Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• proteins, forms on its surface. This so-called protein corona significantly affects the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticle, such as size, charge and stability [2][3][4][5]. In turn, the composition of the protein corona is influenced by the physicochemical properties of the pristine

Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• equipped with a Turbo Ion Spray source, which was operated in both positive mode and negative mode (QTRAP®4000, AB SCIEX, Framingham, MA, USA). The analyses of the tetracyclines were performed using a Sunfire C18 column (150 × 2.1 mm i.d., 5.0 mm particle size) from Waters (Milford, MA, USA), and the

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• colloids, for example, to increase their defect density in favor of electrocatalytic or optical properties without changing their size [6][7][8]. In addition, the acronym PUDEL has recently been used for pulsed laser diffusion enhancement in liquids, which refers to an increase in diffusion without

• influencing the particle size or morphology [9], working at comparably low laser fluences (PUDEL < LML < LAL ≤ LFL). Recently, the pulsed laser extraction of organic matter in liquid (LEL), in the mild fluence regime of PUDEL, has been demonstrated to be much faster and more efficient than state-of-the-art

• understood. In the last two decades, the transfer of these laser-based processes to organic substances has been reported with a particular focus on particle size reduction by LFL [10][16][17]. One motivation behind the size reduction of organic particles like drugs or near-infrared absorbing dyes, which

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• , optoelectronic, or photovoltaic devices, as they combine a direct bandgap of tunable size with high charge carrier mobility [20]. Furthermore, they can be grown on Si substrates [21][22], which enables integration with a well-established technology platform and constrains the use of high performance, but

• spectra were obtained along the nanowire with a step width of about 130 nm, roughly equaling the size of the X-ray beam, as indicated in Figure 2d. The resulting In 3d5/2 spectra are shown in Figure 2e for the unbiased case, highlighting the p-doped and n-doped nanowire segments with the depletion zone in

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• granules, each being hundreds of micrometers in size (Figure 1A). In contrast, the obtained FLG–TA colloid has a layered structure, and sheets seem to have been peeled off from the graphite surface (Figure 1B,C). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs of the flakes’ edges (Figure 1D,E) reveal

• more in-depth its layered structure, consisting of approximately four layers. Quantitative analysis of SEM and TEM images enabled the determination of the FLG–TA sheets’ average lateral size distribution, presented in Figure 1F, indicating an average lateral size of approximately 2 µm. Note that the

• determination of the size distribution was attempted by means of dynamic light scattering but was unsuccessful owing to the lack of transparency of the suspensions even after strong dilution. The TEM images also reveal visible granules atop the layers (Figure 1D,E). Additional analysis of these granules (Figure

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• analysis. APT-loaded SLNs were prepared by the precipitation method and characterized by physicochemical studies including particle size and zeta potential measurements, drug content, encapsulation efficiency and solubility studies, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron

• concentration of β-CD showed the highest drug solubility (93.50% ± 3.73%) in PBS (pH 7.4) and drug content (96.75% ± 0.24%); particle size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index of APT-CD-NP4 were 121.1 ± 0.72 nm, −18.8 ± 0.94 mV, and 0.15 ± 0.35, respectively. SEM analysis showed that APT was converted from

• class-IV drug [10]. Low solubility and poor dissolution of BCS class-IV drugs can be improved by using techniques such as incorporating the drug or prodrug into lipid or polymeric formulations, using solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), applying surfactants, adjusting the pH value, reducing particle size

Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
• Lukas D. Cavar,
• Franjo Weber,
• Peter G. Reichel,
• Mara Niebling and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

• parts of the cantilever, we used the onward and backward differentiation given in Equation 22 and the central differential quotient of the second order given in Equation 23, respectively. The step size was chosen to be 1·10−10 m with a total number of 1,000,000 steps. Models of the first and the second

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• obtained after consulting the corresponding pseudoternary phase diagram and showed stability, isotropy, Newtonian behavior, nanometric size (15.2 nm), and pH 4.2. Both EOCF and the ME showed high antioxidant activity, but the ME resulted in greater antioxidant activity, potentiating the activity of

• stabilized by surfactants, with a very small droplet size (<100 nm), which facilitates their permeation through membranes [9]. In addition, MEs showed increased anti-inflammatory activity, reduced irritation, and improved the stability of EOs in previous studies [10][11]. Thus, from an innovative perspective

