Cross-sectional Kelvin probe force microscopy on III–V epitaxial multilayer stacks: challenges and perspectives

• Mattia da Lisca,
• José Alvarez,
• James P. Connolly,
• Nicolas Vaissiere,
• Karim Mekhazni,
• Jean Decobert and
• Jean-Paul Kleider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 725–737, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.59

• technique for the analysis of an InP/GaInAs(P) multilayer stack. KPFM reveals a strong dependence on the local doping concentration, allowing for the detection of the surface potential of layers with a resolution as low as 20 nm. The analysis of the surface potential allowed for the identification of space

• a study about the capability of cross-sectional KPFM for the study of a III–V multilayer stack under ambient conditions. In particular, we have investigated an InP/GaInAs(P) multilayer structure with layers of different widths and doping concentrations. The first objective of this analysis is the

• process in an AIXTRON “Close Coupled Showerhead” reactor (6″ × 2″) at three different surface temperatures (580/600/640 °C). The n-type AXT substrate doping was typically in the range of 3 × 1018 to 5 × 1018 cm−3 with a thickness of 500 μm. Trimethylindium (TMIn), trimethylgallium (TMGa), phosphine (PH3

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo,
• Saba Derakhshan Oskouei and
• Mustafa Gazi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 631–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.52

• levels of stability due to the rapid degradation of the biomolecules. Extensive research has been focused on the development of different high-performance electrode materials via modification of the materials’ surface with functional groups or doping with various metals or via the formation of

Titania nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of ethanol under simulated solar light

• Evghenii Goncearenco,
• Iuliana P. Morjan,
• Claudiu Teodor Fleaca,
• Florian Dumitrache,
• Elena Dutu,
• Monica Scarisoreanu,
• Valentin Serban Teodorescu,
• Alexandra Sandulescu,
• Crina Anastasescu and
• Ioan Balint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 616–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.51

• approaches were tried to reduce the bandgap [24] by doping with, for example, nitrogen [17]. Recent investigations have shown a possible application of TiO2 for the photocatalytic production of hydrogen from water with the aid of sacrificial agents, such as methanol, ethanol, or glycols [21][22]. There are

ZnO-decorated SiC@C hybrids with strong electromagnetic absorption

• Liqun Duan,
• Zhiqian Yang,
• Yilu Xia,
• Xiaoqing Dai,
• Jian’an Wu and
• Minqian Sun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 565–573, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.47

• parameters of SiC can be effectively adjusted by means of morphology design [9][10][11], doping [12][13][14], and surface modification [15][16][17], thereby improving their EM absorption properties. However, the design of SiC-based absorbers with relatively high reflection loss (RLmin < −60 dB) and, at the

On the use of Raman spectroscopy to characterize mass-produced graphene nanoplatelets

• Keith R. Paton,
• Konstantinos Despotelis,
• Naresh Kumar,
• Piers Turner and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 509–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.42

• . For example, information on flake size, extent of structural defects, chemical or electronic doping, and strain and layer number can all be extracted from one spectrum [13][14][15][16][17][18]. As such, Raman spectroscopy is widely used by producers to assess the quality of their material, in

Evaluation of electrosynthesized reduced graphene oxide–Ni/Fe/Co-based (oxy)hydroxide catalysts towards the oxygen evolution reaction

• Karolina Cysewska,
• Marcin Łapiński,
• Marcin Zając,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 420–433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.34

• nanoplate network typical for CoNiFe (Figure 1). The increase in the surface area of the catalyst after mild doping of NiFe with cobalt has also been described in the literature [39]. The addition of GO to CoNiFe left the value of Cdl/ECSA of the material virtually unchanged (slightly lowered) compared to

Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications – an evaluation

• A. R. Indhu,
• L. Keerthana and
• Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 380–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.33

• engineering, doping, incorporation, and modification of suitable matrix materials. Plasmonic nanomaterials offer an alternative and attractive approach in this regard, through the flexibility in the excitation of surface plasmons. Specific advantages are the considerable improved bandwidth of the absorption

• curvature [35]. Finally, changes to the material composition, such as through doping or vacancy processing, can affect the LSPR because of changes in the free electron density, the electron effective mass, and the electronic band structure in general [36][37]. An understanding of the changes in absorbance

• lack of the required free carrier concentration. Similar to how the free carrier density of metals can be tuned by size, morphology, and refractive index of the nanomaterial, the free carrier density of semiconductors can be easily tuned by doping, temperature variations, or by phase transitions. LSPR

Bismuth-based nanostructured photocatalysts for the remediation of antibiotics and organic dyes

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo and
• Faisal Suleiman Mustafa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 291–321, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.26

• covered. The creation of Z-schemes, Schottky junctions, and heterojunctions, as well as morphological modifications, doping, and other processes are highlighted regarding the fabrication of bismuth-based photocatalysts with improved photocatalytic capabilities. A discussion of general photocatalytic

