Structure and electrochemical performance of electrospun-ordered porous carbon/graphene composite nanofibers

• Yi Wang,
• Yanhua Song,
• Chengwei Ye and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1280–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.112

• nanofibers, while reducing the nanofiber diameter values. In addition, due to the volatility of DIW and DMF, visible pores appeared on the surface of PGCNFs after DIW was added to the spinning solution, as indicated in Figure 2c. The PGCNFs with different morphologies were named DPGCNFs (disordered PGCNFs by

• diameter of 218.2 ± 12.2 nm. (e) Ordered CGCNFs (OCGCNFs), with an average diameter of 384.1 ± 18.5 nm. (f) Ordered porous CGCNFs (OPCGCNFs), with an average diameter of 418.4 ± 19.1 nm. (g) Average CNF nanofiber diameter values before and after carbonization. TEM pictures of PGCNFs (h) and CGCNFs (i). (a

A novel dry-blending method to reduce the coefficient of thermal expansion of polymer templates for OTFT electrodes

• Xiangdong Ye,
• Bo Tian,
• Yuxuan Guo,
• Fan Fan and
• Anjiang Cai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 671–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.53

• a sol–gel precursor by adding tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) to polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and then synthesized a silica/PVP nanofiber composite by electrospinning. The content of silica nanofibers in the composite is 9.1 wt %, and the CTE was decreased by ca. 40%. Jeyranpour et al. [13] studied

Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic performance of heterostructured CuO–ZnO-loaded composite nanofiber membranes

• Wei Fang,
• Liang Yu and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 631–650, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.50

• widely used to fabricate nanofiber membranes because of its good spinnability, electrical conductivity, and heat resistance. However, carbonized PAN nanofiber membranes usually have poor mechanical properties. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) has better mechanical properties but a lower melting point

• temperatures varied from 80 to 180 °C. A simple chemical solution strategy was used to form Cu(OH)2 and Zn(OH)2, and then CuO and ZnO nanoparticles were successfully obtained by the heat treatment process. During heat treatment of the electrospun Cu(Ac)2/Zn(Ac)2/PVDF/PAN nanofiber membranes, Cu(Ac)2 and Zn(Ac

• according nanofiber diameter distributions are presented in Figure 2. The nanofiber diameters of the CNFMs as a function of the PVDF/PAN weight ratio are given in Table 1. The average nanofiber diameters of the CNFMs are all in the range of 200–300 nm, and with a decrease of the weight ratio, the average

Nanoarchitectonics: bottom-up creation of functional materials and systems

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 450–452, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.36

• TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles exhibit distinct and useful properties [35]. Other examples include a self-assembled MoS2-based composite that was developed for energy conversion and storage purposes [36], a silver-nanoparticle/cellulose-nanofiber composite that was applied for surface-enhanced Raman

High-performance asymmetric supercapacitor made of NiMoO₄ nanorods@Co₃O₄ on a cellulose-based carbon aerogel

• Meixia Wang,
• Jing Zhang,
• Xibin Yi,
• Benxue Liu,
• Xinfu Zhao and
• Xiaochan Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 240–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.18

• SEM top-view image of NiMoO4 is shown in Figure 2b indicating a homogenous distribution of interconnected nanofibers within the CA sample. The magnified SEM image (inset of Figure 2b) reveals that each carbon nanofiber of CA is surrounded by plenty of the NiMoO4 nanorods. Figure 2c confirms that the

Molecular architectonics of DNA for functional nanoarchitectures

• Debasis Ghosh,
• Lakshmi P. Datta and
• Thimmaiah Govindaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 124–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.11

• assemblies, while with dA10, the formation of a P-type helix was preferred. pH-dependent circular dichroism (CD) measurements showed the collapse of the double-helical zipper assemblies at pH < 6 (Figure 4b). Remarkably, the nanofiber (molecular) structure of the individual double-helical zipper assembly

