Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• composition and the surface potential across InP nanowire p–n junctions for individual nanowire devices. InP nanowires were grown on InP(111) substrates by vapor–liquid–solid growth using nanoimprint lithography for generating catalytic Au nanoparticles in a metal–organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) reactor

• few nanometers along the entire nanowire. For operando SPEM measurements, nanowires were transferred onto a prepatterned device template with flat, individually contacted Au/Ti electrodes deposited onto a SiO2/Si substrate, separated by a 1.5 µm wide insulating gap. Optical microscopy images of the

• samples including marker structures were used to directly navigate to suitable nanowires in the SPEM measurements. Figure 2b shows elemental-sensitive In 4d and P 2p SPEM images, highlighting the nanowire shape and position, which can even be noticed as a shadow in the Au 4f image, where the signal from

High-temperature epitaxial growth of tantalum nitride thin films on MgO: structural evolution and potential for SQUID applications

• Michelle Cedillo Rosillo,
• Oscar Contreras López,
• Jesús Antonio Díaz,
• Agustín Conde Gallardo and
• Harvi A. Castillo Cuero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 690–699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.53

• focused ion beam (FIB) for SEM observation; Au films were evaporated on the TaN samples before the FIB process to protect the samples (Figure 6a). The sample in Figure 6b shows a film thickness of 70 nm, and one can distinguish the Au protective layer used for the FIB process. Figure 6c shows the

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• measured potential under 1 V bias minus the potential at dark/short-circuit conditions and x is the distance. For these measurements, we applied +1 V to the Au electrode to forward bias the device (Figure 3e–h and Supporting Information File 1, Section 5). The resulting magnitude of the electric field

• solution containing 15 mg PTAA, 7.5 μL, LiTFSI solution (170 mg in 1 mL acetonitrile), and 7.5 μL tBP solution (1:1 in acetonitrile), dissolved in 1 mL toluene. For the BCF batch, instead of LiTFSI and tBP, BCF was added in at an 8% mol ratio to PTAA. After the HTL deposition, an Au electrode was

• evaporated as a back contact under vacuum (Edwards FL 400 Au evaporator). The devices were characterized in terms of efficiency with a solar simulator (Abet Technologies, SunLite) under AM1.5 illumination. Cross-section preparation To create solar cells with exposed cross-sections, we mechanically cleaved

Focused ion and electron beams for synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 613–616, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.47

• deposition techniques, this thematic issue includes studies on low-energy electron interactions with metal(II) bis(acetylacetonate) complexes [5]. Another molecule investigated for its gas-phase fragmentation mechanism via dissociative ionization and dissociative electron attachment is [Au(CH3)2Cl]2. Studies

• the substrate. Metallic structures can be fabricated directly or through post-purification methods, such as water-assisted treatment, which has been effective for Au and Pt deposits [10]. Interestingly, morphological changes in the underlying SiO2 layer were observed during the process, resembling

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• inhibit amyloid fibrillation. By attaching two peptide inhibitors (VVIA and LPFFD) to the surface of AuNPs using Au–S bonds, they created hybrid AuNPs that prevented oligomerization and reduced β-sheet formation, promoting random coil structures instead. The combined effect of these hybrid AuNPs was

Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• standard deviation of 44 nm, which suggests size polydispersity (Figure 2D). The flower-like morphology of the nanostructures provides small Au domains across the electrode surface. The shape of these domains confers them with larger surface area than other types of nanostructures with plain geometric

• largest change in the CV was observed after the functionalization of the AuNFs with 4-ATP through stable Au–S bonds. In this case, the peak-to-peak separation for the 4-ATP/AuNFs/CSPE was 0.16 V, showing that the redox reversibility for the [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− pair and the current response of the electrode

• , the existence of this effect in a material appears to depend on the size of the superficial nanostructures. A similar effect has been reported for 4-ATP-functionalized multilayered nanostructures of Ag, Au, and Pt with a size range between 48 and 130 nm [36][37] as well as for 4-ATP-functionalized

Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• the oxidative radicals into reducing species. Based on the evaluation of the synthesis efficiency of Au nanoparticles, it was confirmed that the addition of IPA increased the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by about five times, and the addition of glycerin increased it by about nine times

• synthesize 160 mg/h of Au nanoparticles in the current system. It was also shown that non-equilibrium solid–solution alloy nanoparticles could be synthesized even when a radical scavenger was added. Furthermore, the addition of a radical scavenger also made it possible to synthesize base metal nanoparticles

• the change in the absorption peak at 520 nm in the UV–vis absorption spectrum caused by the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of the Au nanoparticles as a function of the laser irradiation time. The black line shows the change in absorbance for the solution without IPA, and the red line shows

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• (FRA) potentiostat on both fabricated Ag–ZnO/Au electrodes and bare gold electrodes. The modified Ag@ZnO NRs electrode exhibits higher impedance than that of the bare gold electrode. This higher impedance leads to better sensitivity, better electron exchange, and can provide more information about the

• three-electrode configuration. The working electrode consisted of the modified Ag@ZnO NRs/Au electrode, a platinum wire used as the counter electrode, and the reference electrode was an Ag/AgCl electrode. A 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution with a pH of 7.0 was used for all measurements. (a) XRD of Ag@ZnO

• Ag 3d, (c) scan of oxygen 1s, and (d) scan of Zn 2p. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) Nyquist plots of modified Ag@ZnO NRs/Au and bare Au electrode. Cyclic voltammetry sweep curves for a modified electrode (black curve) or a bare electrode (red curve) in lead solution. Schematic diagram

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• most elegant, surfactant-free size quenching method by micromolar anion addition only works for soft Lewis-acid nanoparticle materials, in particular, Au, Pt, and Pd, as the process is driven by anion adsorption Hofmeister effects, but not for oxide or multi-base metal materials such as the Cantor

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• bonds in solid materials are of the order of nanoseconds to microseconds [40]. For comparison, typical timescales expected for laser-induced growth of Au nuclei are hundreds of femtoseconds to a few nanoseconds [41], and the metal–cluster nucleation rate for the formation of ca. 5 nm gold nanoparticles

• was reported as 3.0 × 10−6 s−1 [25]. This suggests that pristine graphite surfaces, generated by the in situ decontamination and activation by nanosecond laser cleaning, can exist for Au embedding during the pulsed laser grafting process. However, this microscopic surface decontamination and

• treatment that enabled the embedding of gold atoms. Gold was additionally present in XPS data of the pulsed laser-grafted gold nanoparticle–carbon fiber paper composites (Figure 4B). High-resolution Au 4f data were fitted using a Gaussian–Lorentzian doublet with an orbital splitting of (3.5 ± 0.14) eV of Au

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• unaddressed in literature. To tackle this knowledge gap, the present study investigates the phase preference of laser-generated noble metal (Au and Ag) and base metal (Cu, Fe, Al and Ti) nanoparticles within propylene carbonate/alcohol (PC/A) systems. Alcohols of increasing chain length (C6–C11) and hence

• , polarity of the solvent, or even physical attributes (e.g., boiling point), phase transfer methods are essential. To close this knowledge gap, we have performed ablation of six different metals (Au, Ag, Cu, Fe, Al, and Ti) ranging from high to low standard electrochemical reduction potentials in a

• with varying standard electrochemical reduction potential (Au, Ag, Cu, Fe, Al, and Ti) was performed in the TMS of 1-nonanol and propylene carbonate under monophasic state conditions (85 °C). The gained colloids were cooled to room temperature by disabling the heating plate as it was observed that

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• photothermal gel, composed of Au nanorods, geraniol, chitosan, and the gene-targeted drug DC_AC50 can be activated by NIR light. Photothermal activation softens the hydrogel composed of geraniol and chitosan, controlling drug release and facilitating PTT at moderate temperatures, thus yielding exceptional anti

