Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• stood out [34]. These are not affected by moderate changes in pH or temperature, making them ideal for the protection of solubilized bioactives [35]. They also promote the protection of essential oils against oxidation caused by external factors, maintaining or increasing their functional properties [28

• ) increased cutaneous permeability of various molecules; (d) reduced emulsifier concentrations compared to that of macro- and microemulsions; (e) protection of molecules from adverse environmental conditions such as pH-induced hydrolysis and oxidation; and (f) versatile applications allowing administration in

• at 25 °C for 30 days. The nanoemulsion showed physicochemical stability with an initial average size of 64.1 nm (±6.3), polydispersity index of 0.21 (±0.04), and initial pH of 5.8. After 30 days, the average size increased to 71.8 ± 8.3 nm, with a polydispersity index of 0.18 ± 0.03 and pH of 4.9

Self-assembly and adhesive properties of Pollicipes pollicipes barnacle cement protein cp19k: influence of pH and ionic strength

• Shrutika Sawant,
• Anne Marie Power and
• J. Gerard Wall

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1863–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.129

• study, we investigated the influence of environmental parameters on the self-assembly of recombinant cp19k, a key adhesive protein in Pollicipes pollicipes. Using TEM imaging, a low pH (4.0) and high salt concentration (600 mM NaCl) environment, mimicking P. pollicipes gland conditions, was identified

• to promote the formation of extended, needle-like fibrils by the cp19k protein. The β-amyloid nature of fibrils formed under these conditions and at high pH/low salt concentration was confirmed by Thioflavin T assay. Non-fibrillar cp19k adhered most effectively to hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces

• under low pH/low salt concentration conditions, while pre-formed fibrils retained their adhesion ability upon switching to a high pH/high salt concentration environment, which was designed to mimic the change in the protein environment upon secretion in vivo. These findings support the hypothesis that

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• reduced the volume of synthetic flocculant sludge [76]. By applying magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles, 83.1–92.9% of MPs with particle sizes ranging from 100 to 1000 nm were removed thanks to adsorption with magnetic separation [77]. These mechanisms are influenced significantly by factors like pH, ionic

• treatment processes [70][72][118]. A comprehensive understanding of the adsorption mechanisms, including surface interactions and environmental factors like pH and ionic strength, is essential to optimize these nanomaterials. Additionally, scaling laboratory findings to real-world applications remains a

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• phase inversion composition (PIC) method, and then characterized and evaluated. The PHYT-NE had a mean droplet diameter close to 200 nm, a polydispersity index of less than 0.2, spherical shape, and a pH value compatible with cutaneous application. The formulation showed high colloidal stability for at

• was evaluated over a period of 30 days by monitoring droplet size, PdI, zeta potential, and pH values. In parallel, the samples were subjected to centrifugation at two different speeds (960 and 8600g) to simulate stress conditions. After centrifugation, droplet size, PdI, and ZP were assessed over a

• by nanoemulsions with a mean diameter between 84.3 and 241.6 nm [37]. In this context, PHYT-NE exhibits suitable droplet size, low PdI, spherical shape, and a pH value within the physiological range of human skin, which suggests that it is a promising formulation for transdermal administration route

Further insights into the thermodynamics of linear carbon chains for temperatures ranging from 13 to 300 K

• Alexandre Rocha Paschoal,
• Thiago Alves de Moura,
• Juan S. Rodríguez-Hernández,
• Carlos William de Araujo Paschoal,
• Yoong Ahm Kim,
• Morinobu Endo and
• Paulo T. Araujo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1818–1825, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.125

• parameter; linear carbon chains; Raman spectroscopy; Introduction Phonons, their mutual interactions (ph–ph interactions), and their interactions with electrons (e–ph interactions) play fundamental roles in how materials respond to electric (e.g., difference of potentials), thermal (e.g., temperature

• phonons, and gain and loss of energy of carriers [1][2][10][17][24][25][26][27][28]. The phonon lifetime as well as the selection rules behind ph–ph and e–ph interactions determine the efficiency of such phonon emission and absorption [1][2][10][17][24][25][26][27][28]. Phonons need to be in an excited

• temperature (T)-dependent phenomena are ruled by anharmonic ph–ph interactions, which are also driven by three- and four-phonon processes, and by e–ph interactions [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. Therefore, phonon assignments in

