Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications

• August K. Roos,
• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• Erik Holmgren and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 242–255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.23

• , gravitational waves acting on a 40 kg mirror in LIGO [3], or atomic-scale tip–surface forces acting on a 40 pg cantilever in an atomic force microscope (AFM). For AFM cantilevers operating at room temperature close to their fundamental resonant frequency in the kilohertz-to-megahertz range, optical

• point where motion detection becomes the limiting source of noise. In this context, the principles of cavity optomechanics may improve the sensitivity of AFM force sensors. Cryogenic AFM further enables the use of superconducting microwave resonators in a cavity optomechanical detection scheme [4][5][6

• equilibrium. With AFM, this is typically done by optoelectronic means, using either interferometry [9][10][11] or beam deflection [12][13][14]. These optical methods often require delicate in situ alignment of the detector to the mechanical force transducer. An integrated detector requiring no alignment is

Quantitative wear evaluation of tips based on sharp structures

• Ke Xu and
• Houwen Leng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 230–241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.22

• Ke Xu Houwen Leng School of Electrical & Control Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China 10.3762/bjnano.15.22 Abstract To comprehensively study the influence of atomic force microscopy (AFM) scanning parameters on tip wear, a tip wear assessment method based on sharp

• structures is proposed. This research explored the wear of AFM tips during tapping mode and examined the effects of scanning parameters on estimated tip diameter and surface roughness. The experiment results show that the non-destructive method for measuring tip morphology is highly repeatable. Additionally

• , a set of principles for optimizing scanning parameters has been proposed. These principles consider both scanning precision and tip wear. To achieve these results, an AFM probe was used to scan sharp structures, precisely acquiring the tip morphology. Tip wear was minimized by employing lower

Ion beam processing of DNA origami nanostructures

• Leo Sala,
• Agnes Zerolová,
• Violaine Vizcaino,
• Alain Mery,
• Alicja Domaracka,
• Hermann Rothard,
• Philippe Boduch,
• Dominik Pinkas and
• Jaroslav Kocišek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 207–214, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.20

• by ion beams, modeling ion implantation, lithography, and sputtering conditions. Structural changes in 2D DNA origami nanostructures deposited on Si are analyzed using AFM imaging. The observed effects on DNA origami include structure height decrease or increase upon fast heavy ion irradiation in

• . Preparation of dry samples and AFM imaging Silicon wafers were cut into ∼7 × 7 mm2 chips and were then plasma-cleaned in air using a Roplass RPS40+ plasma cleaner, which generates a thin layer of plasma by diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge [35]. The Si surface is exposed to the thin plasma layer for

• , we only evaluated samples on Si. AFM imaging was used to check and subsequently analyze the irradiated samples. The imaging was performed in air using a Dimension Icon AFM (Bruker) in ScanAsyst mode which employs PeakForce Tapping Technology and ScanAsyst probes (40 kHz, 0.4 N/m). Image processing

Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO₂ substrates

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Jan M. Michalik,
• Inés Serrano-Esparza,
• Zdeněk Nováček,
• Veronika Novotná,
• Piotr Ozga,
• Czesław Kapusta and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

• provides information about the degree of damage caused by this method. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements reveal important aspects of topographical changes induced in the substrate and help to establish optimized conditions for the etching process. Results The fundamentals of water-assisted FEBIE

• studies: A) optical microscopy, B) scanning electron microscopy (SEM), C) AFM, and D) correlative probe and electron microscopy (CPEM). The optical contrast of graphene placed onto SiO2/Si allows us to easily distinguish between its mono-, bi-, triple, and thicker flakes layers. The values (approx. 2.5 nm

• for a monolayer of graphene onto SiO2) measured using AFM, shown in the insets of Figure 1D, agree with the data obtained in studies presenting femtosecond laser thinning of graphene [28]. In addition to the region located below the baseline, we also observe an elevation in the central part of the

CdSe/ZnS quantum dots as a booster in the active layer of distributed ternary organic photovoltaics

• Gabriela Lewińska,
• Piotr Jeleń,
• Zofia Kucia,
• Maciej Sitarz,
• Łukasz Walczak,
• Bartłomiej Szafraniak,
• Jerzy Sanetra and
• Konstanty W. Marszalek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.14

