The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• wastewater [18][19][20][21]. Recent studies exploring the use of BC for MP remediation have yielded promising results, further emphasizing its potential for addressing environmental contamination. Recent evaluations of MP removal methods have classified biological, physicochemical, and biochar-based

• 2022, reflecting efforts to mitigate MP pollution through biochar application in terrestrial and aquatic environments. From 2022 to 2024, terms like “community structure”, “agriculture”, and “impact” suggest a shift toward investigating biochar's influence on the physicochemical properties of soil and

• physicochemical properties, remediation efficiency, and environmental stability of MPs. Evaluating biochar’s potential for MP remediation in agricultural soils, focusing on improvements in soil properties, crop yield, gene expression, and microbial communities. Examining biochar’s adsorption mechanisms and MP

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• delivery mechanism are broadly categorized into passive and active targeting [38]. Passive targeting is controlled by size, charge, and composition of the nanoparticle, which influences the localization, cell penetration, and release of the drug as physicochemical features of pathogenic tissues facilitate

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• hydrophobic phospholipid bilayer and a hydrophilic core. Depending on the physicochemical properties of the drug, this type of structure allows the entrapment of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs [1]. Liposomes, like other nanosystems, have many benefits, such as prolonged systemic blood circulation

• physicochemical properties of liposomes, including size, surface charge, EE, and stability, directly influence their biological interactions and therapeutic potential. These characteristics are particularly crucial in designing liposomes for ferroptosis induction, as they determine the efficiency of iron delivery

• delivery. Effective lipid binding of medications and genes is necessary to overcome this obstacle [126]. Moreover, the increasing number of physicochemical variables in liposomal formulations makes it difficult to evaluate their pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicology after administration, which

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• , nutraceutical, and industrial applications. However, due to the chemical and physicochemical characteristics as well as the solubility and stability of this oil, it was decided to make a nanoemulsion to enhance its already known therapeutic benefits. Nanoemulsions are nanoemulsified systems, either oil-in-water

• ]. Physicochemical characterization of Acrocomia aculeata fruit pulp oil The physicochemical parameters of bocaiúva oil, such as acidity index, iodine index, and refractive index, were analyzed. The acidity index indicates the state of conservation of oils and fats and is related to the oxidation process. Our

• upon formulation with the surfactant system characterized by a hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) value of 12. These physicochemical parameters are critical for defining the kinetic stability and structural integrity of the nanoemulsion system. Surfactants or emulsifiers are characterized by their

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• physicochemical and biological properties, and incredible potential of being therapeutic agent carriers for biomedical applications [10][11]. They are capable to deliver a range of therapeutics including genes, vaccines, biological macromolecules, hydrophobic/hydrophilic drugs, and proteins to certain organs such

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• and enhanced food safety [30]. Results and Discussion Physicochemical properties FTIR spectroscopy (Figure 1a) was used to study the PVA/glycerol biopackaging (BP), NC-reinforced BP (rBP), and PE-CEO-containing rBP (rCBP) composite films. BP exhibited characteristic peaks at 3330 cm−1 (O–H stretching

• physicochemical properties of the films. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) (Figure 2c) shows how increasing the PE-CEO concentration may affect the thermal stability of the sample. At lower PE-CEO concentration, almost no variation between the rCBP samples can be observed. At 10% (v/w) PE-CEO concentration, a

• cast onto a mold and dried at 70 °C for 12 h. All concentrations were based on the mass of PVA. Characterization Physicochemical properties Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra were recorded in the range of 4000–500 cm−1 using a Bruker ALPHA II spectrometer (Germany) at a spectral

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• - Vila Carli, Guarapuava – PR, Brazil Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.16.90 Abstract Drug delivery systems (DDSs) are an important tool for obtaining medicines with improved physicochemical properties, especially for drugs with

• of methodologies designed to obtain them. In addition to optimizing the physicochemical methods used to prepare nanogels and hydrogels, the application of precision engineering principles has proven essential to enhance the therapeutic performance of these formulations [63][64]. In developing

• thermodynamic activity of the system). Thus, the physicochemical properties related to the first approach involve only the interactions between drugs and vehicles. On the other hand, changing the drug solubility and/or its diffusion through SC is much more complex and comprises multiple interactions among drug

