-NP4, and APT-PX-NP8. (a) TGA
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Published 15 May 2025

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

  • Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
  • Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
  • Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
  • Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
  • Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
  • Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
  • Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
  • Ênio Pereira Telles,
  • Luiz André Santos Silva,
  • Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
  • Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
  • Daniel Alves de Souza,
  • Jileno Ferreira Santos,
  • Felipe José Aidar Martins,
  • Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
  • Sandra Lauton-Santos,
  • Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
  • Cristiane Bani Correa,
  • Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
  • Lysandro Pinto Borges and
  • Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

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  • (surfactants + water, without EOCF), EOCF, and the selected microemulsion containing EOCF (M7-EOCF), at concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 µg/mL, and cultured under the previous conditions for further 24 h. At the end of this phase, the cell monolayer was washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline, and then
  •  2 (10 animals/group), that is, negative control group (NCG): diabetic animals treated with vehicle (saline solution + 0.2% Tween® 80); EOCF group: diabetic
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Published 07 May 2025

Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

  • Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
  • Sharmilee Nandi,
  • Klara Martinovic,
  • Patrizia Kühne,
  • Yifan Liu,
  • Sam Taylor,
  • Maria Lysandrou,
  • Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
  • Viktoria Langwallner,
  • Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
  • Ivana Jovanovic,
  • Maike Lüftner,
  • Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
  • David Bern,
  • Abdul-Raouf Atif,
  • Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
  • Gemma Mestres and
  • Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

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  • ohmic resistance of the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) electrolyte solution. The circuit is connected in series to the parallel combination of a capacitor (Cdl) representing the double layer capacitance of the electrode–solution interphase and a resistor (Rct) accounting for the faradaic charge
  • , potassium chloride, potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) trihydrate, potassium hexacyanoferrate(III), N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), N-hydroxy succinimide (NHS), phosphate-buffered saline pH 7.4 (PBS), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich
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Published 16 Apr 2025

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

  • Soni Prajapati and
  • Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

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  • ), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, Cat. No. H5882), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, Cat. No. 7910), Tween 20 (Cat. No. P1379), and Triton X-100 (Cat. No. T8787) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Dichloromethane (DCM, Cat. No. 24532), diethyl ether (Cat. No. 64665), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, Cat. No. 78529
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Published 20 Mar 2025

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

  • Braham Dutt Arya,
  • Sandeep Mittal,
  • Prachi Joshi,
  • Alok Kumar Pandey,
  • Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
  • Govind Gupta and
  • Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

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  • ). Phosphate-buffered saline (Ca+2, Mg+2 free; PBS; Cat. No. 14200166), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium: nutrient mixture F-12 (Ham) (1:1) powder (DMEM F-12; Cat. No. 11320033), trypsin–EDTA (Cat. No. 25200056), fetal bovine serum (FBS; Cat. No. A5256701), antibiotic and antimycotic solution (100X; 10,000 U
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Published 03 Mar 2025

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

  • Radmila Milenkovska,
  • Nikola Geskovski,
  • Dushko Shalabalija,
  • Ljubica Mihailova,
  • Petre Makreski,
  • Dushko Lukarski,
  • Igor Stojkovski,
  • Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
  • Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

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Published 19 Feb 2025

Probing the potential of rare earth elements in the development of new anticancer drugs: single molecule studies

  • Josiane A. D. Batista,
  • Rayane M. de Oliveira,
  • Carlos H. M. Lima,
  • Milton L. Lana Júnior,
  • Virgílio C. dos Anjos,
  • Maria J. V. Bell and
  • Márcio S. Rocha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 187–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.15

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  • the stock solutions in a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer with [Na+] = 150 mM, pH 7.4. The samples used for OT assays consist of biotin-labeled λ DNA molecules (New England Biolabs N3011S) tethered by the ends between a streptavidin-coated coverslip and a streptavidin-coated polystyrene bead (3
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Published 14 Feb 2025

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

  • Silvia Jaerger,
  • Patricia Appelt,
  • Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
  • Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
  • Ricardo Schneider,
  • Carla Bittencourt and
  • Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

