ZnO and MXenes as electrode materials for supercapacitor devices

• Ameen Uddin Ammar,
• Ipek Deniz Yildirim,
• Feray Bakan and
• Emre Erdem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 49–57, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.4

• ) spectroscopy techniques among the most powerful techniques to extract detailed information on the defect structures of ZnO. Also, electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) are sensitive to electrical properties such as specific capacitance and impedance, which can be correlated with

• mode, which is indicative of a large amount of defect centers. The existence of defect centers affects the vibration mode and eventually causes a blueshift, as shown in Figure 1d. Finally, the electrical properties obtained via CV and EIS can also be correlated with the defect structures when the

• . Therefore, different electrical components contribute to the equivalent circuit of the EIS results. Warburg element, charge transfer resistance (Rct), and equivalent series resistance (ESR) are some of the elements that contribute to the resistive behavior [11]. At this point, we highly suggest to the

Self-standing heterostructured NiC_x-NiFe-NC/biochar as a highly efficient cathode for lithium–oxygen batteries

• Shengyu Jing,
• Xu Gong,
• Shan Ji,
• Linhui Jia,
• Bruno G. Pollet,
• Sheng Yan and
• Huagen Liang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1809–1821, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.163

• impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in a frequency range from 100 kHz to 0.1 Hz and with a perturbation amplitude of 5 mV was used on the PARSTAT 4000 (AMETEK, USA) electrochemical workstation. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was performed at a scan rate of 0.1 mV·s−1 and in a cell voltage range from 2.0 to 4.5 V vs Li

• . The ohmic resistance (RΩ) and charge-transfer resistance (Rct) values of the fresh sample and of the sample after the first charge and first discharge were obtained by analyzing the EIS curves (Table 2). The value of RΩ of NiFe-PBA/PP-T after the first discharge was higher than that of the fresh

Structure and electrochemical performance of electrospun-ordered porous carbon/graphene composite nanofibers

• Yi Wang,
• Yanhua Song,
• Chengwei Ye and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1280–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.112

• station (CHI660E, Chenhua, Shanghai) by using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and constant current galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD) techniques. A voltage range of 0–1.0 V was applied to the CV electrode at a scan rate of 25 mV·s−1. The impedance measurements of

• of these electrodes exhibited similar symmetrical isosceles triangles, which were consistent with the characteristics of the double-layer capacitor electrode and with the results of the CV curves. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a reliable method used to characterize electrode

• electrochemical behavior [49]. EIS is one of the most accurate methods to analyze the dynamic process of diffusion in the electric double layer of an electrode. It is also commonly used to study the high energy storage capacity mechanism in electrodes. The general EIS spectrum is mainly composed of two parts: the

Nickel nanoparticles supported on a covalent triazine framework as electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reactions

• Secil Öztürk,
• Yu-Xuan Xiao,
• Dennis Dietrich,
• Beatriz Giesen,
• Juri Barthel,
• Jie Ying,
• Xiao-Yu Yang and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 770–781, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.62

• good electrochemical ORR performance of Ni/CTF-1-600-22 was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). As shown in Figure 7, all CTF-1-600 materials exhibited a higher conductivity than CTF-1-400. This could be ascribed to the higher graphitization degree achieved through the higher

• can be traced to the best conductivity among all the CTF-based electrocatalysts as investigated by EIS tests. Consequently, we believe that CTFs are potential candidates for electrochemical OER and offer room for improvement. In the future, we anticipate that this study should inspire further

• for ORR were performed in 1 mol/L KOH solution under air with cyclic potential sweeps between 0.6 and 1.1 V versus RHE at a 50 mV/s sweep rate for 2000 cycles. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were performed in 1 mol/L KOH, in a frequency range of (0.1–1) × 105 Hz and a

Exfoliation in a low boiling point solvent and electrochemical applications of MoO₃

• Matangi Sricharan,
• Bikesh Gupta,
• Sreejesh Moolayadukkam and
• H. S. S. Ramakrishna Matte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 662–670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.52

• and the activation of available sites. Also, the composite shows a capacitance retention up to 94% even after 2000 cycles. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is used to study the electrochemical series resistance and ideal nature of the capacitor. As shown in Figure 4f, EIS shows a typical

• ) galvanostatic charge–discharge profile of the 5 wt % CB composite; (e) capacitance retention of the 5 wt % CB composite; (f) EIS of the composites. Supercapacitor characterization of a MoO3/5 wt % CB composite in two-electrode configuration. (a) CV curve of the symmetric capacitor at a scan rate 5 mV·s−1; (b