• characterizing nanostructured systems such as MEs, including droplet size, optical properties, and rheological profile. M7-EOCF therefore underwent tests to investigate these parameters. First, the M7-EOCF sample was analyzed by dynamic light scattering, which showed that the system had an average hydrodynamic

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• ]. Nanofibers are considered promising materials because of their size and structure, making them suitable for drug delivery, tissue engineering, tissue scaffolding, and other biomedical applications [12]. They exhibit distinct chemical and physical properties that distinguish them from macroscale structures

• electrospun polymer fibers is affected by electric field intensity, solution viscosity, charge density of the solution, and solution supply rate [56]. The size of the fibers also affects the performance of electrospun nanofiber composites [57]. Numerous polymers and precursors including polylactic acid, PU

• cellular responses. These membranes can be tailored with a diverse range of fibers, weights, densities, porosities, pore size distributions, chemical compositions, morphologies, hardness levels, and elastic properties [65][66]. Importantly, electrospun membranes and the ECM share substantial structural and

Feasibility analysis of carbon nanofiber synthesis and morphology control using a LPG premixed flame

• Iftikhar Rahman Bishal,
• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Faizuan Bin Abdullah,
• I Putu Tedy Indrayana and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.45

• nucleation rate, which in turn increases the catalyst particle size and the amount of free carbon atoms, producing CNFs with larger diameters and amorphous carbon. According to Raman analysis, the grown CNFs have a high number of defects, which may be good for applications where defective nanomaterials are

• premixed LPG flame was measured using a type-K thermocouple with an accuracy of ±2.2 °C. The bead size of the thermocouple was 1 mm in diameter. The thermocouple was attached to a traversing system that can be used to move the thermocouple bead to specific spots in the flame. To ensure high-precision

• and the larger diameters compared to CNTs. As the equivalence ratio decreases from rich condition towards stoichiometry conditions, the flame temperature starts to decrease as the flame is leaner than the stoichiometry condition. The increase in particle size is a result of the increased mobility and

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• detection and treatment of AβOs in AD. Because of their nanoscale size, NMs can interact with biological systems in ways that traditional treatments cannot. Their unique properties such as high surface area, quantum effects, and specific physicochemical traits make them ideal for developing advanced

• aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, primarily Aβ40 and Aβ42. These oligomers typically consist of a limited number of Aβ monomers, often ranging from trimers to tetramers, but they can form larger aggregates under certain conditions. Their small size and unique structural properties contribute to several

• challenges in therapeutic targeting. They are considerably smaller than fibrillar aggregates and plaques, making them difficult to target with conventional binding agents. AβOs exhibit significant heterogeneity in size and conformation. This variability means that a single therapeutic agent may not

Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• observed when comparing the surface of the commercial CSPE (Figure 2A) to that of the AuNFs/CSPE (Figure 2B). The gold nanoparticles are evenly distributed across the surface of the electrode (Figure 2C). The deposited nanoparticles show a flower-like morphology with an average size of 139 nm and a

• standard deviation of 44 nm, which suggests size polydispersity (Figure 2D). The flower-like morphology of the nanostructures provides small Au domains across the electrode surface. The shape of these domains confers them with larger surface area than other types of nanostructures with plain geometric

• , the existence of this effect in a material appears to depend on the size of the superficial nanostructures. A similar effect has been reported for 4-ATP-functionalized multilayered nanostructures of Ag, Au, and Pt with a size range between 48 and 130 nm [36][37] as well as for 4-ATP-functionalized

Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• size. The thinner region of the FEB deposit, located at the edge of the deposit, reveals the crystalline structure of the grains (Figure 2e), where atomic columns can be observed for grains that were oriented along crystallographic directions. The crystalline structure was further examined using

• nanocrystalline material with a grain size of 2 nm. These results confirm that the FEBID material derived from [Pd(tbaoac)2] consists of metallic palladium nanograins embedded in a carbonaceous matrix. EDX measurements were conducted at the center of the deposit, marked as the red area in Figure 3a. The BSE range

Zeolite materials with Ni and Co: synthesis and catalytic potential in the selective hydrogenation of citral

• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Yailen Costa Marrero,
• Tania Farias Piñeira,
• Céline Fontaine,
• Lexane Paget,
• Beatriz Concepción Rosabal,
• Arbelio Penton Madrigal,
• Vitalii Petranovskii and
• Gwendoline Lafaye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 520–529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.40

