Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

• Matthias Schmidt,
• James M. Byrne and
• Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

• ). Ion collisions with a nucleus in the sample result in (back-)scattering of the primary ion, displacement of atoms in the sample, sputtering of material and generation of phonons (heat). However, incoming ions also undergo many interactions with electrons in the sample, leading to the generation of

Selective detection of complex gas mixtures using point contacts: concept, method and tools

• Alexander P. Pospelov,
• Victor I. Belan,
• Dmytro O. Harbuz,
• Volodymyr L. Vakula,
• Lyudmila V. Kamarchuk,
• Yuliya V. Volkova and
• Gennadii V. Kamarchuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1631–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.146

• contacts display quantum properties that enable the direct measurement of the interaction between electrons and various quasiparticles, such as phonons or magnons [5][6], the observation of the spectral aspects of processes occurring in the superconducting state [7][8], and the extraction of spectral

• breath, one should first consider the point-contact spectrum of the electron–phonon interaction in indium [63] (Figure 1a). The abscissa directly characterizes the energy of the phonons that interact with the electrons, which in turn obtain an excess energy of the order of eVpc when accelerated by the

• electric field in the Yanson point contact. Here e is the electron charge and Vpc is the voltage applied to the contact. Thus, each section of the curve reflects the energy parameters of a certain group of phonons. This fact allows, for example, the determination of phonon groups with energy values that

Nonadiabatic superconductivity in a Li-intercalated hexagonal boron nitride bilayer

• Kamila A. Szewczyk,
• Izabela A. Domagalska,
• Artur P. Durajski and
• Radosław Szczęśniak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1178–1189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.102

• Matsubara frequency. In the case of the phonon-induced superconducting state, the limitation of considerations to the order of g2 is justified by the Migdal theorem [56]. The Migdal theorem applies when the ratio λωD/εF is of the order of 0.01. This means that the energy of the phonons is so small that the

• Migdal–Eliashberg approximation is based on the replacement of the mixed Green’s function by the product of the full electron Green’s function Gk(iωn)(iωn) and the phonon propagator for the non-interacting phonons: We have extended this step. In particular, we have strictly determined the equation of

• . In addition, means the Fermi–Dirac function and is the Bose–Einstein function. The symbol represents the higher-order phonon Green’s function. It was designated by us assuming no interaction between phonons. The function Dk(ωm) is given by the formula The isotropic form of contributions of the

Monolayers of MoS₂ on Ag(111) as decoupling layers for organic molecules: resolution of electronic and vibronic states of TCNQ

• Asieh Yousofnejad,
• Gaël Reecht,
• Nils Krane,
• Christian Lotze and
• Katharina J. Franke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1062–1071, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.91

• ascribed to a combination of its rather large thickness of three atomic layers, its electronic bandgap, and its non-ionic nature. Together, these properties prohibited fast electronic relaxations into the metal and coupling to phonons, which otherwise led to lifetime broadening [27][28]. The electronic

Band tail state related photoluminescence and photoresponse of ZnMgO solid solution nanostructured films

• Vadim Morari,
• Aida Pantazi,
• Nicolai Curmei,
• Vitalie Postolache,
• Emil V. Rusu,
• Marius Enachescu,
• Ion M. Tiginyanu and
• Veaceslav V. Ursaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 899–910, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.75

• films with various compositions at temperatures at which the emission spectra were measured (20 K and 300 K), and their correlations with the energy of the incident excitation photons (3.81 eV) and the energy of photons scattered by 1LO (3.74 eV) and 2LO (3.67 eV) phonons, Table 4 summarizes the

A Josephson junction based on a highly disordered superconductor/low-resistivity normal metal bilayer

• Pavel M. Marychev and
• Denis Yu. Vodolazov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 858–865, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.71

• can neglect heat flow to phonons and substrate in the constriction (the main cooling of the junction comes from the diffusion of hot electrons to SN banks). In the SN bilayer DN ≫ DS and heat diffusion occurs mainly along the N layer. With above assumptions we obtain the following equation for δTe