Comparison of fresh and aged lithium iron phosphate cathodes using a tailored electrochemical strain microscopy technique

• Matthias Simolka,
• Hanno Kaess and
• Kaspar Andreas Friedrich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 583–596, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.46

• impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiostatic intermittent titration technique (PITT), galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT), CV). These techniques assume a simultaneous participation of all LFP particles in the electrodes when a “domino-cascade” is presumed to more accurately reflect the

Synthesis and enhanced photocatalytic performance of 0D/2D CuO/tourmaline composite photocatalysts

• Changqiang Yu,
• Min Wen,
• Zhen Tong,
• Shuhua Li,
• Yanhong Yin,
• Xianbin Liu,
• Yesheng Li,
• Tongxiang Liang,
• Ziping Wu and
• Dionysios D. Dionysiou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 407–416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.31

• Information File 1, Figure S1). Generally speaking, the higher the transient photocurrent density, the smaller the electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) [33][34]. According to the time-resolved PL spectra in Figure 5d, the average fluorescence lifetime of the CuO/tourmaline composite (2.94 ns) was shortened

High-performance asymmetric supercapacitor made of NiMoO₄ nanorods@Co₃O₄ on a cellulose-based carbon aerogel

• Meixia Wang,
• Jing Zhang,
• Xibin Yi,
• Benxue Liu,
• Xinfu Zhao and
• Xiaochan Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 240–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.18

• electrodes impede the diffusion less strongly, which is attributed to the faster transport of electrons and the charge transfer resistance (Rct). Fitting the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) plots based on the equivalent circuit model (inset of Figure 6d), reveals a solution resistance (Rs) of

• of N2 adsorbed at a relative pressure of P/P0 = 0.99. Electrochemical measurements The electrochemical properties of the NiMoO4@Co3O4/CA electrodes were measured in a three-electrode testing system. CV, GCD and EIS were performed on the electrochemical workstation (CHI760D, Shanghai, China) in 2.0 M

• (GCD) curves at different values of the current density ranging from 0.5 to 5.0 A/g of the NiMoO4@Co3O4/CA ternary composite. (c) Specific capacitance at various values of the current density and (d) electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) plots of pure ZIF-67 derived Co3O4 and NiMoO4@Co3O4/CA

Polyvinylpyrrolidone as additive for perovskite solar cells with water and isopropanol as solvents

• Chen Du,
• Shuo Wang,
• Xu Miao,
• Wenhai Sun,
• Yu Zhu,
• Chengyan Wang and
• Ruixin Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2374–2382, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.228

• lead nitrate, to which polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was added in order to enhance the photoelectric performance of the PSCs. By a combination of SEM, EIS, PL and UV spectroscopy and other characterization approaches, we show that the PVP additive is effective in inhibiting carrier recombination

• paper, we describe the preparation of perovskite solar cells from an aqueous solution of lead nitrate as precursor under ambient conditions. In order to improve the photoelectric performance of the PSCs, PVP was added to the precursor solution. A combination of SEM, EIS, PL, UV, and other

• simulator (Newport Oriel Sol3A Class AAA, 64023A Simulator), which was calibrated using a NREL standard Si solar cell. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were conducted by using an electrochemical workstation (CHI660d) (1 MHz to 100 Hz) and for fitting the Zview software was used. The

Design and facile synthesis of defect-rich C-MoS₂/rGO nanosheets for enhanced lithium–sulfur battery performance

• Chengxiang Tian,
• Juwei Wu,
• Zheng Ma,
• Bo Li,
• Pengcheng Li,
• Xiaotao Zu and
• Xia Xiang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2251–2260, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.217

• impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were achieved at the open-circuit potential between 0.01 Hz and 100 kHz. All the tests were carried out at room temperature. Results and Discussion The preparation of the C-MoS2/rGO composite is shown in Figure 1. The C-MoS2/rGO composite is synthesized by the

A novel all-fiber-based LiFePO₄/Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ battery with self-standing nanofiber membrane electrodes

• Li-li Chen,
• Hua Yang,
• Mao-xiang Jing,
• Chong Han,
• Fei Chen,
• Xin-yu Hu,
• Wei-yong Yuan,
• Shan-shan Yao and
• Xiang-qian Shen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2229–2237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.215

• carried out using a VMP2 electrochemical workstation. EIS was measured in the frequency range of 0.1 Hz to 100 kHz, with a disturbance amplitude of 10 mV. The galvanostatic cycle tests were carried out at different current densities. Assembly of LFP//LTO all-fibers-based battery Polyvinylidene fluoride