• structural diversity and functionality of the resulting nanoarchitectures. In a recent work by Sleiman and co-workers, cyanuric acid (CA) with hydrogen-bonding faces, analogous to three thymine functions, was exploited to modulate the assembly of ssDNA to form unique nanofiber architectures [77]. The novelty

Four self-made free surface electrospinning devices for high-throughput preparation of high-quality nanofibers

• Yue Fang and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2261–2274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.218

• preparing a nanofiber web [20]. The spinning parameters and yields of the established ES techniques are compared in Table 1. In our previous work [21][22], a modified bubble electrospinning (MBE) method was proposed to fabricate high-quality PAN nanofibers at high yield. Moreover, we found that the addition

• the nanofiber diameters by observing sample data. The given confidence intervals estimate the ranges in which diameters of nanofibers could still be observed. The estimated range is calculated from a given set of sample data [25]. The results from Figure 11 and Table 4 show that the average diameter

• Equation 2, the larger the electric field intensity, the larger the electric force, which stretches the jet making the nanofiber diameter smaller. Therefore, the diameter of the nanofibers prepared by the MFSE method is the largest due to the smallest electric field intensity. In addition, the smaller the

A novel all-fiber-based LiFePO₄/Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ battery with self-standing nanofiber membrane electrodes

• Li-li Chen,
• Hua Yang,
• Mao-xiang Jing,
• Chong Han,
• Fei Chen,
• Xin-yu Hu,
• Wei-yong Yuan,
• Shan-shan Yao and
• Xiang-qian Shen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2229–2237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.215

• network; electrospinning; flexible electrodes; lithium ion battery; nanofiber; self-standing electrodes; Introduction With the rapid development of renewable energy technologies, electric vehicles and electronic devices, energy storage technology has become a focus of global research [1][2][3][4][5][6][7

• effective method to prepare long-range continuous nanofibers. By controlling the spinning and sintering process, nanofiber membrane materials can be easily formed with high porosity and stable structure, especially continuous conductive networks can be formed, which are very suitable for self-standing

• electrodes [18][21][28]. In recent years, an increasing number of reports on the preparation of fiber electrode materials by electrospinning were published [18][21][28][34][35]. In this paper, we describe the preparation of LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12 nanofiber membrane materials by a modified electrospinning

Prestress-loading effect on the current–voltage characteristics of a piezoelectric p–n junction together with the corresponding mechanical tuning laws

• Wanli Yang,
• Shuaiqi Fan,
• Yuxing Liang and
• Yuantai Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1833–1843, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.178

• ] studied the static extensional behavior of a piezoelectric semiconductor nanofiber. Liang et al. [20] analyzed the fundamental characteristics of a cantilevered ZnO nanowire exposed to a transient end force. Recently, Fan et al. [21] and Zhang et al. [22] revisited the bending behavior of a cantilevered

Chiral nanostructures self-assembled from nitrocinnamic amide amphiphiles: substituent and solvent effects

• Hejin Jiang,
• Huahua Fan,
• Yuqian Jiang,
• Li Zhang and
• Minghua Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1608–1617, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.156

• 4NCLG assemblies in ethanol was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Figure 2 shows the detailed SEM images of the self-assembled structures. Upon SEM observation, 2NCLG self-assembled into a right-handed helical nanofiber with a helical pitch of about 250 nm and a width of approximately 70

• nm, as shown in Figure 2a. As for 4NCLG assemblies, a similar right-handed helical nanofiber was obtained (Figure 2c). In contrast, a left-handed superhelical structure with a helical pitch of around 500 nm was observed in the 3NCLG system, which was formed by dozens of nanofibers. The nanohelix

• finally aggregated into microspherical structures (Figure 2b,d). Because of the wide field of view of the SEM illumination over the 3NCLG (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1), the process of self-assembly was fast and the formed nanofiber structures tangled together into a superhelix. The superhelix

BiOCl/TiO₂/diatomite composites with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B