• . Experimental Material and methods Natural zeolite from the San Andrés deposit in Cuba, with a particle size range of 40–160 μm, was used. This zeolitic material consists primarily of mordenite and clinoptilolite-type zeolites (around 80%), along with minor accompanying phases (quartz, montmorillonite, feldspar

• radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å). Data were collected at a scan speed of 2°/min with a step size of 0.05°. SEM images were acquired using a FEI Nova NanoSEM 450 electron microscope. For this purpose, samples were mounted on holders and coated with a thin layer of gold prior to observation. Temperature-programmed

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• (111) crystallographic plane. Further, the average crystallite size was calculated using the Scherrer equation [31][32][33]: where k is a constant (k = 0.94) [32][33], λ is the X-ray wavelength (λ = 1.5406 Å), θ is the Bragg angle, and β is the FWHM. Additionally, the microstrain (ε) developed in the

• thin films due to lattice distortions or mismatch was calculated using Wilson’s equation [31][33]: The dislocation density (δ) gives more information about the number of defects in the films; it was calculated from the relation [32]: where D is the average crystallite size. The interplanar spacing (d

• ) and lattice constant (a) were calculated using the relations [13][33]: where h,k, and l are the Miller indices of the corresponding diffraction peak [34]. The obtained values for average crystallite size, microstrain, dislocation density, and interplanar spacing for as-deposited and N2+-implanted Mo

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• lens is employed. The shape and size of the beam are contingent on the extraction voltage applied at the grid and the corresponding ion energy. The directed beam impacts the silicon target kept in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) within the target chamber. A Faraday cup, connected to a multimeter, measures the

• ions at different incidence angles and for various irradiation times is investigated using AFM in tapping mode. Si cantilevers with tip radii of 10 nm were employed, with scan rate of 1 µm/s and a fixed scan size of 5 µm × 5 µm. Quantitative analysis of the surface topography was conducted using WSxM

Impact of adsorbate–substrate interaction on nanostructured thin films growth during low-pressure condensation

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 473–483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.36

• increase in its coverage and the formation of a smaller number of adsorbate islands of larger size. At elevated adsorption rates, an increase in adsorbate–substrate interactions results in the transformation of the surface morphology and the formation of percolating adsorbate structures. Deposition onto

• multicomponent substrates leads to the formation of a stationary surface morphology with an elevated number of adsorbate islands of smaller size, compared to one-component substrates. This study provides a deep insight into the peculiarities of nanostructured thin films’ growth in low-pressure systems with

• well-defined islands or clusters. The strength and nature of these interactions play a pivotal role in determining whether the film growth follows layer-by-layer (Frank–van der Merwe) or island (Volmer–Weber) growth modes [22]. Therefore, central to achieving the control the type and size of surface

Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• oxidation; 2) 2–6 min of laser irradiation: particle formation and crystal growth reaction; 3) 6–26 min of laser irradiation: continuous reduction and particle size reduction by laser fragmentation in liquid. Therefore, this means that all reactions are complete after 26 min of laser irradiation in the

• with a wide particle size distribution of >10 nm, particles with a square shape of >50 nm were also observed. It is thought that the square-shaped particles were formed by crystal growth of the atoms produced by laser irradiation as nuclei, while consuming unreacted ions in the solution through a self

• -catalytic effect. This also suggests that the reduction reaction was not complete after 10 min of laser irradiation. The sample after 30 min of laser irradiation shows that particles with a narrow particle size distribution of less than 10 nm in diameter were formed. In contrast, in the sample with 10 vol

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• (e.g., generations 5 and 6) significantly improved the delivery efficiency of ASOs into HeLa cells, as evidenced by increased luciferase activity in a splicing correction assay. This was attributed to the higher charge density and molecular size of the higher-generation DPLs, which facilitated more

• reduction in tumour size and metastasis in both orthotopic and xenograft models. Importantly, the PEG-PLO-based delivery system showed a lower nitrogen-to-phosphate ratio requirement compared to similar systems using PEG-PLL, thereby reducing the amount of polymer needed for effective siRNA delivery. The

• gradual reduction in skin tumour size by up to 40% after a seven-day treatment with antisense dendriplexes while no significant changes were observed in mice treated with free ASOs. More recently, Tai et al. designed penetratin-conjugated PAMAM G5 dendrimers complexed with an ASO targeting luciferase

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• response, and have a vast range of uses. Zinc oxide shows excellent features, such as nanoscale particles, highly crystalline nature, tunable shape, size and density, and a high aspect ratio. In summary, ZnO nanoparticles offer a versatile platform for technological advancements across fields such as