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• (GIT), such as mucus and the intestinal epithelium [2][3]. The complex biochemical environment includes pH variations (ranging from 1 to 2.5 in the stomach to 7 to 8 in the colon), metabolizing enzymes (such as pepsin, lipase, peptidase, and amylases), and surfactants like bile salts and those produced

• . Consequently, these properties affect interactions with mucin, pH, ionic strength, and physiological variables such as mucus thickness, clearance, and nanoparticle size, which collectively shape the mucoadhesive profile of polymers, enhancing cellular absorption [72][73]. Thus, the physicochemical

• achieve this by destabilizing the membrane (Figure 3B). This process involves nanoparticle disassembly triggered by a pH decrease, leading to membrane disruption through interactions between the hydrophobic regions of the free polymer and the lipid membrane. Consequently, lipophilic polymeric moieties and

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• advantages of high thermal, pH, and enzyme stability of RNA nanocarriers [106]. Li et al. first confirmed abnormal expression of miR-375 and EGFR in ESCC tissues, and modified EGFR aptamers on the surface of RNA nanovectors to achieve high loading and active targeting of miR-375 and PTX. MiR-375

• nanostructure has also been verified by other researchers in the treatment of triple negative breast cancer [128]. Scientists are also interested in intelligent drug delivery systems that control drug release by using pH [129], enzymes [130], hypoxia [131], or ATP as triggers to achieve on-demand therapy. Wang

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• 560 mg of monosodium phosphate, 284 mg of disodium phosphate, 500 mg of sodium chloride, 100 mg of disodium EDTA, and 0.1 mg of benzalkonium chloride in 100 mL of Milli-Q water (pH 7.3). To formulate 10 mL of ophthalmic nanoemulsion (OphtNE), 3.75 mL of the optimized pre-formulation (after 24 h at

• determined by electrophoretic mobility using the same instrument at 25 °C. Calculations were based on the Smoluchowski model. All measurements were performed in triplicate and expressed as mean ± standard deviation. pH Value The pH value of the pre-formulation and nanoformulations was measured using a

• digital pH meter (HI2221, Hanna Instruments, BR) equipped with a calibrated glass electrode and a temperature sensor. The electrode and sensor were immersed in the samples, and pH readings were recorded once the measurements stabilized. Transmission electron microscopy The morphology of the nanoemulsions

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• understanding of corrosion mechanisms. Lundgren’s and Pan’s groups studied in situ, in 17 mbar of water vapor, the electrochemical oxide growth and breakdown on Ni-Cr-Mo industrial alloys in a NaCl solution at different pH values, by following the anodic growth of the oxide film at potentials up to 700 mV vs Ag

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• traditional therapies. Advances in cancer nanotechnology include the development of smart nanocarriers capable of responding to internal stimuli (such as pH, redox potential, and enzymes) and external stimuli (such as magnetic fields, heat, or ultrasound), enabling precise and controlled drug release [16][17

• mechanisms involve inhibiting cell proliferation by disrupting the lysosomal system, increasing pH, and altering the lipid profile of cancer cells [113]. Additionally, ursolic acid can inhibit the differentiation of Th17 cells from the STAT3/RORβt pathway and the migration of these cells by down-regulating

Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion

• Philippe de Castro Mesquita,
• Karla Samara Rocha Soares,
• Manoela Torres-Rêgo,
• Emanuell dos Santos-Silva,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115

• ). The gel was stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 solution and scanned [48]. In vitro protein release To monitor the protein release profile, 1.5 mL of venom-loaded nanoparticles (0.1% PLA w/v, 1% venom w/w) were suspended in 1 mL of phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4, KH2PO4 0.05 mol⋅L−1), in a

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• environmental conditions and across a wide pH range, making them reliable materials for pollutant removal [83]. Sun et al. [84] studied the removal of MPs from water using a sustainable adsorbent composed of graphene oxide and chitin. The elastic nature of the sponge retains its high porosity, enabling

• impact their large-scale application. Additionally, their adsorption performance can decline under extreme pH conditions, necessitating pH adjustment to achieve optimal efficiency [114]. The mechanism involved in the removal of MPs using zeolite is shown in Figure 12. Membranes enhanced with carbon-based