• techniques, metal/non-metal doping, introducing heterojunctions, and combining them with other materials. Synthesis approaches and performance enhancement The majority of the reported photocatalysts have been used in laboratory settings. Several fundamental requirements must be met to produce an efficient

• light absorption, weaker charge separation, and poor charge carrier mobility. Researchers are concentrating on several strategies, such as doping, heterojunction formation, induction of the surface plasmon resonance effect, and the formation of Z-schemes, Schottky junctions, and engineered composites

Structural, optical, and bioimaging characterization of carbon quantum dots solvothermally synthesized from o-phenylenediamine

• Zoran M. Marković,
• Milica D. Budimir,
• Martin Danko,
• Dušan D. Milivojević,
• Pavel Kubat,
• Danica Z. Zmejkoski,
• Vladimir B. Pavlović,
• Marija M. Mojsin,
• Milena J. Stevanović and
• Biljana M. Todorović Marković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 165–174, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.17

• significantly, especially, by the presence and distribution of various functional groups on the basal plane and edges of carbon network, affecting, in turn, the CQD properties. Doping of CQDs with nitrogen, chlorine, or fluorine heteroatoms induces larger a transport bandgap, increased charge transfer

• surface states, precursors, preparation methods, and heteroatom doping [9]. Previous investigations showed that possible mechanisms of the CQD photoluminescence are radiative recombination of electron–hole pairs in the sp2 domains inside the sp3 matrix as well as the effect of zig-zag edges [6][18]. Apart

• graphene, depending on the doping procedure, the nitrogen moieties include graphitic N together with pyrrolic and pyridinic nitrogen and amino groups [37][38][39]. Bianco et al. reported recently that pyridine nitrogen can be a reactive center and activates other reactive centers at the adjacent carbon

From a free electron gas to confined states: A mixed island of PTCDA and copper phthalocyanine on Ag(111)

• Alfred J. Weymouth,
• Emily Roche and
• Franz J. Giessibl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1572–1577, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.131

• consider the possibility of locally “tuning” the strength of the interface state by doping a PTCDA island with a diminishing amount of CuPc molecules and observing the interface state around them. However, at lower concentrations, CuPc does not integrate into PTCDA islands, but rather only decorates their

• borders. Therefore a gradual tuning is not possible; adding CuPc at a great enough concentration only presents the ability to form a proper mixed layer where the interface state is no longer present. Instead of doping with CuPc, another possibility to tune the interface state would be to investigate a

A TiO₂@MWCNTs nanocomposite photoanode for solar-driven water splitting

• Anh Quynh Huu Le,
• Ngoc Nhu Thi Nguyen,
• Hai Duy Tran,
• Van-Huy Nguyen and
• Le-Hai Tran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1520–1530, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.125

• the photocatalytic performance [4][5]. Because TiO2 only exhibits photochemical activity under UV excitation, which accounts for a small fraction (ca. 4%) of the solar energy, numerous modification methods such as doping with nonmetals, coupling with other catalysts, and attaching to supports have

Hydroxyapatite–bioglass nanocomposites: Structural, mechanical, and biological aspects

• Olga Shikimaka,
• Mihaela Bivol,
• Bogdan A. Sava,
• Marius Dumitru,
• Christu Tardei,
• Beatrice G. Sbarcea,
• Daria Grabco,
• Constantin Pyrtsac,
• Daria Topal,
• Andrian Prisacaru,
• Vitalie Cobzac and
• Viorel Nacu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1490–1504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.123

• HA inhibits the thermal decomposition of HA and significantly enhances bending strength and fracture toughness [30]. It was shown as well that B2O3 in the phosphate glass composition increases its hardness and fracture toughness [31]. The doping of bioglasses with Zn and Ce has two effects. On the

Coherent amplification of radiation from two phase-locked Josephson junction arrays

• Mikhail A. Galin,
• Vladimir M. Krasnov,
• Ilya A. Shereshevsky,
• Nadezhda K. Vdovicheva and
• Vladislav V. Kurin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1445–1457, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.119

• –120 GHz. Figure 2b shows similar data for sample-2. Here, for both arrays, Ic ≈ 2.9 mA and fc ∼ 80–100 GHz. Although the area of junctions in sample-2 is smaller, the critical current is slightly larger than in sample-1 due to higher doping of the NbSi interlayers. Note that the abrupt transition from

• a superconductive to a resistive state observed in all IVCs is typical for niobium junctions with medium doping Si interlayer 11% [18]. Resonant steps at similar voltages are observed for both pairs of arrays. As shown earlier [9][13], they are caused by standing wave (cavity mode) resonances in the

LED-light-activated photocatalytic performance of metal-free carbon-modified hexagonal boron nitride towards degradation of methylene blue and phenol