• : where is the electron heat conductivity of the S layer in the normal state, and N(0) is the one-spin density of states on the Fermi level, is the thermal healing length, β = [γτesc 450ζ(5)T/[τ0π4Tc0], ζ(5) ≈ 1.03, τesc is the escape time of nonequilibrium phonons to the substrate, γ = 8π2Ce(Tc0)/Cp(Tc0

Light–matter interactions in two-dimensional layered WSe₂ for gauging evolution of phonon dynamics

• Avra S. Bandyopadhyay,
• Chandan Biswas and
• Anupama B. Kaul

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 782–797, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.63

• well-understood that the underlying factors governing the optical, electronic and thermal properties of solid-state materials are strongly influenced by phonons and their spatio-temporal response toward external stimuli. Raman and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy has been a remarkable tool to gauge

• influenced by damping mechanisms. The FWHM is expected to be infinitesimally small for activated phonons in a dissipationless medium, and the crystal elastic waves of the harmonic oscillator model for the allowable phonon modes would thus yield an exceptionally large τ. However, natural systems inherently

• electric filed [18]. Similarly, the Raman linewidths in graphene are found to increase with defects resulting from electron–impurity and electron–phonon scattering [19]. Moreover, the Raman linewidth broadening is also attributed to the confinement of the optical phonons. Specifically, in the case of low

Hexagonal boron nitride: a review of the emerging material platform for single-photon sources and the spin–photon interface

• Stefania Castelletto,
• Faraz A. Inam,
• Shin-ichiro Sato and
• Alberto Boretti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 740–769, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.61

• characteristics are strongly related to the luminescence mechanism and the interaction to phonons, the effect of temperature on SPEs should be clarified. Further, spectral studies of SPEs and their coherent control are essential to establish a spin–photon interface for future quantum networks. In this respect

• phonons. The temperature dependence can result in spectral instability and diffusion. They found that the line width of ZPLs was wider than their natural linewidth, suggesting that the broadening of the line width is attributed to the phonon-mediated mechanism. Kianinia et al. [106] demonstrated stable

• lattice phonons appeared, while the g(2)(0) values and the emission lifetimes were unchanged up to 800 K. The decrease in emission intensity accompanied by heating was caused by the increase in nonradiative transition rate, and the activation energies for 1.94 eV and 1.75 eV emitters were revealed to be

Comparison of fresh and aged lithium iron phosphate cathodes using a tailored electrochemical strain microscopy technique

• Matthias Simolka,
• Hanno Kaess and
• Kaspar Andreas Friedrich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 583–596, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.46

• mechanisms are piezoelectricity, flexoelectricity and electrostriction. Further contributions are possible by deformation potential generation, electron–hole formation, coupling of electrons and phonons, electrochemical side reactions in the tip–sample junction, electrostatic interaction, and volume

An advanced structural characterization of templated meso-macroporous carbon monoliths by small- and wide-angle scattering techniques

• Felix M. Badaczewski,
• Marc O. Loeh,
• Torben Pfaff,
• Dirk Wallacher,
• Daniel Clemens and
• Bernd M. Smarsly

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 310–322, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.23

• carbon materials. The disorder-induced D band arises from breathing vibrations of carbon rings and the G band resulting from carbon-chain vibrations prove the sp2-hybridized turbostratic microstructure. The G′ band is an overtone, where two phonons are involved. It scales with the number of layers in a

Variation of the photoluminescence spectrum of InAs/GaAs heterostructures grown by ion-beam deposition

• Alexander S. Pashchenko,
• Leonid S. Lunin,
• Eleonora M. Danilina and
• Sergei N. Chebotarev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2794–2801, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.261

• . In accordance with the selection rule, modes of longitudinal optical phonons (LO) and longitudinal acoustic phonons (LA) are allowed in the heterointerfaces. The Raman spectroscopy results are shown in Figure 3b. In addition to the allowed modes, forbidden transverse optical (TO) modes for optical

• phonons of bulk-like GaAs (268 cm−1) and GaBi (182 cm−1) are also observed. This indicates a change in the selection rule under Raman scattering in the InAs/GaAs system caused by lattice strain during the incorporation of Bi into the GaAs matrix. In the spectra we can clearly see the longitudinal modes of