• Minlin Ao,
• Kun Liu,
• Xuekun Tang,
• Zishun Li,
• Qian Peng and
• Jing Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1412–1422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.139

• current works, this problem can be solved by fixing the TiO2 onto the surface of the carrier to form a uniform layer. Till now, various materials have been studied and successfully applied as the photocatalytic carrier such as kaolinite [16], diatomite [17], zeolite [18], silica nanofiber [19], etc., and

A silver-nanoparticle/cellulose-nanofiber composite as a highly effective substrate for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

• Yongxin Lu,
• Yan Luo,
• Zehao Lin and
• Jianguo Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1270–1279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.126

• . This low-cost, highly sensitive, and biocompatible paper-based SERS substrate holds considerable potentials for the detection and analyses of chemical and biomolecular species. Keywords: cellulose nanofiber; composites; nanoarchitectonics; silver nanoparticle; surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

• nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) onto the surfaces of the cellulose nanofibers (NFs) in ordinary laboratory filter paper by means of the one-step silver mirror reaction. Both size and density of the of the silver nanoparticles on the substrates could be controlled. This paper-based silver-nanoparticle/cellulose-nanofiber

• . Results and Discussion Characterization of the Ag-NP/cellulose-NF composite The silver-nanoparticle/cellulose-nanofiber SERS substrates were fabricated by deposition of silver nanoparticles onto the surfaces of the cellulose nanofibers of ordinary laboratory filter paper by the silver mirror reaction. As

An efficient electrode material for high performance solid-state hybrid supercapacitors based on a Cu/CuO/porous carbon nanofiber/TiO₂ hybrid composite

• Mamta Sham Lal,
• Thirugnanam Lavanya and
• Sundara Ramaprabhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 781–793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.78

• carbon nanofiber/TiO2 (Cu/CuO/PCNF/TiO2) composite uniformly covered with TiO2 nanoparticles was synthesized by electrospinning and a simple hydrothermal technique. The synthesized composite exhibits a unique morphology and excellent supercapacitive performance, including both electric double layer and

• nanoparticles, which together open up new opportunities for energy storage and conversion applications. Keywords: composite; electrochemical performance; porous carbon nanofiber; solid-state hybrid supercapacitor; supercapacitor; TiO2 nanoparticles; Introduction To meet the rapidly growing demand for energy

• behavior. Herein, we report a novel approach for the fabrication of a Cu/CuO/porous carbon nanofiber (PCNF)/TiO2 (Cu/CuO/PCNF/TiO2) composite that is uniformly covered by TiO2 nanoparticles and is synthesized using the electrospinning method together with a hydrothermal technique, followed by air

Nanocellulose: Recent advances and its prospects in environmental remediation

• Katrina Pui Yee Shak,
• Yean Ling Pang and
• Shee Keat Mah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2479–2498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.232

• : cellulose microcrystal (CMC) and cellulose microfiber under nano-object cellulose, and cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) along with cellulose nanofiber (CNF) under nanostructured cellulose. The main difference between nano-object cellulose (10–100 µm) and nanostructured cellulose (1–50 nm) is the size of the

• recommended that nanocellulose be categorized into two main groups: CNC and CNF [20]. Overall, there are no fixed definitions for each group, since many nanocellulose sources coexist in the extensive and overlapping material space [29]. Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) Various terms have been used interchangeably

• cellulose pulp is required to produce CNF/CNC. In general, most CNCs and CNFs are produced through breaking down the cellulose fibres into nanosize fragments (top-down process), except for BC and electrospun cellulose nanofiber (ECNF) which utilize bacteria and an electrospinning technique (bottom-up

Effect of electrospinning process variables on the size of polymer fibers and bead-on-string structures established with a 2³ factorial design

• Paulina Korycka,
• Adam Mirek,
• Katarzyna Kramek-Romanowska,
• Marcin Grzeczkowicz and
• Dorota Lewińska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2466–2478, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.231

