Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• ionizable lipids or pH-sensitive polymers, have also been investigated. While promising, these methods face significant hurdles, including toxicity, instability under physiological conditions, reduced drug loading capacity, and complex synthesis processes that hinder widespread adoption [7][8]. Given the

• using anionic SO, a pH-sensitive lipid-based molecule with amphipathic characteristics, as an innovative agent for overcoming endosomal entrapment. At physiological pH, SO carries a negative charge, limiting its interaction with cell membranes. However, within the acidic endosomal environment, SO

• distinct liposomal variants to evaluate key nanocarrier quality attributes, including particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential. These assessments were conducted at both physiological pH (7.4) and acidic pH (5), as summarized in Table 1. At physiological pH (7.4), the unmodified

Attempts to preserve and visualize protein corona on the surface of biological nanoparticles in blood serum using photomodification

• Julia E. Poletaeva,
• Anastasiya V. Tupitsyna,
• Alina E. Grigor’eva,
• Ilya S. Dovydenko and
• Elena I. Ryabchikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1654–1666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.130

• because this is the concentration of serum used in cell cultivation, and we plan to study the protein corona on bio-NPs in culture medium in the future. The sera were diluted with 0.01 M phosphate buffer (PBS), pH 7.4, from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Prior to the experiments, all serum samples were processed to

Natural nanofibers embedded in the seed mucilage envelope: composite hydrogels with specific adhesive and frictional properties

• Agnieszka Kreitschitz and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1603–1618, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.126

• the higher contact area [36][129]. It cannot be excluded that many other factors (pH, temperature, humidity, or substrate type) can also influence the adhesive properties of the mucilage envelope. The role of mucilage envelope in the seeds dispersal Fruits and seeds exhibit diverse mechanisms allowing

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• described in [61]. For the preparation of extracts, the plant powder was mixed with the extragents, that is, 96%, 70% and 50% ethanol, diluted in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) in a 1:30 (w/v) ratio and exposed to ultrasound at 75 W (ultrasonic homogenizer, Sonic-150W, MRC, Israel). After 24 h of incubation on

• placed in 10 mM K/P buffer (pH 7.2) at 4 °C to study peroxidase enzyme activity. Determination of biochemical markers of liver function Biochemical analysis to determine the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT; EC 2.6.1.2), aspartate aminotransferase (AST; EC 2.6.1.1), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT

• ) according to the attached BioSystems protocols. Determination of glutathione peroxidase activity in liver tissue To determine the activity of liver glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (EC 1.11.1.9), tissue samples weighing 1–2 g were homogenized in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) on ice using a Potter

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• 94.33 mg/g at a pH of 8.5 and 0.4 g/L adsorbent [16]. These studies confirmed that ʟ-carnosine adsorbed on metal surfaces has widespread environmental applications. However, magnetic nanoparticles or MOFs coated with ʟ-carnosine were applicable only for environmental remediation but were incapable of

• ʟ-car-AgNPs. This suggests that the nanoparticles were capped with ʟ-carnosine. Figure 4b shows the Raman spectrum of pure ʟ-carnosine in solid and aqueous phases at normal and alkaline pH values. The prominent Raman bands in solid ʟ-carnosine are observed at 3204 cm−1 (symmetric NH2 stretching

• ring deformation), 854 cm−1 (NH2 wag), 623 cm−1 (amide NH out of plane bend), 528 cm−1 (amide NCO bend), 339 cm−1 (CO2 bend) and 273 cm−1 (imz ring rotation). The Raman spectra of a saturated solution of ʟ-carnosine at normal (and alkaline) pH shown in Figure 4b display strong peaks at 3265 (3266

The round-robin approach applied to nanoinformatics: consensus prediction of nanomaterials zeta potential

• Dimitra-Danai Varsou,
• Arkaprava Banerjee,
• Joyita Roy,
• Kunal Roy,
• Giannis Savvas,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Ewelina Wyrzykowska,
• Mateusz Balicki,
• Tomasz Puzyn,
• Georgia Melagraki,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1536–1553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.121