• particularly well-suited for ZnO doping because of its notable characteristics, including strong conductivity, solubility, favorable ionic size, and low orbital energy. These features contribute to the improvement of optical and electrical characteristics of ZnO. The incorporation of silver boosts the mobility

• the ZnO crystal lattice results in a decrement in the peak position values because Ag+ ion (12.2 nm) has a larger ionic size compared to that of the Zn2+ ion (7.4 nm). Consequently, the given data aligns with the decrease in the highest location of the point, indicating a reduction in the c-axis

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• GROC·UJI, Institute of New Imaging Technologies, Universitat Jaume I, Av. de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain 10.3762/bjnano.16.31 Abstract The potential to modify the size distribution of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids is demonstrated using a donut-shaped

• laser beam. In experiments on pulsed laser ablation in water of gold, yttrium oxide, and high-entropy alloy targets with both Gaussian and donut-shaped beams, we observed a significant reduction in particle size, narrowing of the size distribution width, and an improvement in sphericity when utilizing

• this pioneering study, further investigation with higher temporal and spatial resolution are warranted. Keywords: beam shaping; cavitation bubble; donut beam; gold nanoparticles; high-entropy alloy nanoparticles; nanoparticle size analysis; yttrium oxide nanoparticles; Introduction The demand for

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• size distribution of the particles. While maintaining the gas flow, the sample’s temperature was increased with a rate of 1 K per 10 s up to 550 K; at this temperature FTS takes place. This is outside the possible temperature window of scanning with our tuning fork, as explained above. Therefore, we

• were only able to scan at 430 K before (Figure 6b) and after the reaction occurred (Figure 6c). As can be seen, the surface has undergone a change due to the reaction. The particle size distribution has changed; it appears that smaller particles are no longer visible and that there is an increase in

• , exploring the effects of varying support thicknesses and materials, as well as size distributions of metallic nanoparticles, and identifying which product gases are favored under specific reaction conditions, could extend our understanding of FTS. Schematic overview of the experimental setup (left side) and

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• manipulation of particles with a size less than 100 nm. These tiny particles possess unique physicochemical features, including optical, electrical, magnetic, and catalytic properties [23]. Indeed, the advanced properties of nanoparticles enables them to be used in different areas, such as biosensing, drug

• . Characterization of PEG–PCL nanoparticles The synthesized PEG–PCL nanoparticles were characterized by their unique physicochemical properties, such as size and surface charge. The average hydrodynamic size, monodispersity, and surface charge of the nanoparticles were measured using the ZetaSizer (Nano ZS, Malvern

• , UK). Dried 10 mg/mL PEG–PCL NPs were dissolved in PBS and sonicated for 30 min. The sonicated sample was taken in a cuvette for measurement. The sample pH was in the range of 7.2–7.4. Separate cuvettes (DTS1072 and DTS0012) were used to measure the surface charge and average size of the nanoparticles

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• mucoadhesive drug delivery system that was developed to fulfill these requirements. Alginate nanoparticles were synthesized by water-in-oil emulsification followed by external gelation and then coated with the mucoadhesive polymer Eudragit RS100. The formulated nanoparticles had a mean size of 219 nm and

• adhere to the mucosa. The size of the microspheres, from which the drug was released over a period of 24 h, was in the range of 800–900 µm [26]. Although particulate systems with larger sizes could be advantageous in terms of higher encapsulation efficiency and slower release, they would have a reduced

• surface area for adhesion. Also, mucus penetration would be hindered because of the mesh-like structure of mucin. For therapeutics that have gastric mucosa as target, this might limit the efficiency and decrease the drug absorption at the site. A smaller particle size, however, is advantageous because of

Vortex lattices of layered HTSCs at different vortex–vortex interaction potentials

• Valerii P. Lenkov,
• Anastasia N. Maksimova,
• Anna N. Moroz and
• Vladimir A. Kashurnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 362–370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.27

• pancakes in the layer under consideration, is the vortex self-energy per superconducting layer with The simulation is performed for a vortex lattice in a sample whose size in the plane of the superconducting layer is 5 × 5 μm. To eliminate the influence of the boundary, the simulation region has periodic

• qualitatively preserved. The obtained results can be useful for designing superconducting devices of micrometer and submicrometer size. For the potential from Equation 2, vortex lattice melting with increasing temperature was studied. For the potential from Equation 3, the formation of a vortex lattice was