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  • 625 nm in saline water tubes. Subsequently, 100 µL of Mueller–Hinton broth was added to all wells in 96-well plates, followed by duplicate addition of the samples using serial microdilution, and finally, 10 µL of the inoculum. The plates were then incubated for 24 h at 37 °C. After incubation, 20 µL
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Published 10 Feb 2025

A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery

  • Elina E. Mansurova,
  • Andrey A. Maslennikov,
  • Anna P. Lyubina,
  • Alexandra D. Voloshina,
  • Irek R. Nizameev,
  • Marsil K. Kadirov,
  • Anzhela A. Mikhailova,
  • Polina V. Mikshina,
  • Albina Y. Ziganshina and
  • Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2

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  • CA-RA were 0.57 mM and 0.48 mM for WI38 and Chang liver, respectively. For these cell lines, p(Hist-CA) had an IC50 higher than 1.4 mg/mL (Table 2). The agglutination activity results are shown in Figure 3. Control plate wells with erythrocytes in saline exhibited a dense layer at the bottom
  • erythrocytes underwent two washes with 0.9% saline solution and were centrifuged at 2500g for 10 min at 4 °C. Following each centrifugation cycle, the supernatant was meticulously discarded. Subsequently, the red blood cells were resuspended in 0.9% saline to achieve a concentration of 2%. The hemagglutination
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Published 09 Jan 2025

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

  • Ebrahim Sadaqa,
  • Satrialdi,
  • Fransiska Kurniawan and
  • Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

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  • Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, Catalog No. 10010-023), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM, high glucose; Catalog No. 11965092), fetal bovine serum (FBS, Premium Grade; Catalog No. A5670701), penicillin-streptomycin (Catalog No. 15140122), trypan blue (Catalog
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Published 30 Dec 2024

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

  • Hugo Felix Perini,
  • Beatriz Sodré Matos,
  • Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
  • Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

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  • substances, increasing medication accumulation at the infection site, and reducing the adverse effects of the free medication [75]. Additionally, in tests with mice treated with PLGA-LPV@M, a 60% of improvement survival was observed compared to the control group (saline treated). Untreated animals rapidly
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Published 16 Dec 2024

Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection

  • Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen,
  • Tien Dat Doan,
  • Huy Hieu Luu,
  • Hoang Anh Nguyen,
  • Thi Thu Ha Vu,
  • Quang Hai Tran,
  • Ha Tran Nguyen,
  • Thanh Binh Dang,
  • Thi Hai Yen Pham and
  • Mai Ha Hoang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1522–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.120

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  • voltammogram in ENR-free blank solution with no electrochemical response for ENR. In phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing ENR, there is a peak at 0.85 V on all four electrodes, attributed to the oxidation of ENR during the anodic scanning. No reduction peak was observed, revealing that the
  • %), and HCl (37%) were bought from Fisher and Sigma-Aldrich. All chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade and used without further purification. K3[Fe(CN)6] (≥99.5%) and K4[Fe(CN)6] (≥99.5%) were purchased from China. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was prepared by mixing 0.2 M KH2PO4 and 0.2 M
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Published 28 Nov 2024

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO2NPs in complex biological fluids

  • Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
  • Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
  • Romênia Ramos Domingues,
  • Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
  • Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

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  • penicillin and streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich) and ii) human plasma. The human plasma was in compliance with ethics in research committee (CEP) of UNICAMP/Brazil. Particularly, the plasma was diluted (final percentage of 5.5%) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4, 10 mM) for incubation with particles. The
  • ). Transfers were performed for 1 h 30 min (100 V). Next, the membranes were incubated with blocking buffer (Tris saline solution with Tween 20 (TBS-T) + 3% BSA) for 1 h (room temperature). Subsequently, they were washed with TBS-T buffer and incubated with primary antibody anti-folate alpha receptor at a
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Published 07 Oct 2024

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

  • André F. Lima,
  • Giselle Z. Justo and
  • Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