• [36], the following four were included in this study because of the completeness of the data (absence of data gaps): the NMs’ core chemistry, coating, morphology, and hydrodynamic diameter measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS). The ZP of the NMs was measured in water (pH 6.5–8.5). To enrich

Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection

• Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen,
• Tien Dat Doan,
• Huy Hieu Luu,
• Hoang Anh Nguyen,
• Thi Thu Ha Vu,
• Quang Hai Tran,
• Ha Tran Nguyen,
• Thanh Binh Dang,
• Thi Hai Yen Pham and
• Mai Ha Hoang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1522–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.120

• peak in PBS is higher, sharper, and more symmetric compared to that in BR. Therefore, PBS was selected as the optimal electrolyte for subsequent experiments. Effect of pH of the electrolyte on the ENR signal The effect of pH on the ENR signal was investigated by performing SW-AdSV using the (Cu)(Fe)BTC

• @CPE electrode in a 1 µM ENR solution in PBS at different pH values (Figure 9a). The height of the ENR peak was significantly affected, as shown in Figure 9b. The ENR peak current increased significantly while the pH changed from 5 to 7 and reached the highest value at pH 7. As the pH value increased

• further, the peak current gradually decreased to nearly a half at pH 9. Therefore, PBS solution with pH 7 was selected for the experiments in the next section. The Nernst equation describes the relationship between the peak potential Ep and pH as follows: Ep (V) = 0.059(m/n) pH + b, where n and m denote

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• physiological conditions, such as varying pH levels, temperature, and enzymatic activity. Degradation reduces the effective concentration of the phytochemical, diminishing its therapeutic potential [28][29]. Rapid metabolism and clearance further complicate phytochemical delivery. Phytochemicals are often

• PLHNPs can also involve the incorporation of stimuli-responsive moieties onto the nanoparticle surface. These moieties enable the nanoparticles to respond to specific stimuli, such as pH changes, temperature shifts, or enzyme activity, thereby triggering controlled drug release at the target site [70][71

• developed redox-sensitive targeted PLHNPs represented a much higher accumulation of the drug in the tumor due to targetability and higher drug release at tumor pH. Consequently, the redox-sensitive targeted PLHNPs showed much better therapeutic efficacy compared to non-targeted and non-redox-sensitive

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• limited insights as some factors, such as injection position and the effect of the mucus layer, were not considered [84]. The study also highlighted that the chitosan coating favored the penetration in the mucosa. This was attributed to the swelling of chitosan at the pH value of the healthy nose and the

• showed higher encapsulation efficiency for the positively charged ghrelin at pH 7.4, indicating that the choice of the anionic/cationic liposomes should be based on the desired application as well as the encapsulated substance. Moreover, a chitosan chloride coating increased mucin adsorption by

• approximately 30% compared to non-coated counterparts, where this derivative was chosen because of its solubility at physiological nasal pH [97]. Additionally, the powder form of the formulation showed stronger mucin adhesion and better enzymatic degradation protection [98]. Moreover, researchers developed in

A biomimetic approach towards a universal slippery liquid infused surface coating

• Ryan A. Faase,
• Madeleine H. Hummel,
• AnneMarie V. Hasbrook,
• Andrew P. Carpenter and
• Joe E. Baio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1376–1389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.111

• at a pH of 8.5. PDA-coated samples were rinsed with DI and then introduced to a 10 mM aqueous solution of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecanethiol (FDT) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and triethylamine [19]. Following FDT functionalization, the samples were thoroughly rinsed and sonicated in DI water and

• . FXIIa assays were performed using methods adapted from Bates and colleagues [33]. A solution of FXII (200 nM), prekallikrein (PK) (50 nM), and high-molecular-weight kininogen (HMWK) (50 nM) in vacuum-filtered and degassed buffer (25 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, and 0.1% BSA) was prepared, and 120 μL

• use. Fibrin generation experiments were performed on a FlexStation 3 (Molecular Devices) using methods adapted from Bates et al. and Sask et al. [33][35]. 50 μL of PPP from fresh human blood samples from two donors was added to wells with or without surfaces, along with 50 μL buffer (25 mM HEPES pH