• carried out for three incidence angles (65°, 70°, and 75°). A Bruker atomic force microscope (AFM) MULTIMODE 8 was used in the measurements in the ScanAsyst in Air mode, using silicon nitride probes (with a nominal tip radius of 2 nm and a spring constant equal to 0.4 N/m). The substrate was

• , which favored the charging process of the metallic electrode. These were used to facilitate the transport of charge carriers between the electrode and the layer, which can become problematic because of limitations in the conductivity of organic materials. The changes in roughness presented from the AFM

• coefficients of quantum dots+P3HT+PC71BM mixtures. AFM 2D images of quantum dots+P3HT+PCBM mixtures. Raman plots of P3HT, PCBM, and QDs+P3HT+PCBM mixtures. (a, b) UPS survey spectra, (c) comparison of the cutoffs, and (d) comparison of the UPS spectra of the valence bands. Energy diagram for potential ternary

Enhanced feedback performance in off-resonance AFM modes through pulse train sampling

• Mustafa Kangül,
• Navid Asmari,
• Santiago H. Andany,
• Marcos Penedo and
• Georg E. Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 134–143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.13

• Mustafa Kangul Navid Asmari Santiago H. Andany Marcos Penedo Georg E. Fantner Laboratory for Bio- and Nano-Instrumentation, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland 10.3762/bjnano.15.13 Abstract Dynamic atomic force microscopy (AFM) modes that operate

• rate and therefore enables higher scan rates while refining the mechanical property mapping. Keywords: atomic force microscopy (AFM); feedback control; off-resonance tapping (ORT); pulsed-force mode; Introduction Constant force mode, a widely used AFM imaging mode, utilizes a feedback controller that

• reads the deflection of the cantilever and keeps the applied tip–sample vertical force at a fixed setpoint value by adjusting the voltage applied to a Z axis nano-positioner. While this AFM mode achieves high precision in controlling vertical forces, the high lateral forces applied while scanning limits

unDrift: A versatile software for fast offline SPM image drift correction

• Tobias Dickbreder,
• Franziska Sabath,
• Lukas Höltkemeier,
• Ralf Bechstein and
• Angelika Kühnle

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1225–1237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.101

• conditions For the above presentation of the working principle of our software, we used AFM images with good atomic contrast and reasonable drift velocities. In experiments, however, it is not always possible to reach these desirable conditions, which is why we want to show that our software can also deal

• velocity. In Figure 4a,b, we show two consecutive AFM images of a calcium fluoride (111) surface recorded under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. The periodic structures observed in these two raw-data images (see red unit cells in Figure 4a,b) show a striking difference compared to each other and compared to

• part of the second image for drift correction. This conclusion is confirmed by the derived unit cell dimensions of 5.1 × 10−10 m × 8.2 × 10−10 m with an angle of 89.8°, which fit the expected values (4.99 × 10−10 m × 8.10 × 10−10 m, 90.0°; [50]) within the experimental accuracy of our AFM instrument

Determination of the radii of coated and uncoated silicon AFM sharp tips using a height calibration standard grating and a nonlinear regression function

• Perawat Boonpuek and
• Jonathan R. Felts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1200–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.99

• of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA 10.3762/bjnano.14.99 Abstract AFM sharp tips are used to characterize nanostructures and quantify the mechanical properties of the materials in several areas of research. The analytical results can show unpredicted errors if we

• do not know the exact values of the AFM tip radius. There are many techniques of in situ measurements for determining the actual AFM tip radius, but they are limited to uncoated tips. This paper presents an alternative and simple method to determine the radii of coated tips and an uncoated tip. Pt

• -coated, Cr/Au-coated, and uncoated Si tips were used to scan a calibration standard grating in AFM contact mode with sub-nanonewton load to obtain the curved scan profile of the edge corner of the grating structure. The data points of the curved profile of each tip were fitted with a nonlinear regression

A combined gas-phase dissociative ionization, dissociative electron attachment and deposition study on the potential FEBID precursor [Au(CH₃)₂Cl]₂

• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Ali Kamali,
• Thomas Xaver Gentner,
• Gerd Ballmann,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück,
• Hubertus Marbach and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1178–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.98

• three experiments. The FEBID structures were investigated by SEM and noncontact atomic force microscopy (AFM). Figure 3a shows the SEM images of the deposits along with the respective deposition parameters. Magnified sections from these SEM images are shown in Figure 3b. Auger electron spectroscopy was

• 10.1 nm, respectively). At 3 nA, on the other hand, a clear size reduction to 8.2 nm is observed in the SEM images. This size reduction with increasing deposition current is even clearer from the AFM images as discussed in the following section. From the AES data shown in Figure 3c, the atomic

• purification of FEBID deposits, where carbon removal led to ≈18% height reduction of the respective nanoparticles [42]. Notwithstanding, changes in the deposition time and in the associated different volume of the deposited material may also contribute to the observed particle size reduction. AFM of FEBID on

Spatial variations of conductivity of self-assembled monolayers of dodecanethiol on Au/mica and Au/Si substrates

• Julian Skolaut,
• Jędrzej Tepper,
• Federica Galli,
• Wulf Wulfhekel and
• Jan M. van Ruitenbeek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1169–1177, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.97

• applied method uses conductive atomic force microscopy (CAFM). In this technique, a conductive probe is used in an AFM, which allows for imaging the surface topography (and other characteristics such as adhesion and stiffness) with lateral resolution while simultaneously being able to measure current

• DDT/ethanol solution and heated to ≈80 °C for 1 h. After gradual cooldown, the samples were again rinsed and dried in N2 atmosphere in the glovebox. The obtained samples were studied using a commercially available JPK NanoWizard® 3 AFM setup. The setup has been upgraded by a CAFM tip holder with an

Hierarchically patterned polyurethane microgrooves featuring nanopillars or nanoholes for neurite elongation and alignment

• Lester Uy Vinzons,
• Guo-Chung Dong and
• Shu-Ping Lin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1157–1168, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.96

• uncrosslinked PDMS monomers (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3C). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) scans of the samples (Figure 1F–H) show that the nanopillars and nanoholes have sub-micrometer feature sizes and a periodicity of around 1.2 µm. Due to AFM measurement artifacts, especially for lateral

• PU solvent casting (Figure 3B), the hierarchical patterns were successfully replicated on PU films (Figure 3C–E and Supporting Information File 1, Figure S12). As can be seen from the AFM scans (Figure 3F–H), the microridge areas were around 15 µm in width, while the microgroove areas were slightly

• carefully peeled off from the molds and cut to form the final samples (Figure 1B(iv) and 3B(iv)). The PU substrates were characterized using SEM, AFM, and water CA measurements, as described in detail in Supporting Information File 1. PC12 culture and neurite outgrowth experiment PC12 cells (ATCC CRL-1721

Elasticity, an often-overseen parameter in the development of nanoscale drug delivery systems

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1149–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.95

• determine mechanical properties of nanoparticles (or their corresponding bulk materials) highlighting quartz crystal microbalance, rheology, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are summarized by Li et al. [18]. Another often reported method is particle deformability, being extrusion a possibility for

• nanoparticles [13] and microfluidic setups for particles that are large enough to be imaged by light microscopy techniques [19]. As AFM is currently the only technology capable to measure mechanical properties of single nanoparticles, we will concentrate on this technique. Atomic force microscopy currently

• . However, more complete approaches can be applied [24], which consider the situation of a given system. An example is the Johnson–Kendall–Roberts (JKR) theory, including surface forces, the influence on the adhesion, deformation, and contact behavior between the nanoparticle and the AFM probe suitable for

A multi-resistance wide-range calibration sample for conductive probe atomic force microscopy measurements

• François Piquemal,
• Khaled Kaja,
• Pascal Chrétien,
• José Morán-Meza,
• Frédéric Houzé,
• Christian Ulysse and
• Abdelmounaim Harouri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1141–1148, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.94