• final product properties. Hence, establishing a complete description of all the occurring phenomena poses a real challenge. One of the most interesting works in this area is the one by Yuya et al. [10], which discusses the impact of abovementioned process parameters on the obtained nanofiber size and

Electrospun one-dimensional nanostructures: a new horizon for gas sensing materials

• Muhammad Imran,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Mahnaz Shafiei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2128–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.202

• shown in Figure 1. A nanofiber film has a surface area approximately twice that of a continuous thin film. This property means that nanofibers are excellent candidates for gas sensing applications. Moreover, nanofibers derived from a variety of materials, such as polymers, metals, metal-oxides and

• depends on the connectivity of the grains in highly crystalline nanofiber [113][114]. An opposite trend for crystal size is reported by Landau et al. [142] and Choi et al. [111] who obtained a higher response toward CO and NO2 with larger grain fibers. Moreover, the interparticle distance is also a key

Biomimetic and biodegradable cellulose acetate scaffolds loaded with dexamethasone for bone implants

• Aikaterini-Rafailia Tsiapla,
• Varvara Karagkiozaki,
• Veroniki Bakola,
• Foteini Pappa,
• Panagiota Gkertsiou,
• Eleni Pavlidou and
• Stergios Logothetidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1986–1994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.189

• implant failure after a total hip replacement [20][21]. Long-term treatment with glucocorticoid drugs together with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as dexamethasone (dexam) is applied to face this challenge [22]. Non-woven CA nanofiber meshes drug-loaded with dexam were produced

Sheet-on-belt branched TiO₂(B)/rGO powders with enhanced photocatalytic activity

• Huan Xing,
• Wei Wen and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1550–1557, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.146

• nanocrystals on TiO2(B) single-crystal fibrils by a two-step process [23]. Li et al. prepared a biphase TiO2 core/shell nanofiber with anatase core and TiO2(B) shell [24]. Kandiel et al. used a hydrothermal technique to synthesize TiO2(B) nanofibers simultaneously decorated with anatase nanoparticles [25]. The

Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations

• Jaison Jeevanandam,
• Ahmed Barhoum,
• Yen S. Chan,
• Alain Dufresne and
• Michael K. Danquah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1050–1074, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.98

• -object with three external nanoscale dimensions. The terms nanorod or nanoplate are employed, instead of nanoparticle (NP) when the longest and the shortest axes lengths of a nano-object are different. Nanofiber: When two similar exterior nanoscale dimensions and a third larger dimension are present in a

• nanomaterial, it is referred to as nanofiber. Nanocomposite: Multiphase structure with at least one phase on the nanoscale dimension. Nanostructure: Composition of interconnected constituent parts in the nanoscale region. Nanostructured materials: Materials containing internal or surface nanostructure. The use

Ultralight super-hydrophobic carbon aerogels based on cellulose nanofibers/poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide (CNFs/PVA/GO) for highly effective oil–water separation

• Zhaoyang Xu,
• Huan Zhou,
• Sicong Tan,
• Xiangdong Jiang,
• Weibing Wu,
• Jiangtao Shi and
• Peng Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 508–519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.49

• ]. Therefore, CNFs can potentially be an excellent nanofiber for high-performance polymer nanocomposites, thereby presenting unprecedented opportunities for the development of durable engineering materials from a renewable resource for structural, consumer, and medical applications [11][12]. There is a long

Engineering of oriented carbon nanotubes in composite materials

• Razieh Beigmoradi,
• Abdolreza Samimi and
• Davod Mohebbi-Kalhori

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 415–435, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.41

• and production ability of the fibers in semi-industrial quantities [44]. The two methods commonly used to make CNT/nanofiber are described below. Electrospinning: Electrospinning (ES) can be used to produce fibers from a viscous solution of polymer/CNTs, it is also employed for aligning CNTs in the

• fibers. In this method, a high voltage DC current (about 25 kV) is used between a charged polymer and a metallic collector to produce continuous filaments. Experiments revealed that the functionalized CNTs are aligned in the direction of the axis of the nanofiber polymers [45][46][47]. Figure 7 shows a