• Nirmalendu S. Mishra and
• Pichiah Saravanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1380–1392, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.114

• approaches to make it as a light-driven nanomaterial owing to its potential capabilities. The light-driven ability of HBN can be achieved through multiple strategies. These include varying the structural morphology, heterojunction formation with a suitable photocatalyst, and doping with heteroatoms. The

• carriers due to appropriate positioning of edge potentials with respect to the synergised photocatalyst [11][12][13]. The process of doping includes introduction of heteroatoms such as sulphur, oxygen, and carbon into the HBN lattice. The doping of oxygen into the HBN lattice results in the generation of

Near-infrared photoactive Ag-Zn-Ga-S-Se quantum dots for high-performance quantum dot-sensitized solar cells

• Roopakala Kottayi,
• Ilangovan Veerappan and
• Ramadasse Sittaramane

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1337–1344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.110

• al. doped Zn into AgInS2 and obtained Zn-Ag-In-S QDs. The QDSCs assembled by using these QDs exhibited a PCE of 4.50% [15]. The authors reported that the incorporation of zinc improved the optical properties and the PCE of AgInS2 QDs. Halder et al. reported the effect of doping Zn into a AgInSe2 host

Recent trends in Bi-based nanomaterials: challenges, fabrication, enhancement techniques, and environmental applications

• Vishal Dutta,
• Ankush Chauhan,
• Ritesh Verma,
• C. Gopalkrishnan and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1316–1336, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.109

• photocatalytic effectiveness of those semiconductors is inadequate for practical environmental and energy conservation applications because of substantial electron–hole recombination and a low capacity for the absorption of visible light. Numerous attempts have been made, with an emphasis on doping, the creation

• . This gap is essential for improving the material’s light-harvesting capabilities [78][79]. Consequently, in an attempt to improve the photocatalytic efficiency for water purification and other environmental applications, a variety of techniques, such as defect formation, metal/non-metal doping

• photocatalytic processes. The absence of a metal atom would considerably affect the amount of absorbed light, the rate of charge transfer, and the number of reactive surface sites. Metal/non-metal doping Photocatalysts based on bivalent cations may be enhanced by doping them with additional elements. Self-doping

Enhanced electronic transport properties of Te roll-like nanostructures

• E. R. Viana,
• N. Cifuentes and
• J. C. González

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1284–1291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.106

• 77 K, a power-law dependence of µ ~ T−1.5 [37] or weaker was described in the literature [34][40]. The power law strongly depends on the doping level of the t-Te crystals [34]. In our case, a weaker dependency with α = (1.420 ± 0.001) and (1.280 ± 0.001), see Equation 2, for NW-1 and NW-2

• ionization energy of the defects found on these nanostructures also favors the control of doping and, consequently, the electrical properties of the nanowires. These superior quality transport properties demonstrate the potential use of t-Te roll-like nanostructures for electronic device applications. (a–c

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• + doping. The fluorescence was restored after further adding ascorbic acid (AA) based on a redox reaction. A rapid detection method for Fe3+ and AA was established and successfully used to detect Fe3+ and AA in human serum. The DMT-AuAgNCs were successfully prepared using 4,6-diaminopyrimidine-2-thiol (DMT

Application of nanoarchitectonics in moist-electric generation

• Jia-Cheng Feng and
• Hong Xia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1185–1200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.99

• materials such as paper [79], cellulose nanofibrils, which were exfoliated mechanically from naturally biomass [80], natural wood [81]. In other works with cellulose doping [55][82][83], voltages of, respectively, 250, 100, and 300 mV were obtained. Li et al. studied in detail the effects of various

Rapid fabrication of MgO@g-C₃N₄ heterojunctions for photocatalytic nitric oxide removal

• Minh-Thuan Pham,
• Duyen P. H. Tran,
• Xuan-Thanh Bui and
• Sheng-Jie You

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1141–1154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.96

• spectroscopy (DRS) was used to determine the optical properties and bandgap energies of the material. The bandgap of the material decreases with increasing amounts of MgO. The photoluminescence spectra indicate that the recombination of electron–hole pairs is hindered by doping MgO onto g-C3N4. Also, NO

• visible light region, including nonmetal and noble-metal doping, metal deposition, and formation of heterojunctions [21][22]. The construction of heterojunction structures has shown its effectiveness in improving photocatalytic performance by enhancing the separation of charge carriers and optimizing the

• atoms [64][65][66]. Also, Liang and co-workers reported that the recombination of the e−–h+ pairs could be inhibited by doping MgO into g-C3N4 [32]. When MgO is added, the defect concentration increases and Mg and O vacancies are generated in MgO@g-C3N4. These defects work as the electron traps, which