• work, we demonstrate the development of a multi-resistance reference sample for calibrating resistance measurements in conductive probe atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) covering the range from 100 Ω to 100 GΩ. We present a comprehensive protocol for in situ calibration of the whole measurement circuit

• encompassing the tip, the current sensing device, and the system controller. Furthermore, we show that our developed resistance reference enables the calibration of C-AFM with a combined relative uncertainty (given at one standard deviation) lower than 2.5% over an extended range from 10 kΩ to 100 GΩ and lower

• than 1% for a reduced range from 1 MΩ to 50 GΩ. Our findings break through the long-standing bottleneck in C-AFM measurements, providing a universal means for adopting calibrated resistance measurements at the nanoscale in the industrial and academic research and development sectors. Keywords

Dual-heterodyne Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Fatima Husainy,
• Dmitry Aldakov and
• Cyril Aumaître

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1068–1084, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.88

• ; intermodulation; KPFM; nc-AFM; surface photovoltage; time-resolved measurements; Introduction Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is a well-known variant of AFM that allows probing at the nanoscale the electrostatic landscape on the surface of a sample by measuring the so-called contact potential difference

• (CPD). If one considers a simple junction formed by a metallic AFM tip and a metallic sample, the CPD originates from the tip–sample work function difference. More generally, the CPD stems from the existence of electric charges and/or dipoles in the system under consideration. As a result, the

• illumination chain. This is for instance the case of intensity-modulated KPFM [7][8][9], pump-probe KPFM [4][10][11], or G-mode KPFM [12], to name a few (we refer the readers to review articles for a more comprehensive introduction to AFM-based time-resolved potentiometric and electrostatic modes [13][14

Spatial mapping of photovoltage and light-induced displacement of on-chip coupled piezo/photodiodes by Kelvin probe force microscopy under modulated illumination

• Zeinab Eftekhari,
• Nasim Rezaei,
• Hidde Stokkel,
• Jian-Yao Zheng,
• Andrea Cerreta,
• Ilka Hermes,
• Minh Nguyen,
• Guus Rijnders and
• Rebecca Saive

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1059–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.87

• mechanical oscillation of the piezoelectric membrane with vertical atomic resolution in real-time. This technique offers the opportunity to measure concurrently the optoelectronic and mechanical response of the device at the nanoscale. Furthermore, time-dependent atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed to

• ); time-dependent AFM; Introduction Light has been recognized as a versatile external energy source to actuate micro/nanorobots with outstanding merits of wireless, remote, and precise controllability [1][2][3][4]. Light-driven micro/nanorobots convert light into mechanical motion and are able to perform

• ]. However, the working principle of these techniques is based on optical interferometry mapping which can be challenging for light-sensitive devices. Furthermore, it can be advantageous to employ a method that also allows for mechanical contact and manipulation. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) [11][12][13][14

Exploring internal structures and properties of terpolymer fibers via real-space characterizations

• Michael R. Roenbeck and
• Kenneth E. Strawhecker

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1004–1017, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.83

• ® and UHMWPE [9][10][11][12][13]. Here we extend this technique to Technora® by notching individual fibers (Figure 1b), gently opening them along shear planes to expose internal surfaces, and then scanning across those surfaces using an atomic force microscope (AFM) (Figure 1c). AFM scans yield internal

• development of future classes of high-performance fibers. Results AFM characterizations of Technora® AFM maps enable direct characterization of both fiber nano- and microstructures in real space. Large-scale maps span across the fiber diameter to highlight prominent microstructural features. For Technora

• expect that these features resulted from the way this particular fiber split open after FIB notching. Likewise, the lone drop in stiffness makes sense, as the AFM probe experiences a local reduction in tip–substrate contact area. However, similar topography and stiffness jumps forming a compliant band

Upscaling the urea method synthesis of CoAl layered double hydroxides

• Camilo Jaramillo-Hernández,
• Víctor Oestreicher,
• Martín Mizrahi and
• Gonzalo Abellán

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 927–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.76

• CoAl-LDH synthesis method. We thoroughly study the effects of the mass scale-up (25-fold: up to 375 mM) and the volumetric scale-up (20-fold: up to 2 L). For this, we use a combination of several structural (XRD, TGA, and N2 and CO2 isotherms), microscopic (SEM, TEM, and AFM), magnetic (SQUID), and