• 1; (d) EDS of Li4Ti5O12 at site 2. XRD patterns of LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12 fiber membranes. Raman spectra of LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12 fiber membranes. CV curves of LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12 fiber membrane electrodes. Charge–discharge curves of LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12 fiber membrane electrodes. EIS curves of

Ultrathin Ni_1−xCo_xS₂ nanoflakes as high energy density electrode materials for asymmetric supercapacitors

• Xiaoxiang Wang,
• Teng Wang,
• Rusen Zhou,
• Lijuan Fan,
• Shengli Zhang,
• Feng Yu,
• Tuquabo Tesfamichael,
• Liwei Su and
• Hongxia Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2207–2216, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.213

• ) at room temperature of 24 °C. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of the electrode material was carried out in the frequency range from 100 kHz to 0.01 Hz at AC voltage under open-circuit conditions. The cycling stability was tested by using a LAND system (Wuhan LAND electronics). The

• nanoflakes, the results were compared with previously reported NiCo-based ASCs. The new device outperforms Ni3S2/CoNi2S4/NF//AC [41], NiCo2S4/graphene//AC [39], NiCo2S4/NCF//(OMC = ordered mesoporous carbon)/NCF [31], NiCo2O4//AC [17], NiCo-sulfide//AC [28] and NiCo-hydroxide//AC [42]. The EIS results of the

• density of 10 A·g−1, (g) Ragone plot, and (h) EIS plot of the device. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 272: Additional figures. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Queensland University of Technology (QUT)-GUSTC collaborative program. X.W. thanks QUT Postgraduate Research

Facile synthesis of carbon nanotube-supported NiO//Fe₂O₃ for all-solid-state supercapacitors

• Shengming Zhang,
• Xuhui Wang,
• Yan Li,
• Xuemei Mu,
• Yaxiong Zhang,
• Jingwei Du,
• Guo Liu,
• Xiaohui Hua,
• Yingzhuo Sheng,
• Erqing Xie and
• Zhenxing Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1923–1932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.188

• the CC-CNT@Fe2O3 electrode. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was carried out to explore the resistance of the electrode (Figure 4d). The measured curve can be well fitted by equivalent circuits, and the insert is an enlarged view in the high-frequency area. All fitted values are shown in

• indicates low ion diffusion resistance of the electrode (0.8 Ω). Therefore, the EIS results confirm the good conductivity of CC-CNT@Fe2O3 3D structures, which contributes much to the superior electrochemical performance of the CC-CNT@Fe2O3 anode. Cathode material CC-CNT@NiO NiO was successively grown on the

• retained, indicating excellent rate capability of the CC-CNT@NiO electrode. Moreover, as shown in the EIS curve of Figure 7d, the equivalent serial resistance is 1.27 Ω (all the fitted values are shown in Supporting Information File 1, Table S1), indicating the high conductivity of the electrode. Also, the

TiO₂/GO-coated functional separator to suppress polysulfide migration in lithium–sulfur batteries

• Ning Liu,
• Lu Wang,
• Taizhe Tan,
• Yan Zhao and
• Yongguang Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1726–1736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.168

• electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis to analyze the charge transfer kinetics in Li/S batteries with pristine and TiO2/GO-coated separators. Figure 8 presents the Nyquist plots of Li/S batteries with pristine and TiO2/GO-coated separators before and after cycling. As shown in Figure 8a, the charge

• active material [45]. In addition, an additional semicircle emerged in the EIS spectra of the Li/S batteries with the pristine separator after cycling, which suggests the dissolution of polysulfides and their deposition on the surface of the sulfur cathode. The absence of an additional semicircle in the

• EIS spectra of the TiO2/GO-coated separator batteries indicates that the presence of the TiO2/GO interlayer hindered the movement of polysulfides and thereby enhanced the utilization of the active material by reducing the shuttle effect. The permeability of polysulfides through both membranes was

BiOCl/TiO₂/diatomite composites with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B

• Minlin Ao,
• Kun Liu,
• Xuekun Tang,
• Zishun Li,
• Qian Peng and
• Jing Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1412–1422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.139

• internal structure of the material to its surface [48]. BTD shows the most prominent photocurrent density, proving that the carrier recombination rate is low and the lifetime is long, which contributes to the enhancement of photocatalytic activity. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is one of the

• most common methods to study the charge transfer efficiency of materials [49]. Generally, the smaller the radius of curvature in the EIS Nyquist diagram, the greater the charge transfer efficiency, which will effectively promote the photogenerated electron–hole separation. As shown in the EIS Nyquist

