Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• stiffness values of the order of 100 N/m to avoid the tip jumping to contact and sticking to the surface [21]. Such a stiffness would necessitate seven orders of magnitude improvement in detector noise to achieve an equivalent force sensitivity. Reduction of detection noise is therefore critical for

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• during the biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles [34][35]. For instance, plants from the Lamiaceae family (e.g., Ocimum spp., Rosmarinus officinalis, and Salvia rosmarinus) are extensively documented for their abundant polyphenols such as rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid, which facilitate the reduction

• structural, optical, and chemical properties. FTIR enables the identification of functional groups involved in the reduction and stabilization of nanoparticles, typically derived from phytochemicals in plant extracts used as reducing agents [52][56]. UV–vis spectroscopy is widely employed to monitor

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• evaluated, only the zeta potential showed a significant reduction at day 30 (p < 0.05), while no significant changes were observed in the other parameters, as shown in Figure 2a,b. Similarly, the formulations maintained their stability under all centrifugation conditions and time points analyzed, as

• fully confirm the long-term stability and therapeutic reliability of the formulation. Additionally, the presence of glycerin as a co-solvent may have contributed to the reduction in interfacial tension and improved droplet uniformity, factors known to enhance long-term stability [41]. Importantly, the

• evaluate the leishmanicidal potential of these nanoemulsions. As PHYT-NE concentrations and exposure times increased, the leishmanicidal activity also improved. Importantly, this formulation did not induce a reduction in cell viability sufficient to indicate cytotoxicity to 3T3 cells, even at the highest

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• disintegration of rhodamine B using UV light. The experimental results clearly confirmed that silver ion implantation led to a significant reduction in the surface electrical resistance of both GO and PI. Simultaneously, an enhancement of photocatalytic activity was observed, demonstrated by a faster degradation

• %. This change indicates a reduction in oxygen functional groups, which is due to radiation damage induced by ion implantation. The high ion fluence caused the destruction of carbon–oxygen bonds, leading to partial deoxidation of the surface and an increase in the proportion of carbon networks. At the

• formation of free radicals and their subsequent recombination [26]. The results obtained from the XPS analysis, in conjunction with the RBS findings, reveal a consistent trend indicative of ongoing carbonization processes occurring in the surface layers of the PI samples. The reduction in oxygen-containing

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• response to internal signals (e.g., oxidation or reduction, enzymatic activity, or low acidity) or external stimuli such as light and temperature [26][27]. This delivery of active ingredients relies on differential biochemical changes, facilitating the development of more precise therapies with improved

• , can occur in organic or aqueous continuous phases, with the latter offering a reduction of toxic solvent residues. Miniemulsion and microemulsion methods provide better control over particle size and distribution, although microemulsion polymerization often requires higher concentrations of

• , demonstrating nontoxicity and a reduction in joint inflammation, which were attributed to the physicochemical stability of the NPs in the gastrointestinal tract. Continuing their research on lactoferrin, Mahidhara et al. [112] developed chitosan-coated nanocapsules wrapped in alginate that achieved a 4.8-fold

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• at 25 °C was consistent with the values reported by Rahiminezhad and colleagues [64]. However, increasing temperature reduced LO density (by ca. 4%). This reduction can be attributed to the increased molecular motion of the oil’s long fatty acid chains (saturated and unsaturated) when heated. The

• increased motion causes greater intermolecular spacing, leading to an increase in the oil’s volume. As a result, the oil’s mass-to-volume ratio (density) decreases, as observed for vegetable oils [70]. Raising the temperature of LO to 75 °C resulted in a statistically significant reduction (75.7%) in

• revealed two distinct thermal mass loss events. The first event occurs between 340 and 490 °C, where a significant mass reduction (~94.2%) is observed, with the degradation temperature marked at 368 °C (TOnset). This primary degradation phase involves lipolysis, the breakdown of triglycerides into fatty

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• sheet. This well-defined platform mimics the structure of metal–nitrogen–carbon catalysts used in oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs). Using a combination of results obtained from APXPS at HIPPIE and pump–probe infrared–visible sum-frequency generation (SFG) in a dedicated setup at the Department of

• important challenges for modern human civilization. Reactions such as water splitting, CO2 reduction, and pollutant degradation rely on photocatalysts that absorb light, generate electron–hole pairs, and drive redox reactions at interfaces. For the rational and methodical design of a more sophisticated

• photoexcited holes migrate to NiO and are trapped, facilitating water oxidation via an intermediate NiOOH species (Figure 10b). APXPS thereby provides mechanistic insight into photoinduced surface chemistry, enabling rational catalyst design. Similar approaches can be extended to CO2 reduction, pollutant

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• by Li et al. discussed patent CN115671277 [94]. Nanoparticles Nanoparticles are materials with at least one dimension ranging from 1 to 999 nm [95]. This technology possesses a high contact surface, a high concentration of surface-active centers, and low toxicity due to promoting a reduction in the