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• photocatalytic degradation mechanism. Supporting Information File 1, Figure S7 explores the effect of the pH value on the OFL degradation efficiency. The highest degradation occurs at a slightly alkaline pH (pH 8), where ROS generation and pollutant adsorption onto TiO2 are the most favorable. Both strong acidic

• (pH 2) and highly basic (pH 12) conditions reduce the degradation efficiency, likely due to reduced ROS stability or altered surface interactions. It demonstrates that the carbon cloth-supported TiO2 nanowires are capable of functioning in wastewater with a wide pH range. The active radical species

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• bioresorbable electronic platforms [52]. However, the available range of bioresorbable metals remains limited. Mg and Zn exhibit rapid degradation under physiological conditions, with rates reaching approximately 1.2–12 µm/day (Mg; pH 7.4 simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37 °C) [54][55][56][57] and 3.5 µm/day (Zn

• ; pH 7.4 phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 37 °C) [37][53]. In contrast, Mo and W degrade significantly more slowly with dissolution rates of 0.001 µm/day (Mo; pH 7 buffer at rt) [58] and 0.48–1.44 µm/day (W; pH 7.4 SBF at rt) [59], which is advantageous for long-term device stability but poses

• , and high-throughput manufacturing of bioresorbable electronics, supporting both scalability and device integration. Early demonstrations have successfully produced temperature [6][14][27][75][76], strain [6][14][27][77][78], and pH sensors [6][27][75][79] based on silicon and bioresorbable metals

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• , which can be later released by altering the pH of the solution. Numerous nanomaterials have been explored and modified by introducing a high number of binding sites (functional groups) and/or generating a porous structure to enhance the adsorption of heavy metal ions [14][15]. Although such modified

• added mass of the dendrimerized CNTs (adsorbent), pH of the aqueous medium, and reaction time of the adsorption process, and the results are summarized in Figure 3. The adsorption efficiency of the dendrimerized derivatives CNTs-G1 to CNTs-G5 improved from as their mass was increased from 5.0 to 20.0 mg

• (Figure 3a,b). However, the adsorption efficiency plateaued when the mass was further increased from 20.0 to 40.0 mg. Based on these findings, the optimal mass of adsorbent was selected to be 20.0 mg for the subsequent adsorption experiments. Further, the influence of pH of the aqueous medium on the

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

• pH 5 in MES buffer, to form the amine-reactive NHS ester, which could then be coupled to PPA at pH 7.8, in MOPS buffer. For clarity, simplified schemes are used to label spectra of different IONP preparations throughout this text, in which IONPs are represented by black spheres, the bound ligands are

• the intended pathway, that is, EDC/NHS coupling to the 3,4-DHBA carboxylate group. For this purpose, IONP-3,4-DHBA was first incubated in MES buffer (pH 5), in the absence of EDC and NHS, to mimic the activation conditions, and subsequently reacted with PPA in MOPS buffer at pH 7.8. Once again, the

• described above, we tried another commonly used disulfide reducing agent, TCEP (Figure 1g). TCEP is typically used as a disulfide reducing agent in biochemical applications, as a non-thiol-containing substitute for DTT [68]. TCEP is also more stable than DTT, which readily oxidizes at pH >7.5, and is a more

Nanomaterials for biomedical applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Filippo Pierini,
• Seda Kizilel and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1499–1503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.105

• react to certain bodily conditions, for example, changes in pH or enzymes. As a result, drugs only target affected parts of the body, lowering the damage to healthy cells. Additionally, the surface of these nanoparticles can be modified by attaching antibodies or ligands, which allows these

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• biochar with a surface area of 368.3 m2·g−1 for sawdust [32]. Post-synthesis modification: Pre-synthesized biochar is immersed in ferric and ferrous solutions at pH 10–11 for 24 h, resulting in Fe3O4 deposition on the biochar surface [45]. The incorporation of functional groups significantly enhances the

• illustrates the effectiveness of biochar in counteracting the physical degradation caused by MPs. In terms of soil chemical properties, MPs influence pH, organic matter content, and macronutrient levels, including nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). For example, 3–7% low-density polyethylene (LDPE

• optimal removal observed for adsorbents with surface areas of 539 m2·g−1 [71]. Biochar derived from jujube waste pyrolyzed at 700 °C achieved more than 99% removal efficiency for PE, compared to 98% for biochar produced at 300 °C, at the optimal pH 7 [72]. Notably, PE removal efficiency was lower than