• -tumor efficacy both in vitro and in vivo [106]. Additionally, Au nanoparticles synthesized using fucoidan (Fu-AuNPs) loaded with the chemotherapy drug doxorubicin (DOX), effectively inhibit choroidal melanoma via a synergistic PTT–chemotherapy approach [107]. Fu, as a reducing agent, assisted in the

• , aiding in the precise identification of treated areas. Au nanorods, when combined with anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), accurately target EpCAM+Y79 retinoblastoma cancer cells [108]. The targeted cells are deemed to be destroyed by VNBs induced by optimally parameterized femtosecond

Comparison of organic and inorganic hole transport layers in double perovskite material-based solar cell

• Deepika K and
• Arjun Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 119–127, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.11

• and shunt resistance, interfacial defect density, and various metal electrodes were studied. An efficiency of 18.89% with VOC = 0.7919 V, JSC = 27.89 mA/cm2, and FF = 85.52% was reported for the device structure FTO/WS2/La2NiMnO6/Cu2O/Au [15][16]. In 2023, the highest optimized efficiency of 24.08

• % was reported for the device configuration FTO/WS2/LNMO/Cu2O/Au, representing La2NiMnO6 as an eco-friendly and non-toxic oxide material usable for further applications [17]. In literature, DPSCs with inorganic Cu2O have been studied, but in this manuscript we also consider organic materials. The

• optimized PSC device displays a higher efficiency of 27.84% with Cu2O and 27.38% with PEDOT:PSS for the planar n-i-p FTO/WS2/LNMO/HTL/Au device structure. However, highly efficient organic HTLs have a few disadvantages over inorganic HTLs, including multistep synthesis requiring additional doping, leading

Precursor sticking coefficient determination from indented deposits fabricated by electron beam induced deposition

• Alexander Kuprava and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 35–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.4

• dynamics of larger precursor molecules. Methods A dual-beam microscope Nova 600 (FEI Company, the Netherlands) at Goethe University Frankfurt was used for the nanofabrication process. Structures were deposited on a 500 nm thick Au surface on top of a SiO2-terminated Si substrate in order to prevent

The round-robin approach applied to nanoinformatics: consensus prediction of nanomaterials zeta potential

• Dimitra-Danai Varsou,
• Arkaprava Banerjee,
• Joyita Roy,
• Kunal Roy,
• Giannis Savvas,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Ewelina Wyrzykowska,
• Mateusz Balicki,
• Tomasz Puzyn,
• Georgia Melagraki,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1536–1553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.121

• CuO) were represented as 0 and metals (e.g., Ag, Au, and Cu) were represented as 1. For the shape group descriptor, the string names “Spherical”, “Square Plates” and “Rod” were one-hot encoded. Lastly, out of 22 unique coatings, five categories were created (sodium citrate, ʟ-arginine, PVP, uncoated

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• studies in AsPC-1 and BxPC-3 cells suggested that the fabricated UA-PLHNPs exhibited much higher cellular internalization and cytotoxicity. Further, the developed AU-PLHNPs revealed negligible erythrocyte hemolytic activity. Similarly, Wang et al. fabricated UA-encapsulated chitosan-coated liposomes for

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

• . However, in cases where the structure is rebuilt, the role of vacancies becomes less obvious. This suggests that other factors must be considered to better understand the transformations in HDCMs under irradiation. A recent study reported a phase transformation in a 25 nm thick nanocrystalline Au thin

Various CVD-grown ZnO nanostructures for nanodevices and interdisciplinary applications

• The-Long Phan,
• Le Viet Cuong,
• Vu Dinh Lam and
• Ngoc Toan Dang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1390–1399, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.112

• prepare ZnO nanostructures. A commercial Zn powder was used as the starting material (a vapour source) which was loaded in a ceramic bath. Clean Au-coated Si(001) substrates were arranged upstream on an alumina plate that was placed on the bath, nearby the vapour source. This system was placed in the

• on Au-coated Si substrates with various sizes and interesting morphologies. In general, these structures were sensitive to temperature change and were usually formed at temperatures in the range of T = 620–650 °C. Hereafter, we shall in turn present nanostructures obtained by CVD. Figure 2a–f show