• dose of its active ingredients [96]. These characteristics have made nanoparticles widely used in medicines, medical applications, and the food industry, as they provide increased shelf life, improved drug delivery, and enhanced therapeutic efficacy [97]. Various methods, such as chemical reduction

• neutrophils or infiltration of CD4+ T cells to destroy tumors [145]. The process of nanosizing the CGCs in the patent involves shearing at high speed and ultrasonic cycles followed by freeze-drying. This resulted in a yield of 12.73% and a purity of 96.32%. The increased surface area due to the reduction in

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• semiconductor catalyst. In contrast, for reduction to occur, the redox potential must be lower than the conduction band edge. This is because, upon excitation, holes generated in the valence band participate in oxidation reactions, whereas the electrons excited to the conduction band drive the reduction

Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• defined interfaces between the compounds. This can be explained by the reduction in heat transfer of polymer blends with higher glass fiber content [41] and needs to be considered when designing graded interfaces of fiber-reinforced polymers. The results show that interface structuring of FGMs is possible

• applied. The small deviation may be due to the volume reduction of PP during hot pressing, the burnt glass fibers at the edges, and inaccuracies in the post-processing threshold algorithms. The good fusion of the individual compartments and the gradual increase in fiber concentration along the specimen

• bidirectionally graded specimens compared to the linearly graded specimens (reduction of about 15% for the linearly graded specimens and about 24% for the specimens with V-shaped interface). For UTS, both groups show almost identical values (differences of 2–3%), which again can be attributed to the fact that the

Few-photon microwave fields for superconducting transmon-based qudit control

• Irina A. Solovykh,
• Andrey V. Pashchenko,
• Natalya A. Maleeva,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Olga V. Tikhonova and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1580–1591, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.112

• the highest possible excited transmon state with n = k0. An increase in the nonlinearity of the transmons leads to a significant reduction in the period of Rabi oscillations, tR, and the beat frequency, tbeat, as shown in Figure 2a. When nonlinear interactions dominate, high-energy excitations are

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• relative intensity of the hydroxyl peak decreases, and the peaks shift slightly (O–Ti at 529.7 eV and –OH at 531 eV), indicating a reduction in surface –OH groups due to dehydration and phase transformation from hydrogen titanate to anatase TiO2. Based on the area underneath the corresponding O 1s XPS peak

• all tested concentrations of OFL (50–200 ppm), indicating progressive mineralization of the pollutant. At 50 ppm, the TOC decreased from 51.04 to 17.31 mg·L−1 after 12 h, corresponding to a 66% reduction. At 200 ppm, the TOC decreased from 205.1 to 30.25 mg·L−1 (12 h), achieving an 85% reduction

• our system. The introduction of KBrO3 resulted in a relatively modest reduction in the removal to 41%, suggesting that the involvement of e− is minor in the process. These results indicate that the photocatalytic degradation mechanism is predominantly governed by photogenerated holes, followed by

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• laser pulses. For example, laser beams with a donut shape were used for ablating gold, yttrium oxide, and high-entropy alloy targets in water. The donut beam enabled NP size reduction and narrower size distributions [28]. Application of femtosecond Bessel beams for the ablation of silver in a liquid was

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• metal contamination. Consequently, the efficient removal of heavy metal ions remains a critical research challenge. Various methods have been employed including membrane filtration [1], flocculation [2], adsorption [3][4], precipitation [5], electrolytic removal [6], ion exchange [7], reduction [8], and

• sp3 on the surface of CNTs. Accordingly, it reflects the reduction of double bonds on the CNT surfaces, thus indicating the formation of new covalent bonds between MA and CNTs. The further growth of dendrimers was achieved by the successive reaction of EDA and MA under the reaction conditions

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

• erroneous conclusions about the efficacy of conjugation reactions, which can have detrimental impacts on the functionality and safety of IONPs in biomedical applications. Keywords: click chemistry; copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition; disulfide reduction; iron oxide nanoparticles; thiol–maleimide

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• , suggesting that careful control of size reduction and surface properties is critical for optimizing photocatalyst performance, especially in water splitting applications. Further investigation is necessary to refine the process and mitigate the negative effects of fragmentation. LFL is a highly versatile

• spheres can be accomplished in a shorter time frame, leading to a productivity increase of about two orders of magnitude compared to LAL. This improvement is due to the reduction in particle size from bulk material to NPs, which enhances the laser absorption efficiency. PLIL offers several advantages over

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• nanostructures had occurred at this stage [4][7]. The IPD peak was still observed after 12 and 24 h but with progressively decreasing intensity, suggesting a reduction in the number of spherical silver seeds as the irradiation time increased. After 12 h, in addition to the IPD peak at 405 nm, a broad shoulder