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

• change in absorption wavelength. The color of gold and silver nanoparticles highly depends on shape, size, and pH value, which are directly influenced by the ligand–metal interaction [22]. Another essential factor is surface capping, which provides colloidal stability and the surface for ionic

• . Then, CTAB-AgNS, CTAB-AuNS, CTAB-AuNR1, and CTAB-AuNR2 were dispersed and examined regarding colorimetric/spectrophotometric changes. CTAB-AgNS, CTAB-AuNS, CTAB-AuNR1, and CTAB-AuNR2 were used with aliquots of NaOH (1 M) in a volume range of 5–50 μL. The pH of a sample was not measured because a volume

• of 5 μL NaOH already yielded pH 12. Consequently, we chose the volume of NaOH as a parameter instead of the pH value. Catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol The catalytic activity of CTAB-AgNS, CTAB-AuNS, CTAB-AuNR1, and CTAB-AuNR2 was determined by reducing 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4

Interaction of graphene oxide with tannic acid: computational modeling and toxicity mitigation in C. elegans

• Romana Petry,
• James M. de Almeida,
• Francine Côa,
• Felipe Crasto de Lima,
• Diego Stéfani T. Martinez and
• Adalberto Fazzio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1297–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.105

• GO surface composition after interaction with TA. Colloidal Stability The study of the colloidal behavior of the material in relevant biological media (regarding, e.g., salinity, pH, or biomolecules) is essential to understand its toxicological outcomes since the aggregation state of this material

Functional morphology of cleaning devices in the damselfly Ischnura elegans (Odonata, Coenagrionidae)

• Silvana Piersanti,
• Gianandrea Salerno,
• Wencke Krings,
• Stanislav Gorb and
• Manuela Rebora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1260–1272, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.102

• % glutaraldehyde in sodium cacodylate buffer (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA, USA) with a pH of 7.2, repeatedly rinsed in sodium cacodylate buffer and post-fixed for 1 h at 4 °C in 1% osmium tetroxide in sodium cacodylate buffer (Electron Microscopy Sciences). Fixed samples were repeatedly rinsed in

• Foretibiae were dissected from anaesthetised specimens (ten males and ten females), fixed for 12 h in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in cacodylate buffer (Electron Microscopy Sciences) at pH 7.2, repeatedly rinsed in the same buffer and dehydrated using ascending ethanol gradients (20%, 50%, 70%, 80%, 95%, and 100

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• adsorbed protein, and the supernatant was discarded. The bead+protein set was then incubated with 50 mM (hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer (Tris, pH 7.4) + 0.03% bovine serum albumin (BSA) + 0.1% Triton X for 60 min at room temperature and under manual agitation. Then, the supernatant was removed, and the

• penicillin and streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich) and ii) human plasma. The human plasma was in compliance with ethics in research committee (CEP) of UNICAMP/Brazil. Particularly, the plasma was diluted (final percentage of 5.5%) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4, 10 mM) for incubation with particles. The

• DMEM culture medium (10% FBS) at 37 °C for 10 min, using the thermoblock Thermomixer C (Eppendorf). Posteriorly, the precipitate was washed with PBS (pH 7.4, 10 mM) to remove excess proteins weakly adsorbed on SiO2NPs. The washing procedure was performed by centrifugation (14000 rpm for 10 min at 4 °C

A low-kiloelectronvolt focused ion beam strategy for processing low-thermal-conductance materials with nanoampere currents

• Annalena Wolff,
• Nico Klingner,
• William Thompson,
• Yinghong Zhou,
• Jinying Lin and
• Yin Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1197–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.97

• was purified by NaCl precipitation at acidic and then neutral pH. Collagen sponges were prepared using purified type-I collagen, glutaraldehyde fixation, and freeze drying, also as previously described [17]. Stopping and range of ions in matter (SRIM) simulations of 5 keV gallium ions in skin The

Synthesis, characterization and anticancer effect of doxorubicin-loaded dual stimuli-responsive smart nanopolymers

• Ömür Acet,
• Pavel Kirsanov,
• Burcu Önal Acet,
• Inessa Halets-Bui,
• Dzmitry Shcharbin,
• Şeyda Ceylan Cömert and
• Mehmet Odabaşı