• optical phonons of bulk GaAs (LO) at 283 cm−1, InAs QDs (LO) at 248 cm−1 and GaBi at 235 cm−1. Effects not detectable in the Raman spectrum of the InAs/GaAs heterostructure appear in the spectra of InAs/GaAs1−xBix samples in the interval of 150–250 cm−1. An increase in xBi is accompanied by the Raman

Nanoantenna structures for the detection of phonons in nanocrystals

• Alexander G. Milekhin,
• Sergei A. Kuznetsov,
• Ilya A. Milekhin,
• Larisa L. Sveshnikova,
• Tatyana A. Duda,
• Ekaterina E. Rodyakina,
• Alexander V. Latyshev,
• Volodymyr M. Dzhagan and
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2646–2656, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.246

• (SEIRA) by optical phonons of semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) deposited on the arrays. The arrays of nano- and microantennas fabricated with nano- and photolithography reveal infrared-active LSPR modes of energy ranging from the mid to far-infrared that allow the IR response from very low concentrations

• transverse optical phonons are activated in the infrared spectra. Keywords: localized surface plasmon resonance; metal nanoclusters; nanoantenna; phonons; semiconductor nanocrystals; surface-enhanced infrared absorption; Introduction Surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) by organic species placed on

• SEIRA by optical phonons in semiconductor NCs [23]. The electromagnetic field distribution around the linear antennas was calculated using three-dimensional electrodynamics simulations, where the maximal SEIRA enhancement was realized for an array period of about 15 μm when the energy of a diffraction

Combined scanning probe electronic and thermal characterization of an indium arsenide nanowire

• Tino Wagner,
• Fabian Menges,
• Heike Riel,
• Bernd Gotsmann and
• Andreas Stemmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 129–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.15

• . Keywords: contact resistance; Kelvin probe force microscopy (KFM); nanowire; scanning thermal microscopy (SThM); self-heating; Introduction Electronic and thermal properties of nanoscale devices are innately coupled. The charge carriers in most conductors release energy by scattering at defects or phonons

Growth model and structure evolution of Ag layers deposited on Ge films

• Arkadiusz Ciesielski,
• Lukasz Skowronski,
• Ewa Górecka,
• Jakub Kierdaszuk and
• Tomasz Szoplik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 66–76, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.9

• optical transmission, but the Raman spectrum barely changes. Due to germanium atoms distributed at the silver grain boundaries, which would no longer form Ge–Ge bonds (as it was in the case of a layer of Ge), and thus no longer conduct phonons, the peaks at 150–300 cm−1 should decrease significantly, yet

Changes of the absorption cross section of Si nanocrystals with temperature and distance

• Michael Greben,
• Petro Khoroshyy,
• Sebastian Gutsch,
• Daniel Hiller,
• Margit Zacharias and
• Jan Valenta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2315–2323, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.231

• of the efficiency of energy transfer between confined NC layers. An exponential decrease of the ACS with decreasing temperature down to 120 K can be explained by smaller occupation number of phonons and expansion of the band gap of Si NCs at low temperatures. This study clearly shows that the ACS of

• -assisted transitions the occupation number of phonons is an exponential function [1] of temperature containing the Bose–Einstein statistical factor: where Ωph is the typical (average) phonon energy and kB is the Boltzmann constant. Second, with varying temperatures the band gap of a NC is shifting. This

• first term on the right-hand side of Equation 24 is governed by the occupation number of phonons while the second term represents a function of the difference between photon energy and the band gap. It is also clear from Equation 24 that the higher the energy of a photon, , the larger the expected ACS

Velocity dependence of sliding friction on a crystalline surface

• Christian Apostoli,
• Giovanni Giusti,
• Jacopo Ciccoianni,
• Gabriele Riva,
• Rosario Capozza,
• Rosalie Laure Woulaché,
• Andrea Vanossi,
• Emanuele Panizon and
• Nicola Manini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2186–2199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.218

• nature we understand by means of a Fourier analysis of the excited phonon modes. By relating the phonon phase velocities with the slider velocity, we obtain an equation whose solutions predict which phonons are being excited by the slider moving at a given speed. Keywords: atomic-scale friction; contact