• , the surfaces of the silver nanomaterials (initial AgNP seeds, planar twinned seeds) are continuously excited, and the growth of AgNPrs proceeds via two mechanisms (Figure 6). These mechanisms are: (1) TSC continues to be excited and promotes the reduction of Ag+, resulting in the deposition of Ag0 on

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• composition, and microbial community. Regarding soil physical properties, MPs modify porosity and aeration, which in turn disrupt water and air circulation, leading to soil compaction and dryness that adversely affect root development [52][54][56]. These changes are exemplified by the reduction in water

• related to microplastics predominantly emphasize plastic waste reduction and recycling, without establishing clear regulatory thresholds for microplastic concentrations in water and soil [86]. Given the well-documented environmental and biological hazards posed by microplastic pollution, biochar’s

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• nanowire growth occurs due to reduction of platinum ions from the solution. Frequency and peak-to-peak voltage parameters were optimized to grow a single platinum nanowire (needle-like) as opposed to dendritic nanowire branches or multiple nanowires. Starting values for growth frequency and peak-to-peak

• electrodes were used as above. The Gamry potentiostat was used for CV tests with scan range from −0.5 to 0.5 V, 30 mV/s, 1 mV step size (1 data point for 1 mV change, 30 data point per second), and four cycles. For noise reduction and statistical considerations, the mean value from the last three cycles were

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• pollution in cellulose triacetate (CTA) membranes during seawater desalination, silver (Ag) nanoparticles were incorporated onto the CTA surface using polydopamine (PDA). PDA, which contains phenolic and amino groups, exhibits excellent adhesiveness and provides active sites for the attachment and reduction

• evaporation. The CNTs were functionalized with polyethylene imine (PEI) to enhance their dispersibility and to impart antibacterial properties to the membrane. The CNT@PEI/MCE membrane exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli [24]. In summary, the in situ reduction method is

• further functionalization (Figure 4c). This PDA layer imparts functional groups, such as catechol and amino groups, which facilitate the subsequent reduction and immobilization of Ag nanoparticles. Upon Ag deposition, the PCTA membrane’s surface exhibits evenly distributed Ag nanoparticles nestled within

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• antimicrobial testing of the liposomal formulation against clinical isolates revealed a remarkable reduction in MIC and MBC when compared to free tobramycin. Notably, the formulation eradicated a highly resistant P. aeruginosa strain at concentrations 1000-fold lower than the free antibiotic. The enhanced

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• -enhanced Raman spectroscopy, reduction of friction and wear, fuel injection, and enhancement of tribological properties [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. Extensive research efforts have been directed toward understanding LIPSS, encompassing systematic investigations on

• falling around 1022 to 1023 cm−3 [73][74]. It is conceivable that the plasma frequency can have an effect at wavelengths exceeding 2000 nm, leading to a reduction in penetration depth for larger wavelengths (2200 and 2400 nm); detailed theory and experimental work are needed with pure metals to confirm

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• charge carrier transport; however, their uneven porosity and high charge recombination rates hindered their PEC performance improvement. McDonald and Choi [19] introduced a facile electrodeposition method based on p-benzoquinone reduction to fabricate ultrathin BiOI films, which could be thermally

• deposition parameters indicates a reduction in the structural defects and lattice strain. The vibrational modes at 329 cm−1 and 370 cm−1, corresponding to the asymmetric and symmetric deformations of the V–O bond [30][31], respectively, showed a strong correlation with XRD-derived grain size variations

• efficient charge separation and transport. Previous studies have reported that the (121), (040), and (010) facets of monoclinic BiVO4 contribute to enhanced photocatalytic activity by serving as active sites for oxidation and reduction reactions [32][33]. In particular, the large surface area of the (010

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• marked reduction in droplet size, stabilizing between 110 and 120 nm across all time points. This reduction can be attributed to several interrelated physicochemical mechanisms. Primarily, the nonionic surfactants Span 80® and Tween 80® reduce interfacial tension between oil and aqueous phases, a

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• ][200], radiation [201], reduction potential [202], or concentration of specific compounds, including glucose [203] and reactive oxygen species [204], may result in the modification of particle conformation, leading to the release of the transported drug. Some nanogels can simultaneously respond to two

• nanogels showed responsiveness to pH and temperature variation. In an ex vivo test performed with rat skin, the nanogel activated by sodium carbonate revealed a significantly higher release of naproxen into the epidermis, with a 2.8-fold increase in the steady flow of the drug. A 50% reduction in the

• activity of the COX-2 enzyme and reduction of rat paw edema were also observed by comparing the base-activated nanogel with the nonactivated nanogel in tests confirmed by immunofixation, which corroborated the in vivo/ex vivo data [151]. Nanogels for the transdermal release of methotrexate (MTX), an