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• source, and tissue oxygen. Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is commonly used as a PS due to its tumor-targeting properties and phototoxicity. However, the physicochemical properties of PpIX foster self-aggregation, which is a challenge for its incorporation into pharmaceutical formulations. This study aimed to

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• potential values > ±30 mV are indicative of nanoparticle stability, as strong electrostatic repulsion prevents aggregation and ensures colloidal stability [20][21]. While these measurements provide important physicochemical insights, further evidence of the chemical incorporation and potential interactions

• into the chitosan-based nanocomposite and suggest molecular interactions that may contribute to the enhanced stability and bioactivity of the formulation. To complement the physicochemical characterization and confirm the efficiency of rotenoid encapsulation within the nanoparticles, a calibration

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• using a variety of techniques including FTIR, Raman, UV–vis, DLS, and PRFM to confirm their physicochemical properties. Characterization of hexagonal boron nitrides The TEM images of the synthesized hBNs are shown in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3 (a) and (b). As seen, hBNs have platelet-like

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• proteins, forms on its surface. This so-called protein corona significantly affects the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticle, such as size, charge and stability [2][3][4][5]. In turn, the composition of the protein corona is influenced by the physicochemical properties of the pristine

• supplemented with HI or NHI FCS. Uptake by cells cultured in medium with HI FCS supplemented with 1 µg/mL recombinant ApoE3 was included as positive control. An overview of the physicochemical characteristics of the LNP formulations can be found in Supporting Information File 1 (Figure S1). Three cell lines

• < 0.05 and were annotated as ns = non-significant, * = p ≤ 0.05, ** = p ≤ 0.01, *** = p ≤ 0.001 and **** = p ≤ 0.0001. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 26: Physicochemical characteristics of MC3 and C12 LNPs. Acknowledgements The graphical abstract was generated in Microsoft

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• synthesized through a straightforward, bio-based methodology. Physicochemical characterizations elucidated the structural and morphological attributes of the biocomposite. By incorporating antioxidant TA molecules onto the FLG surface, the biocomposite dynamically mitigated reactive oxygen species

• effective strategy for enhancing their intrinsic antioxidant properties. Herein we report the synthesis of a biocompatible FLG–TA colloidal system with dual functionality. First, we examine whether TA enables the formation of a stable FLG–TA colloid; thus, various physicochemical characterizations were

• Previous findings have shown that TA modifies the physicochemical and structural characteristics of GBMs [33]. The previously observed preservation of metabolic activity in FLG–TA likely stems from two main factors. First, the biocomposite’s ability to protect cells from ROS, which can originate from

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• analysis. APT-loaded SLNs were prepared by the precipitation method and characterized by physicochemical studies including particle size and zeta potential measurements, drug content, encapsulation efficiency and solubility studies, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron

• , or applying cyclodextrin complexation or salt formation. However, these techniques depend on the physicochemical features of the drug in each case. SLNs are the easiest and most suitable scalable of the above approaches for developing stable commercially viable dosage forms [11]. Various methods such

• , and zeta potential measurements. Also Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), solubility, in vitro dissolution, and in vivo and stability studies were carried out. Result and Discussion Physicochemical evaluation The solubility of APT in the SLNs was 24-fold higher

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• and one NTS were also obtained. Among the TLS, point 7 (M7-EOCF) was selected for subsequent tests, as it had the lowest amount of surfactants and the highest proportion of water in its composition. Physicochemical characterization of the selected system Some parameters are fundamental for

• containing 10% EOCF were then prepared individually (Table 1), and the dispersions were evaluated macroscopically and characterized 48 h after they were obtained. Physicochemical characterization of the selected microemulsions The polydispersity index and average hydrodynamic radius of the droplets were

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• antibacterial properties of PU nanofibrous membranes [162]. PU/gelatin and PU/cobalt nitrate were used to create mixed nanofibers scaffolds used to develop wound dressings [162][163]. It was shown that cobalt nitrate added to the PU wound dressing resulted in improved physicochemical properties, blood

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• detection and treatment of AβOs in AD. Because of their nanoscale size, NMs can interact with biological systems in ways that traditional treatments cannot. Their unique properties such as high surface area, quantum effects, and specific physicochemical traits make them ideal for developing advanced

• physicochemical properties, diverse structural forms, and potential applications in combating NDs. The unique characteristics of CNMs, including their hydrophobic surfaces and variable dimensions, enable them to interact effectively with biomolecules, making them valuable tools in biomedical research and

Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• infected patients at an early stage to improve treatment options, recovery time, and economic cost. Biosensors are widely used to detect and quantify different analytes. They incorporate a biorecognition element for detection of the analyte of interest in a sample and a physicochemical transducer to

Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• Rikuto Kuroda Takahiro Nakamura Hideki Ina Shuhei Shibata illuminus Inc., 307 Wako Riken Incubation Plaza, 2–3–13, Minami, Wako, Saitama, 351–0104, Japan 10.3762/bjnano.16.35 Abstract Laser-induced reduction in liquid (LRL) is a physicochemical technique for synthesizing nanoparticles by

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• activity of a series of transferrin-conjugated LPNs with varied physicochemical properties, designed to deliver a phosphorothioate ASO targeting ribonucleotide nuclease R1 [114]. Experimental and in vitro studies indicated that optimal biostability and cytocompatibility were achieved with particles bearing

• process of PPI-Mal G4 and PPI-Mal-III G4 dendrimers conjugated with multiple anti-HIV ASOs. Dendriplexes with diverse sizes and morphologies, including 1D rod-like and 3D diamond-shaped structures, were successfully prepared by altering the physicochemical properties of the carriers and the

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• sulfate group, with sodium as the counter-ion. The amphiphilic structure of SDS, integrating a hydrophobic alkyl chain and a hydrophilic headgroup, confers unique physicochemical properties that are leveraged in various applications. However, the widespread use of SDS in different applications led to the

• manipulation of particles with a size less than 100 nm. These tiny particles possess unique physicochemical features, including optical, electrical, magnetic, and catalytic properties [23]. Indeed, the advanced properties of nanoparticles enables them to be used in different areas, such as biosensing, drug

• . Characterization of PEG–PCL nanoparticles The synthesized PEG–PCL nanoparticles were characterized by their unique physicochemical properties, such as size and surface charge. The average hydrodynamic size, monodispersity, and surface charge of the nanoparticles were measured using the ZetaSizer (Nano ZS, Malvern

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• oxidative stress and autophagy modulation [14]. Graphene oxide (GO) due to its unique physicochemical properties has attracted vast scientific attention as an efficient drug delivery carrier and modulator of biological activities, including autophagy, DDR, and intracellular transportation of therapeutics

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• prepared using a wet-milling method with zirconium balls to enhance bioavailability and expand potential applications. The particle size and physicochemical properties of the BerNPs were analyzed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier

• . Powder BerNPs were obtained by the freeze-drying for 48 h at −55 °C under vacuum. Physicochemical characterization of BerNPs The specific adsorption peak of BerNPs was determined by UV–vis absorption spectroscopy in a wavelength range from 200 to 600 nm after dilution in methanol. The berberine

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• such as V2O5, W2O3, Mo2O3, and TiO2. BiVO4 is a newly designed n-type semiconductor with enhanced photocatalytic efficiency. This is attributed to its specific physicochemical features, including ferro-elasticity and ionic conductivity [90]. Regrettably, bismuth-based metal oxides exhibit a low light

• -based materials Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a metal-free semiconductor material with distinct optical, electrical, structural, and physicochemical characteristics [99]. These properties make it well-suited for applications in energy and environmental fields. Because of its narrow bandgap of 2.7

• aqueous solutions, WO3 is mechanically strong and physiochemically stable, and the synthesis of high-purity WO3 is a good option for the degradation of antibiotics under solar light irradiation [114]. WO3 is a catalyst that responds to visible light and has consistent physicochemical properties because of

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• physicochemical characterization, including the formulations exposed to irradiation under the same conditions. For physicochemical characterization of the formulations, different techniques were used by which successful functionalization of the CNs and TMZ loading were confirmed and visualized; no significant

• surface on a larger scale. For the irradiated CNs, lower values for particle size, more positive values for surface charge, and accelerated TMZ release were observed, which could be explained by changes in the physicochemical characteristics of the prepared formulations upon irradiation. Significant

• a matter of increasing importance in the field of neurology, neuro-oncology, and neuropharmacology. This is because of their specific intrinsic physicochemical, biopharmaceutical, and pharmacological properties such as good bioavailability, relatively low toxicity, low weight and large surface area