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• proteins, which makes them a better option based on the fact that surface functionality of CDs can be achieved without adding extra substances for doping, modification and surface passivation [54]. A summary of CDs synthesized from carbon-rich plant extract without surface-passivating agents and their

• CDs containing surfactants that contain nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur [16][88]. Usually, CDs synthesized from a single precursor without any doping agent have low QYs and are inadequate for bioimaging and other applications. Numerous researches claim that co-doping, or the simultaneous doping of two

• or more distinct atoms, can mitigate the drawbacks of CDs. The optical characteristics and applications of CDs may be enhanced by doping them with nitrogen, sulfur, and other elements. Due to the synergistic interaction between the doped heteroatoms in CDs, the co-doping with heteroatoms has started

Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction activity of AgCoCu oxides on reduced graphene oxide in alkaline media

• Iyyappan Madakannu,
• Indrajit Patil,
• Bhalchandra Kakade and
• Kasibhatta Kumara Ramanatha Datta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1020–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.89

• trimetallic atoms finely dispersed over rGO. Moreover, based on the d-band centre theory, the low value of Ag impacts the low oxygen absorption energy, which can be boosted by doping with copper atoms on the surface [31]. The efficiency of the ORR depends on the design and composition of the catalyst for

Theoretical investigations of oxygen vacancy effects in nickel-doped zirconia from ab initio XANES spectroscopy at the oxygen K-edge

• Dick Hartmann Douma,
• Lodvert Tchibota Poaty,
• Alessio Lamperti,
• Stéphane Kenmoe,
• Abdulrafiu Tunde Raji,
• Alberto Debernardi and
• Bernard M’Passi-Mabiala

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 975–985, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.85

• photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) [26], XANES spectra [27], and synchrotron radiation measurements [4], where it was suggested that for every two dopant atoms of Fe in zirconia, one single O vacancy is created. It is, thus, expected that in similarity to the effect of Fe doping in zirconia, substitutional Ni in

• increase of this pre-edge peak with Fe concentration, which may indicate an increase of unoccupied 3d states in the system. In the present work, we expand the study of transition metal doping of ZrO2 by considering another magnetic dopant, namely nickel (Ni), which has oxidation states similar to those of

• structure. The fluorite structure is not stable under ambient conditions and, thus, zirconia is usually found in the monoclinic phase. The cubic distorted fluorite structure may however be stabilized by a doping or by deposition as a thin film (because the surface energy of the cubic structure is lower than

Solar-light-driven LaFe_xNi_1−xO₃ perovskite oxides for photocatalytic Fenton-like reaction to degrade organic pollutants

• Chao-Wei Huang,
• Shu-Yu Hsu,
• Jun-Han Lin,
• Yun Jhou,
• Wei-Yu Chen,
• Kun-Yi Andrew Lin,
• Yu-Tang Lin and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 882–895, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.79

• [24], carbon spheres [25], BiOBr [26], and Ag2CrO4 [27]) to form heterojunction structures or doping other atoms into LaFeO3 [28] are comprehensively developed. For instance, Orak et al. impregnated LaFeO3 or LaTi0.15Fe0.85O3 on the monolithic cordierite structure, which could provide light

• essential role in photocatalytic reactions for wastewater [38]. Fe doping of LaNiO3 revealed the potential of tuning bandgap and boosting the light absorption to degrade RhB [39]. However, little literature comprehensively and systematically discusses the effect of different doping ratios on photocatalytic

• reactions. Moreover, LaNiO3 revealed broad absorption in the visible light range [38], so the Ni doping was expected to improve the visible light harvesting of LaFeO3. Accordingly, little literature explored the effect of Ni substitution to LaFeO3 on the performance of photocatalytic Fenton-like reaction to

Optimizing PMMA solutions to suppress contamination in the transfer of CVD graphene for batch production

• Chun-Da Liao,
• Andrea Capasso,
• Tiago Queirós,
• Telma Domingues,
• Fatima Cerqueira,
• Nicoleta Nicoara,
• Jérôme Borme,
• Paulo Freitas and
• Pedro Alpuim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 796–806, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.70

• be considered: (i) metallic particles from the Cu or Ni etching process and (ii) PMMA residues after the removal and rinsing processes. Both contaminations are leading causes of undesired p-type doping in CVD graphene, accompanied by a deterioration of its electrical properties [19][20][21][22]. The

• the PMMA mixture, we consider that the differences in Raman spectra between the different samples can be attributed to adsorbed PMMA residues. Such residues could absorb water and oxygen molecules, conferring p-type doping to graphene [29]. Conversely, by tracking the G phonon band features in Raman

• spectra, we can correlate the degree of doping in graphene [30][31] with PMMA residues. A comparison of the statistical data of the G band position and FWHM(G) of graphene transferred with C4 and B2 PMMA is presented in Figure 3. Representative Raman spectra for the two cases are shown in Figure 3a and