• ; dissipation; friction; nanotribology; phonons; velocity dependence; Introduction Friction affects a wide variety of phenomena spanning broad ranges of length and time scales. Due to its practical and technological relevance, the study of friction was addressed even long before physics became a science

• kinetic energy of a macroscopic ordered motion into the internal energy of disordered thermal phonons. Both standard basic models of nanotribology, namely the Prandtl–Tomlinson model [1][2][13] and the Frenkel–Kontorova model [13][15][16][17][18], implement dissipation through a phenomenological viscous

Adsorbate-driven cooling of carbene-based molecular junctions

• Giuseppe Foti and
• Héctor Vázquez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2060–2068, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.206

• ) approximation [34], which consists of calculating the electron–phonon coupling matrix M in just one point of the Brillouin zone (Γ) for both electrons and phonons. The dynamical region includes the molecule, the Au atoms forming electrode terminations and the adsorbate atoms. The position of the molecule, tip

• tunneling electrons and thus contribute to the cooling of the junction. They add up to a total rate Ra,λ. These emission and absorption processes have been described in detail elsewhere [5][6][29][36]. Finally, vibrations can also dissipate energy into bulk phonons. The steady state solution for the

• population of vibrational mode λ (excluding anharmonic coupling between vibrational modes) is [36][37][38]: where the coupling of vibrations to tunneling electrons and to bulk phonons are both taken into account. The parameter describes the damping of molecular vibrations with bulk phonons in the left (L

3D continuum phonon model for group-IV 2D materials

• Morten Willatzen,
• Lok C. Lew Yan Voon,
• Appala Naidu Gandi and
• Udo Schwingenschlögl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1345–1356, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.136

• , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 10.3762/bjnano.8.136 Abstract A general three-dimensional continuum model of phonons in two-dimensional materials is developed. Our first-principles derivation includes full consideration of the lattice

• anisotropy and flexural modes perpendicular to the layers and can thus be applied to any two-dimensional material. In this paper, we use the model to not only compare the phonon spectra among the group-IV materials but also to study whether these phonons differ from those of a compound material such as

• either failed to recognize it [8] or were unable to explain it [1]. An alternative model of lattice vibrations is a classical continuum model, which is expected to reproduce most accurately phonons with wavelengths longer than lattice separations, i.e., near k = 0. One of the earliest such models applied

Impact of contact resistance on the electrical properties of MoS₂ transistors at practical operating temperatures

• Filippo Giannazzo,
• Gabriele Fisichella,
• Aurora Piazza,
• Salvatore Di Franco,
• Giuseppe Greco,
• Simonpietro Agnello and
• Fabrizio Roccaforte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.28

• Vth was also investigated. A decrease of μ proportional to 1/Tα with α = 1.4 ± 0.3 was found, indicating scattering by optical phonons as the main limiting mechanism for mobility above room temperature. The value of Vth showed a large negative shift (about 6 V) increasing the temperature from 298 to

• dependence of μ ≈ 1/Tα with α > 1 indicates that the main mechanism limiting the mobility of electrons in the multilayer MoS2 channel in this temperature range is scattering by optical phonons, as reported by other experimental and theoretical investigations [4]. Instead, electron mobility was found to be

• , showing a decrease of μ ≈ 1/Tα with α = 1.4 ± 0.3 (indicating scattering by optical phonons as the limiting mechanism), and a negative shift of Vth by about 6 V with increasing T. The role played by electron trapping at the MoS2/SiO2 interface to explain such a large Vth shift was discussed. Experimental

Obtaining and doping of InAs-QD/GaAs(001) nanostructures by ion beam sputtering

• Sergei N. Chebotarev,
• Alexander S. Pashchenko,
• Leonid S. Lunin,
• Elena N. Zhivotova,
• Georgy A. Erimeev and
• Marina L. Lunina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 12–20, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.2

• peak at 295 cm−2 caused by scattering of LO phonons of the GaAs substrate under x(yz) polarization. The weak peak at 270 cm−2 corresponds to scattering of GaAs TO phonons. To the right, at 254 cm−2, there is a peak of Raman scattering of InAs QDs. Figure 6b shows Raman scattering spectra for samples