Green synthesis of carbon dot structures from Rheum Ribes and Schottky diode fabrication

• Muhammed Taha Durmus and
• Ebru Bozkurt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1369–1375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.110

• , the quantum yield of the CDs was calculated as 0.03. Schottky diode fabrication The usability of these newly synthesized CDs in an application area was also discussed. For this purpose, a metal (Au)–semiconductor (CDs) junction-based thin film device was produced. SEM images were taken to determine

• bandgap value of the CDs layer was 5.25 eV (Figure 6b). The current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of the Si/CDs/Au-based Schottky diode were investigated. I–V measurements of the CDs-based thin film device were carried out using a semiconductor parameter analyzer between −2.5 V and +2.5 V at room

• temperature (Figure 7). The interface between Au and CDs exhibited a nonlinear rectification behavior, indicating the formation of a Schottky diode [24]. The electrical properties of the Si/CDs/Au diode were determined using standard thermionic emission theory [25]. According to this theory, where n, IRs, V

Out-of-plane polarization induces a picosecond photoresponse in rhombohedral stacked bilayer WSe₂

• Guixian Liu,
• Yufan Wang,
• Zhoujuan Xu,
• Zhouxiaosong Zeng,
• Lanyu Huang,
• Cuihuan Ge and
• Xiao Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1362–1368, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.109

• monolayers of WSe2 were aligned at a 0° angle to form the 3R phase. The graphene/3R WSe2/graphene heterojunctions were aligned and assembled onto a SiO2/Si substrate by the all-dry transfer method. Au/Cr (50/10 nm) electrodes were patterned using standard electron-beam lithography (EBL, Raith 150 Two) and

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

• , metal composition, centrifugation, and NaOH amount, were investigated for their impact on the performance of CTAB-capped nanoparticles in heavy metal detection and 4-NP degradation. CTAB-Au nanospheres demonstrated limited heavy metal ion detection capability but exhibited remarkable efficiency in

• ascorbic acid. A typical synthesis involved the synthesis of CTAB-capped Au seeds of less than 4 nm. Addition to the growth solution in step 2 resulted in the formation of gold nanorods. The seeds were prepared using 200 µL of HAuCl4·3H2O (25 mM) with 2 mL of 0.1 M CTAB at 80 °C, followed by 800 µL freshly

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• sputter-coated with Au using a Bal-Tec SCD050 Sputter Coater. Secondary electrons were collected after backscattering of the Au-coated samples attained by electron beams with a 5 kV acceleration voltage. The particle hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential were evaluated on a Malvern Zetasizer ZS

Enhanced catalytic reduction through in situ synthesized gold nanoparticles embedded in glucosamine/alginate nanocomposites

• Chi-Hien Dang,
• Le-Kim-Thuy Nguyen,
• Minh-Trong Tran,
• Van-Dung Le,
• Nguyen Minh Ty,
• T. Ngoc Han Pham,
• Hieu Vu-Quang,
• Tran Thi Kim Chi,
• Tran Thi Huong Giang,
• Nguyen Thi Thanh Tu and
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1227–1237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.99

• Au3+ into Au(0) during the synthesis of the nanocomposite AuNPs@GluN/Alg without additional chemicals. Alginate serves as a stabilizing agent. In the ionotropic gelation mechanism, the cross-linking matrix of Ca–alginate, formed by Ca2+ ions and carboxyl groups in sodium alginate, becomes insoluble

• gel solution. The resulting solution is heated to facilitate the in situ reduction of Au3+ to Au(0). The synthesis conditions for AuNPs@GluN/Alg were optimized, followed by physicochemical characterizations using various analytical techniques. Finally, the application of the nanocomposite in

• crystalline structure of AuNPs was determined through XRD and SAED analysis. The XRD pattern showed Bragg reflections at 2θ values of 38.1°, 44.1°, and 64.5°, associated to, respectively, the (111), (200), and (220) planes of face-centered cubic (fcc) Au (card no. 96-901-1613) [39][40]. Moreover, the SAED