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• hydrochloride power (98%, Sigma-Aldrich) to 10 mL 0.01 M phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4, Sigma-Aldrich). This stock dopamine solution was added into 30 mL 0.01 M phosphate-buffered saline solution to get desired concentrations. Same Ag/AgCl reference and platinum counter electrodes as above were used in

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• ][32][33][34]. In comparison, no peaks of Ag are observed in CTA and PCTA (Figure 3c,d). Under alkaline conditions (pH > 7.5), dopamine can spontaneously polymerize into PDA in the presence of oxygen (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1a) [31][35][36]. During the preparation of PCTA, alkaline

• of water, followed by gradual addition of dilute hydrochloric acid until the solution reached a pH of 8.5. Subsequently, 10 mg of dopamine hydrochloride (98%) was dissolved in 5 mL of the tris/HCl solution to prepare a 2 mg·mL−1 dopamine solution. The CTA membrane surface was then coated with the

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• nanoparticles constructed with pH-sensitive polymers can be engineered to degrade in acidic environments, such as those found at infection sites. Additionally, certain bacteria at these sites express enzymes like lipase and hyaluronidase, which can be leveraged to design enzyme-sensitive antibiotic delivery

• , which improves cellular uptake and facilitates drug release within the target site [90]. The incorporation of stimuli-responsive agents in the pores also enables MSiNPs to release therapeutic agents upon exposure to specific environmental cues, such as pH or temperature. These interesting features for

• high positive surface charges suitable for drug delivery. Notably, CAT–Zn-loaded β-CS-NPs displayed significantly enhanced antibacterial activity, with MIC and MBC values as low as 0.031 and 0.063 mg/mL, respectively. The system maintained good stability under acidic conditions (pH 2.0–4.5), further

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• PEG can sometimes limit the targetability of liposomes [114]. Another innovation is the development of stimuli-responsive liposomes, which release their payload in response to triggers like pH, temperature, or enzymatic activity. Stimuli-responsive technology, based on specific physiological

• conditions found in tumors compared to healthy tissue, aids in the spatiotemporal release of cargo. For example, pH-sensitive liposomes use the acidic tumor microenvironment to achieve targeted drug release, reducing systemic toxicity and enhancing therapeutic impact [134][135]. According to recent studies

• oxidation or hydrolysis processes. After the hydrolysis of free fatty acids, compounds are formed that are toxic to the human body and lower the pH value of the environment. Antioxidants such as flavonoids and vitamins C and E can be included in the formulation of liposomes to stop oxidation [138]. While

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• ) were used to adjust the pH during deposition. Ethanol (C2H5OH, 99.9%, Merck) and deionized (DI) water were used for cleaning and dilution, respectively. Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrates (7 Ω·sq−1, Pilkington) served as the conductive support for electrodeposition. Fabrication of BiVO4

• photoanodes The BiVO4 film was deposited using electrochemical deposition. A solution of 0.2962 g Bi(NO3)3 dissolved in 50 mL distilled water was ultrasonicated for 30 min. Subsequently, 400 mM KI and 5% HNO3 were added to adjust the pH to 2. Additionally, 50 mM p-benzoquinone (0.2 g) was dissolved in 10 mL

• electrochemical workstation (CHI650E, CH Instruments, USA). The three electrodes included a working electrode (BiVO4 photoelectrode, 1.0 × 1.0 cm2), counter electrode (Pt plate), and reference electrode (Ag/AgCl). The electrolyte used in the photoelectrochemical measurements was 0.50 M Na2SO4 (pH 5.6), and the

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• 80®: Tween 80®), and 90% deionized water. The organic phase, composed of bocaiúva oil and surfactants, was stirred at 400 rpm at 35 °C for 20 min. The aqueous phase (deionized water with conductivity below 0.4 μS and pH 6.5) was added to the organic phase at 1 mL/min under continuous magnetic

• to each well [41]. The plates were incubated for 1 h at 37 °C and were centrifuged at 3000 rpm at 5 °C for 15 min. After centrifugation, the concentration was suspended in 50 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4). The amount of hemoglobin was determined at 540 nm using a docetaxel (DTX) 880