• CoAl-based LDH synthesis through an ARR method had been demonstrated, morphological aspects were addressed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) (Figure 4 and Figure 5). For reference x1, well-defined hexagonal single

• experimental conditions extracted from SEM analysis. Besides slight differences in size and morphology (sharpness of the edges), the AFM comparison of single hexagonal platelets of reference x1 and sample x20V shows a similar thickness of around 85 nm (Figure 5A,B and Supporting Information File 1, Figure S15

Cross-sectional Kelvin probe force microscopy on III–V epitaxial multilayer stacks: challenges and perspectives

• Mattia da Lisca,
• José Alvarez,
• James P. Connolly,
• Nicolas Vaissiere,
• Karim Mekhazni,
• Jean Decobert and
• Jean-Paul Kleider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 725–737, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.59

• of the atomic force microscope (AFM) for the evaluation of the surface potential with nanometric resolution. KPFM is a valuable investigative approach for the study of work functions via the measurement of the contact potential difference VCPD, that is, the difference between the electrostatic

• misleading VCPD value [14]. Kelvin probe force microscopy The following KPFM experimental procedures closely follow those described in [12]. KPFM evaluates the contact potential difference (VCPD) between the surface of metallic and semiconductive samples and a conductive AFM tip, which at equilibrium can be

• crosstalk [17]. The laser beam deflection system in our AFM employs a laser wavelength of 1310 nm, which is well below the bandgap of our sample; therefore, the parasitic laser absorption, which may interfere with the KPFM measurement, is reduced to negligible levels [13]. Highly doped n+-Si ARROW EFM tips

A graphene quantum dots–glassy carbon electrode-based electrochemical sensor for monitoring malathion

• Sanju Tanwar,
• Aditi Sharma and
• Dhirendra Mathur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 701–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.56

• obtained from a Bruker AFM analyzer atomic force microscope and a FEI Tecnai G2 20 S-TWIN transmission electron microscope. Electrochemical measurements GQDs/GCE, Ag/AgCl, and a platinum wire were used as working, reference, and counter electrode, respectively, in all electrochemical experiments, conducted

• significantly. Therefore, it can be inferred that not only quantum size effects, but also defects on the surface, contribute to the PL in GQDs. Size and morphology of GQDs were characterized using TEM and AFM. The TEM micrographs shown in Figure 3a confirm the formation of evenly dispersed GQDs with almost

• GQDs in Figure 3c shows their crystalline structure. The lattice spacing obtained is 0.34 nm, which can be related to the (002) crystal planes of GQDs. Figure 3d shows an AFM image of the synthesized GQDs. The x axis and the y axis in the inset of the AFM image show the horizontal distance and vertical

Humidity-dependent electrical performance of CuO nanowire networks studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

• Jelena Kosmaca,
• Juris Katkevics,
• Jana Andzane,
• Raitis Sondors,
• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Kiryl Niherysh,
• Yelyzaveta Rublova and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 683–691, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.54

• electron microscopy (SEM, Hitachi S4800) and atomic force microscopy (AFM, Asylum Research MFP-3D). Electrochemical impedance measurements were performed under various atmospheric conditions in a custom-made system described elsewhere [28]. The main system parameters were RH from 4% to 97%, gas flow from

SERS performance of GaN/Ag substrates fabricated by Ag coating of GaN platforms

• Magdalena A. Zając,
• Bogusław Budner,
• Malwina Liszewska,
• Bartosz Bartosewicz,
• Łukasz Gutowski,
• Jan L. Weyher and
• Bartłomiej J. Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 552–564, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.46

• substrates fabricated using both methods, we attempted to prepare substrates with a comparable amount of deposited Ag, which was examined and controlled using atomic force microscopy (AFM). For this purpose, additional Ag layers were deposited on flat Si substrates. Based on the measured thickness of the Ag

• atomic force microscope (AFM) (NT-MDT, Moscow, Russia) in non-contact mode using the approach described previously [37]. The silver layers were removed randomly on the sample to form a sharp edge for measurement of height (layer thickness). AFM measurements were carried out in three different areas on