Construction of a 0D/1D composite based on Au nanoparticles/CuBi₂O₄ microrods for efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity

• Weilong Shi,
• Mingyang Li,
• Hongji Ren,
• Feng Guo,
• Xiliu Huang,
• Yu Shi and
• Yubin Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1360–1367, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.134

• photocatalytic activity after three cycles. This decrease of photocatalytic performance is mainly due to the mass of catalysts being inevitably lost in the recycling process [39]. Photocurrent response and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were carried out to obtain some insights into the

• using 2.5 wt % Au/CBO as a photocatalyst. (c) First-order kinetics of the TC degradation curves using different photocatalysts. (d) Three consecutive runs of TC degradation over 2.5 wt % Au/CBO photocatalyst. (a) Photocurrent response and (b) EIS spectra of bare CBO and 2.5 wt % Au/CBO composite under

Alloyed Pt₃M (M = Co, Ni) nanoparticles supported on S- and N-doped carbon nanotubes for the oxygen reduction reaction

• Stéphane Louisia,
• Yohann R. J. Thomas,
• Pierre Lecante,
• Marie Heitzmann,
• M. Rosa Axet,
• Pierre-André Jacques and
• Philippe Serp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1251–1269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.125

• (EIS) were collected on single cell containing an MEA based on Pt3Co/N-CNT and Pt3Co/CB at 0.1 A/cm2, under air and in the same conditions as the polarization experiments. The high frequency resistance was 4.6 and 3.2 mΩ, respectively (see Supporting Information File 1, Figure S15). The higher value

Porous N- and S-doped carbon–carbon composite electrodes by soft-templating for redox flow batteries

• Maike Schnucklake,
• László Eifert,
• Jonathan Schneider,
• Roswitha Zeis and
• Christina Roth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1131–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.113

• (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The N- and S-doped carbon electrodes show promising activity for the positive side reaction and could be seen as a significant advance in the design of carbon felt electrodes for use in redox flow batteries. Keywords: N- and S-doped carbon

• contributions. Electrochemical characterization The electrocatalytic activity of the composite electrodes for the positive redox reaction VO2+/VO2+ was investigated by CV (Table 3) and EIS. The CV curves of the respective carbon samples are shown in Figure 6 and the Nyquist plots are shown in Figure 7. The

• CV measurements, the co-doped electrode possesses the largest double-layer capacity of the electrode/electrolyte interface, which is beneficial for the charge transfer of the positive side reaction [30]. The combined results of CV and EIS allow for the conclusion that an increased amount of

Glucose-derived carbon materials with tailored properties as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction

• Rafael Gomes Morais,
• Natalia Rey-Raap,
• José Luís Figueiredo and
• Manuel Fernando Ribeiro Pereira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1089–1102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.109

• the current obtained from the electrolyte saturated with N2 from the current measured in the O2-saturated electrolyte. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was also applied to the fully discharged cell at 0 V in the frequency region of 10 kHz to 10 mHz with an AC amplitude of 10 mV. EIS was

In situ AFM visualization of Li–O₂ battery discharge products during redox cycling in an atmospherically controlled sample cell

• Kumar Virwani,
• Younes Ansari,
• Khanh Nguyen,
• Francisco José Alía Moreno-Ortiz,
• Jangwoo Kim,
• Maxwell J. Giammona,
• Ho-Cheol Kim and
• Young-Hye La

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 930–940, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.94

• conditions. Keywords: AFM; battery; EIS; in situ; Li–O2; Introduction Italian anatomist Luigi Galvani [1] is credited with the birth of electrochemistry in the year 1791. Electrochemistry is the study of chemical processes that cause electrons to move from one element to another causing oxidation (loss of

• rather than for the highest capacity. The main aim was to obtain electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), discharge/recharge voltages and capacities time-domain-correlated with AFM images of topography, all in a completely atmospherically isolated and controlled setting. In our recent study [30

• and the potentiostat inputs. The electrical resistance between them was <10 ohms. This low resistance allowed us to perform EIS. The cell was placed in a glass enclosure on the AFM. A leak-free ultrapure oxygen line from a custom designed glove box flange was connected to the cell enclosure of the AFM

An efficient electrode material for high performance solid-state hybrid supercapacitors based on a Cu/CuO/porous carbon nanofiber/TiO₂ hybrid composite

• Mamta Sham Lal,
• Thirugnanam Lavanya and
• Sundara Ramaprabhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 781–793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.78

• given in Figure 2. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) tests for the synthesized samples and its composites were performed over a voltage range from 0 to 0.8 V. The electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) were recorded employing the same instrument over a frequency range of