• can be effective in developing the method [111]. The magnetic field strength and sample size are the limiting parameters of this method. Moreover, as previously mentioned, the CNTs are aligned in the direction of the axis of electrospun nanofiber polymers. In new research, well-aligned electrospun

Dry adhesives from carbon nanofibers grown in an open ethanol flame

• Christian Lutz,
• Julia Syurik,
• C. N. Shyam Kumar,
• Christian Kübel,
• Michael Bruns and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2719–2728, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.271

• fabricated arrays of carbon nanofibers with different degrees of orientation. Inspired by the dry adhesive system of geckos we investigated the adhesive properties of such carbon nanofiber arrays with ordered and random orientation. AFM-based force spectroscopy revealed that adhesion force and energy rise

• linear with preload force. Carbon nanofibers oriented by a magnetic field show a 68% higher adhesion (0.66 N/cm2) than the randomly oriented fibers. Endurance tests revealed that the carbon nanofiber arrays withstand 50.000 attachment/detachment cycles without observable wear. Keywords: adhesion; atomic

• growth of CNFs in an open flame as discussed below. Randomly oriented CNFs were observed when no magnetic field was applied (Figure 3a). The catalytic particles can be seen at the end of each nanofiber, indicating a tip-growth mechanism of the CNFs. The bright points in the SEM images most likely

Fabrication of carbon nanospheres by the pyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile–poly(methyl methacrylate) core–shell composite nanoparticles

• Dafu Wei,
• Youwei Zhang and
• Jinping Fu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1897–1908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.190

• carbonization treatments, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) can be converted into carbon. High-performance carbon fibers, carbon nanofiber membranes, 3D-ordered carbon materials, and carbon nanoparticles have been fabricated from various PAN precursors [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. Discrete and well-defined carbon

Oxidative stabilization of polyacrylonitrile nanofibers and carbon nanofibers containing graphene oxide (GO): a spectroscopic and electrochemical study

• İlknur Gergin,
• Ezgi Ismar and
• A. Sezai Sarac

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1616–1628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.161

• during carbonization. Thus, the understanding of the oxidation mechanism is an essential part of the production of CNF. The oxidation process of polyacrylonitrile was studied and nanofiber webs containing graphene oxide (GO) are obtained to improve the electrochemical properties of CNF. Structural and

• interior pores filled with electrolyte. Keywords: carbon nanofiber; graphene oxide; oxidized polyacrylonitrile (PAN); Introduction Carbon nanofibers are of great interest because of their chemical similarity to fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanofibers (CNF) have promising electrochemical and

• micrometers and exhibit a high surface area and a high electrical conductivity. Also, nanofibers can be used with polymeric structures to generate composite materials to improve the electrochemical properties of polymeric structures [1][2][3]. Nanofiber-reinforced polymeric structures present improved

Fabrication of hierarchically porous TiO₂ nanofibers by microemulsion electrospinning and their application as anode material for lithium-ion batteries

• Jin Zhang,
• Yibing Cai,
• Xuebin Hou,
• Xiaofei Song,
• Pengfei Lv,
• Huimin Zhou and
• Qufu Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1297–1306, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.131

• electrospun into nanofibers by a custom-made electrospinning setup consisting of a high voltage power supply, a syringe pump and a grounded nanofiber collector covered with aluminium foil. During electrospinning, a positive voltage of 20 kV was applied between the needle tip and grounded collector at a

• the number of channels in each nanofiber decreased as the content of paraffin oil increased. This is because the pores stemmed from the vacancies of oil droplets after calcination, and a larger oil droplets were formed when more paraffin oil was added into the microemulsion [31]. The SEM image of

• unmodified TiO2 nanofibers in Figure 4g reveals solid structures without pores in the cross-section. This sample was used as reference in the following investigation. As shown in Figure 4h, a representative TEM image of a single porous nanofiber confirms that the pores inside the fibers were oriented and