Localized surface plasmons in structures with linear Au nanoantennas on a SiO₂/Si surface

• Ilya A. Milekhin,
• Sergei A. Kuznetsov,
• Ekaterina E. Rodyakina,
• Alexander G. Milekhin,
• Alexander V. Latyshev and
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1519–1526, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.145

• between plasmonic excitations of gold nanoantennas and optical phonons in SiO2 leads to the appearance of new plasmon–phonon modes observed in the infrared transmission spectra the frequencies of which are well predicted by the simulations. Keywords: nanoantenna array; localised surface plasmon resonance

• ; plasmon–phonon interaction; phonons; SiO2; Introduction Plasmonic metamaterials remain the object of keen interest both in fundamental and applied research due to their unique optical properties including negative and zero refraction, focusing, filtering, polarization manipulation, etc. [1][2][3][4

• plasmon–phonon coupling are to be expected. Indeed, as it was is shown in [31], such a coupling may drastically increase (by a factor of 200) the scattering intensity in the near field of the metal (Pt) tip of an atomic force microscope at frequencies of the SiC surface optical (SO) phonons. The results

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

A terahertz-vibration to terahertz-radiation converter based on gold nanoobjects: a feasibility study

• Kamil Moldosanov and
• Andrei Postnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 983–989, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.90

• the theoretical prerequisites for the effect within the quasiparticle approach. Results and Discussion The microwave photons are considered to be quasiparticles with the dispersion law Eph = c·pph (c is the speed of light); the longitudinal phonons would be quasiparticles with the dispersion law Evm

• different context [1]. It is essential for our analysis that the nanoobjects are much larger in one dimension than in the other two, hence having the shape of nanobars or closed thin nanorings. We start with some numerical estimates. The strongest “assistance” of longitudinal phonons to electron excitations

• . Figure 3 sets the geometry of GNBs (left panel) and GNRs (right panel), for the discussion that follows. In a GNB, the compression waves (longitudinal phonons with the momentum nvmq and the energy Evm = vL·nvm·q) propagate along its length. It will be argued below that the momentum of an excited electron

Charge and heat transport in soft nanosystems in the presence of time-dependent perturbations

• Alberto Nocera,
• Carmine Antonio Perroni,
• Vincenzo Marigliano Ramaglia and
• Vittorio Cataudella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 439–464, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.39

• consequence, intriguing nonlinear phenomena, such as hysteresis, switching, and negative differential conductance have been observed in molecular junctions. In conducting molecules, either the center of mass oscillations [9], or thermally induced acoustic phonons [10] can be the source of coupling between

• and is the displacement field of the vibrational modes of the quantum dot. In Equation 6, the operators create (annihilate) phonons with momentum q and frequency ωq,α in the lead α. The left and right phonon leads will be considered as thermostats in equilibrium at the temperatures TL and TR

• possibility of the interaction between the relevant vibrational mode of the molecule and the phonons in the leads. Indeed, if this mode is elastically coupled with a neighbour atom of the leads by a spring with constant k′, one gets for the dissipative contribution of the leads in the dynamics of the mode

Current-induced runaway vibrations in dehydrogenated graphene nanoribbons

• Rasmus Bjerregaard Christensen,
• Jing-Tao Lü,
• Per Hedegård and
• Mads Brandbyge

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 68–74, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.8

• due to the nonequilibrium for lower voltage than where run-away instability occurs [29]. This asymmetry is intrinsically linked to momentum transfer from electrons to phonons and thus to the nonconservative current-induced forces (“electron wind”) [30]. As we mentioned before, the reason we choose

• motion of the two carbon atoms in each dimer only couples weakly to the motion of neighbouring dimers and to the phonons in the leads. This high-energy mode is shifted out of the entire phonon bandstructure. Meanwhile, the flowing electrical current passing through these dimers introduce a small bias

• (dotted lines) akin to the experimental conductance [5]. The introduction of the defects results mainly in a potential shift, but besides this does not impact the transmission dramatically, as seen in Figure 1b (solid lines). In order to characterize the phonons we show the phononic transmission in Figure