• the surface of each sample. Ten AFM cross sections from different scanning areas were made and averaged for each sample, from which the average layer thickness and the standard deviation of thickness were determined. To measure the thickness of Ag layers deposited by MS, Ag was deposited in the same

Carbon nanotube-cellulose ink for rapid solvent identification

• Tiago Amarante,
• Thiago H. R. Cunha,
• Claudio Laudares,
• Ana P. M. Barboza,
• Ana Carolina dos Santos,
• Cíntia L. Pereira,
• Vinicius Ornelas,
• Bernardo R. A. Neves,
• André S. Ferlauto and
• Rodrigo G. Lacerda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 535–543, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.44

• length of 5 μm were produced at CTNano/UFMG [59][60][61]. Morphological analysis was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in a Quanta 200 FEG, using secondary electrons between 2 and 10 kV. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was carried out on a Bruker MultiMode8 SPM using the intermittent

• and MFC are distributed within the ink, AFM measurements were performed on the isolated materials (MFC and MWCNTs) and on the MFC/MWCNT composite (see Figure 1d–f). Pure MFC fibers form bundles (ca. 250 nm thick), and the functionalized tubes also form small bundles. Interestingly, Figure 1f shows

• based on an easily up-scalable MFC/MWCNT composite manufactured by printing techniques. AFM measurements show that the composite coating consists of an insulating MFC matrix decorated with a conductive CNT network. The sensor response to different liquids and solvents is fast (40 s) and highly

On the use of Raman spectroscopy to characterize mass-produced graphene nanoplatelets

• Keith R. Paton,
• Konstantinos Despotelis,
• Naresh Kumar,
• Piers Turner and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 509–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.42

• widely used characterization tool for GR2Ms [8]. A search of Web of Science showed that of 97,532 articles published in the last five years with “Graphene” in the abstract, 9.3% also mentioned “Raman”. This is compared with atomic force microscopy (AFM) (2.4%), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (11.4

• diluted by a factor of 10 in fresh NMP. 10 μL of the diluted dispersion was then drop-cast on a Si/SiO2 wafer at a temperature of 200 °C. To remove residual NMP, the sample was dried overnight in a vacuum oven at 60 °C. AFM measurements of the deposited flakes were carried out using Cypher AFM (Asylum

• Research, Oxford Instruments, UK). AFM images were recorded using Si AFM probes (MikroMasch HQ:NSC15, 40 N/m, 325 kHz, MikroMasch, Bulgaria) in tapping-mode feedback. AFM images were measured in square areas between 6 μm × 6 μm and 8 μm × 8 μm using 1024 × 1024 pixels with a scan speed below 20 μm·s−1. To

Molecular nanoarchitectonics: unification of nanotechnology and molecular/materials science

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 434–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.35

• oligomeric chains were significantly elongated. High-resolution scanning tunneling microscope (STM) topography shows alternating bright twin spots, which correspond to phenylene and tetrafluorophenylene, respectively. A high-resolution atomic force microscope (AFM) image of an entirely elongated fine

The steep road to nonviral nanomedicines: Frequent challenges and culprits in designing nanoparticles for gene therapy

• Yao Yao,
• Yeongun Ko,
• Grant Grasman,
• Jeffery E. Raymond and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 351–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.30

• E2859-11 for AFM analysis, and ISO 21363:2020 for substrate-supported TEM analysis. When at all possible, obtaining the distribution of sizes from these methods with extension to obtain geometric properties (aspect ratio, minimum diameter, circularity, roundness, or sphericity) will allow for the

• comparison within different batches, formulations, particle types, and standards. For particle systems that do not exist in a solid state, cryo-TEM or submersion AFM can offer alternative routes. These measurements will provide high-resolution particle distributions for in-solvent particles, though they may

• ultracentrifugation provide ensemble detection of size distributions with their own issues and complexities (e.g., gradient-induced aggregation and pressure-induced particle reconfiguration) [65]. Determination of size on a per-particle basis, such as that obtained from NTA or the aforementioned cryo-TEM/solution AFM