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1189–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.96

• extremely useful for drug delivery and release. We analyzed the possibility to include the known antitumor drug doxorubicin (DOX), which has antimitotic and antiproliferative effects, in a nanopolymer complex. Thus, doxorubicin-loaded temperature- and pH-sensitive smart nanopolymers (DOX-SNPs) were produced

• step, the cytotoxicity of the DOX–nanopolymer complexes against the HeLa cancer cell line at different concentrations and incubation times was studied. The DOX release depended on temperature and pH value of the release medium, with the highest release at pH 6.0 and 41 °C. This effect was similar to

• ; temperature- and pH-sensitive nanopolymer; Introduction Almost one in six deaths worldwide is from cancer, and cancer caused approximately 10 million deaths in 2020. Today, nanotechnology is emerging as an effective way to enable rapid diagnosis and treatment of cancer diseases [1][2][3]. The chemotherapy

Quantum-to-classical modeling of monolayer Ge₂Se₂ and its application in photovoltaic devices

• Anup Shrivastava,
• Shivani Saini,
• Dolly Kumari,
• Sanjai Singh and
• Jost Adam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1153–1169, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.94

• causes crystal deformation and significantly shifts the electronic energy dispersion. This change in the energy band edge with the differential displacement is characterized through the electron–phonon coupling Hamiltonian (Hel−ph) as: where Edp is the deformation potential and is the displacement at

• the spatial coordinate and time t. Further, van de Walle [79] suggested that the electron–phonon coupling Hamiltonian (Hel−ph) can be simplified to where ∂E(k) is the induced band edge shift due to the acoustic phonon and ∂V/V0 is the fractional change in the unit cell volume due to the strain

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• parts of the human body. Despite several advantages, such as simplicity of administration and patient acceptance, conventional DDSs have significant limitations and disadvantages. They have limited efficacy through varying absorption rates of the drugs when given orally. Also, a low-pH environment and

• alginate solution, and the nanoparticle formation reaction is initiated by adjusting the pH. During the reaction, sodium alginate acts as a reducing agent, as it contains carboxylic groups that can interact with the divalent cations and reduce them to form nanoparticles. After the formation of metal nuclei

• , these nuclei grow and accumulate within the alginate matrix, resulting in the formation of alginate-based nanoparticles. The morphology and size of the nanoparticles can be controlled by adjusting various specifications of materials such as the concentration of alginate, metal ion precursor, pH, and

Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• NP ends up in may be important to conduct the warranted function. Lipid-based NPs carrying mRNA may have to enter tubular structures in endosomes [3], whereas degradable NPs containing drugs that are not inactivated by low pH or by lysosomal enzymes, may obtain an optimal effect by being transferred

Recent progress on field-effect transistor-based biosensors: device perspective

• Billel Smaani,
• Fares Nafa,
• Mohamed Salah Benlatrech,
• Ismahan Mahdi,
• Hamza Akroum,
• Mohamed walid Azizi,
• Khaled Harrar and
• Sayan Kanungo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 977–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.80

• simulations (EDAS) [77][78]. Furthermore, an amplifier with common-source architecture has been incorporated into a simple analog circuit for the amplification of the threshold-voltage change, leading to the measurement of pH change at the level of the biosensor surface. Thus, two different circuits for

• wet etching via the tetramethylammonium hydroxide method. This structure offers anti-interference and strong capability, demonstrating inherent ambipolarity through CYFRA21-1 and pH sensing. The device proposed by Gao et al. [84] provides enhanced operational conditions compared to classical FET-based

Therapeutic effect of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles on folate receptor-expressing cancer cells

• Thi Ngoc Han Pham,
• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan Thang Cao,
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen,
• Vy Tran Anh and
• Hieu Vu_Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 954–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.78

• content in the formulation was determined according to Drug release from nanoparticles The F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 were kept in diluted 0.1× PBS (NaCl 13.7 mM, KCl 0.27 mM, NaH2PO4 1 mM, and KHPO4 0.18 mM) and incubated at 37 °C for various time points, (24, 48, 72, and 168 h) at 37 °C at pH 7.4 and