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  • ) Tumor volume growth curves and (E) ex vivo weight of tumors at 14 days after treatment. Treatments included saline (control), targeted AuNCs, non-targeted AuNCs, with or without radiotherapy (RT). The figure was adapted from [122], Biomaterials, vol. 144, by G. Liang; X. Jin; S. Zhang; D. Xing, “RGD
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Published 30 Sep 2024

Synthesis, characterization and anticancer effect of doxorubicin-loaded dual stimuli-responsive smart nanopolymers

  • Ömür Acet,
  • Pavel Kirsanov,
  • Burcu Önal Acet,
  • Inessa Halets-Bui,
  • Dzmitry Shcharbin,
  • Şeyda Ceylan Cömert and
  • Mehmet Odabaşı

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1189–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.96

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  • saline (PBS), pH 7.4. The effect on the cancer cell line HeLa was studied after incubation for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h at 37 °C. After incubation, the medium was discarded from the wells, and 50 µL of MTT (0.5 mg/mL in 0.05 mol/L PBS, pH 7.4) were added to each well. The incubation time with MTT is 4 h
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Published 26 Sep 2024

Therapeutic effect of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles on folate receptor-expressing cancer cells

  • Thi Ngoc Han Pham,
  • Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
  • Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
  • Loc Le-Tuan,
  • Xuan Thang Cao,
  • Thanh-Danh Nguyen,
  • Vy Tran Anh and
  • Hieu Vu_Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 954–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.78

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  • ligand folate to improve their capacity to target cells expressing the folate receptor. Materials and Methods Chlorambucil (C0253), PLGA 504H (719900), IR780 (425311), Pluronic™ F-127 (P2443), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) (P8136), phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (P4417), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (472301
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Published 31 Jul 2024

The effect of age on the attachment ability of stick insects (Phasmatodea)

  • Marie Grote,
  • Stanislav N. Gorb and
  • Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 867–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.72

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  • . Freshly molted adult and subadult individuals were acquired from laboratory stock and used for imaging as well. Three individuals were chosen for each age group. Tarsi were cut off at the tarso-tibial joint and transferred into 1.5 mL solution of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and Triton TM-X100 (Sigma
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Published 15 Jul 2024

Electrospun polysuccinimide scaffolds containing different salts as potential wound dressing material

  • Veronika Pálos,
  • Krisztina S. Nagy,
  • Rita Pázmány,
  • Krisztina Juriga-Tóth,
  • Bálint Budavári,
  • Judit Domokos,
  • Dóra Szabó,
  • Ákos Zsembery and
  • Angela Jedlovszky-Hajdu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 781–796, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.65

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  • , USA); Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM, Gibco, USA); MEM, no glutamine, no phenol red (Gibco, USA); phosphate-buffered saline (Gibco, USA); fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco, USA); penicillin/streptomycin mix (Gibco, USA); ʟ-glutamine (Gibco, USA); non-essential amino acid solution (NEAA, Gibco
  • using four bacterial strains (American Type Culture Collection, ATCC): E. coli (Gram-negative), P. aeruginosa (Gram-negative), S. epidermidis (Gram-positive), and B. subtilis (Gram-positive). A 24 h culture was made from each strain, and an amount of inoculum was suspended into 5 mL of saline solution
  • was removed from each well and 200 µL of phosphate-buffered saline was added to eliminate the residual media as well as cells that were either loosely attached or did not attach to the plate. Then, 100 µL of diluted WST-1 reagent was added to the cells and incubated for 4 h. The absorbance values of
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Published 02 Jul 2024

Gold nanomakura: nanoarchitectonics and their photothermal response in association with carrageenan hydrogels

  • Nabojit Das,
  • Vikas,
  • Akash Kumar,
  • Sanjeev Soni and
  • Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 678–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.56

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  • DTAB-AuNM, respectively, over a wavelength range 300–900 nm. Stability of AuNMs (CTAB-AuNM, MTAB-AuNM, and DTAB AuNM) in different media at the ratio (NPs:media) 3:1 where (a), (b), and (c) represent the stability of AuNMs in ethanol (70%), NaCl (0.9%), and 1X phosphate buffer saline (PBS). (a) k-CG
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Published 07 Jun 2024
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