• spectroscopy (EIS) was employed in the frequency range of 100 kHz to 1 mHz at open circuit potential through applying a sine wave of amplitude 5 mV as shown in Figure 12a. The SSHSC has smaller a semicircular arc diameter, suggesting the lower charge transfer resistance (R2) of the Cu/CuO/PCNF/TiO2 composite

• densities. (a) Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) spectrum of the SSHSC and (b) rate capability plot of the SSHSC at different current densities. Capacitance retention and coulombic efficiency of the SSHSC at a current density of 5 A g−1. Ragone plot for the SSHSC and comparison with previous

A porous 3D-RGO@MWCNT hybrid material as Li–S battery cathode

• Yongguang Zhang,
• Jun Ren,
• Yan Zhao,
• Taizhe Tan,
• Fuxing Yin and
• Yichao Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 514–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.52

• the conductivity during cycling a Li–S battery equipped with the S-3D-RGO@MWCNT cathode, were investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Figure 8 presents the Nyquist plots for the Li–S cell assessed before cycling, and after the 1st and the 4th cycle. In the high-frequency

• impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was carried out in the frequency range from 10−2 to 105 Hz. Synthesis of S-3D-RGO@MWCNT. SEM images of (a) RGO@MWCNT@SiO2, (b, c) 3D-RGO@MWCNT at different magnifications and (d) S-3D-RGO@MWCNT, and corresponding elemental maps of (e) sulfur and (f) carbon. TEM images of (a) 3D

A Ni(OH)₂ nanopetals network for high-performance supercapacitors synthesized by immersing Ni nanofoam in water

• Donghui Zheng,
• Man Li,
• Yongyan Li,
• Chunling Qin,
• Yichao Wang and
• Zhifeng Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 281–293, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.27

• employed as the working electrodes, the counter electrode and the reference electrode, respectively. Cyclic voltammograms (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge curves (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were carried out using an electrochemical workstation (Chenhua CHI660D

• electrode. The volumetric capacitance can be also calculated by the following formula according to CV curves: where φi and φf are initial and final potential, i is the current, dφ is the potential differential, and v is the scan rate of CV curves. EIS tests were performed by applying an AC voltage with 5 mV

• reservoir” structure is badly damaged. This results in a decrease in the surface area of active materials and subsequently leads to the decline in the volumetric capacitance of the electrode. Impedance spectroscopy To better understand the kinetics of the charge transfer within the electrodes, EIS

Amorphous Ni_xCo_yP-supported TiO₂ nanotube arrays as an efficient hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalyst in acidic solution

• Yong Li,
• Peng Yang,
• Bin Wang and
• Zhongqing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 62–70, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.6

• electrochemical workstation (Chenhua, Shanghai) including linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and Tafel analysis at 25 °C. The three electrode system was constituted of the sample working electrode, a platinum counter electrode, a Ag/AgCl

• (saturated KCl) reference electrode, and 0.5 mol L−1 H2SO4 as the electrolyte. During the LSV, CV, and Tafel experiments, the scan rate was 5 mV s−1. During the EIS experiment, the frequency range was 10−2–105 Hz and the applied bias was the open-circuit potential of the samples. The measured current was

• higher conductivity of NixCoyP/TNA confirmed by UV–vis diffuse reflection spectra. Both the CV and EIS results exemplify the high electrocatalytic activity of the NixCoyP/TNAs electrode, in accordance with the aforementioned electrochemical experiment results. Conclusion The binary-metal phosphide hybrid

Electrolyte tuning in dye-sensitized solar cells with N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) iron(II) sensitizers

• Mariia Karpacheva,
• Catherine E. Housecroft and
• Edwin C. Constable

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3069–3078, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.285

• mV (no TBP) to 541 mV (0.5 M TBP). However, this gain is not sufficient to enhance the global efficiency which drops from 0.51% to 0.26% (Table 4). The trends are reproduced for duplicate DSCs (Table S2, Supporting Information File 1). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) Electrochemical

• impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is an important technique for the investigation of interfaces in DSCs [49][50]. Fitting of the Nyquist and Bode plots, which are used to describe the EIS results, leads to parameters including the recombination resistance (Rrec), electron/hole transport resistance (Rtr), charge

• electrolyte. The constant phase element was employed in this study because of the surface roughness [51][52]. We chose to focus on understanding the observations involving the MBI additive, and EIS studies were conducted for electrolytes E2b, E2c and E2e. Measurements and curve fitting were made for duplicate