• pH 5.4. After that, the nanoparticles were centrifuged at 12,000 rpm, and the pellets were collected and freeze-dried. The drugs that remained in the nanoparticle were determined as described above. Cell culture The human breast carcinoma MCF7 cell line, the human hepatoma HepG2 cell line, and the

• ). In order to mimic the conditions of drug release in vitro, the experiments were performed at 37 °C at pH 7.4 and pH 5.4. pH 7.4 represents the pH of physiological fluids in the body, while pH 5.4 is the pH value of the endosome. The CHL release was obtained by estimating the remaining CHL in the

A review on the structural characterization of nanomaterials for nano-QSAR models

• Salvador Moncho,
• Eva Serrano-Candelas,
• Jesús Vicente de Julián-Ortiz and
• Rafael Gozalbes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 854–866, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.71

• measured in a test medium or in different media, such as water at a specific pH or purity level [15][64][77]. A further step, proposed as an example of combining preexisting structure–activity predictive models in networks, is the prediction of the zeta potential in the relevant medium using a model that

• group the data into categories [60]. Related measures are the isoelectric point, which corresponds to the pH at which a nanoparticle suspension has zero zeta potential [15][17], the surface charge [31][36][63], the conductivity [77], and the electrophoretic mobility [77]. Magnetic properties are also

• indicate the absence or presence of a certain condition such as centrifugation, stirring, sonication, dispersion, or presence of additives [17][39][65][87]. Numerical descriptors used to encode the test environments include the ionic strength [17], the amount of organic matter [17], and the pH value. More

Electrospun polysuccinimide scaffolds containing different salts as potential wound dressing material

• Veronika Pálos,
• Krisztina S. Nagy,
• Rita Pázmány,
• Krisztina Juriga-Tóth,
• Bálint Budavári,
• Judit Domokos,
• Dóra Szabó,
• Ákos Zsembery and
• Angela Jedlovszky-Hajdu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 781–796, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.65

• pellet was filtered and washed using a vacuum filter to remove the phosphoric acid catalyst and the unreacted ʟ-aspartic acid monomeric molecules. Then, the pellet was mixed in distilled water for 10 min. This step was repeated until the pH of the filtrate changed from acidic to neutral. Finally, the PSI

• conductivity of the solution was determined with the SevenCompact Duo S213 Benchtop pH/mV/Conductivity Meter Cond Sensor InLab® 710 (Mettler Toledo, USA) and the viscosity with the Sine-wave Vibro Viscometer SV-10 (A&D Company, Limited, Japan). The conductivity and viscosity values of the solutions are in the

• S213 Benchtop pH/mV/Conductivity Meter; Cond Sensor InLab® 710, Mettler Toledo, USA). The salt-containing scaffolds were wrapped into silk paper and dropped into 20 mL of distilled water to investigate how the salts can be dissolved from them. The solutions were stirred at 100 rpm such that the salt

Green synthesis of biomass-derived carbon quantum dots for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue

• Dalia Chávez-García,
• Mario Guzman,
• Viridiana Sanchez and
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 755–766, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.63

• of MB in aqueous media. The tests were separately conducted using sunlight and incandescent light (tungsten halogen lamp, 40 W). Previous to exposure, the reaction mixture was kept under vigorous stirring in the absence of light for 20 min to discard any adsorption effect. On the other hand, the pH

• value of the reaction mixture was kept constant during the test (pH 7). To initiate the catalytic process, each CQD sample was individually applied to the degradation of the MB dye. The UV–vis absorption spectrum of the dye was monitored using a spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific Evolution model 220

Effect of repeating hydrothermal growth processes and rapid thermal annealing on CuO thin film properties

• Monika Ozga,
• Eunika Zielony,
• Aleksandra Wierzbicka,
• Anna Wolska,
• Marcin Klepka,
• Marek Godlewski,
• Bogdan J. Kowalski and
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 743–754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.62

• (Chempur) with a concentration of Cu(II) ions of 1 mM was prepared. The mixture was then precipitated by adding NaOH until a pH of 6.5 was attained. Subsequently, the so-prepared solution along with the substrate was placed in a reaction vessel and uniformly heated utilizing an induction cooker (heating