Stability and activity of platinum nanoparticles in the oxygen electroreduction reaction: is size or uniformity of primary importance?

• Kirill O. Paperzh,
• Anastasia A. Alekseenko,
• Vadim A. Volochaev,
• Ilya V. Pankov,
• Olga A. Safronenko and
• Vladimir E. Guterman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 593–606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.49

• ) (Pine Research Instruments, USA). A saturated silver chloride electrode was used as a reference electrode. The potentials were given with regard to a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). A thin, porous catalyst layer was applied to the electrode using the so-called "catalytic ink". To obtain a

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• ground and taken as the reference electrode. The direction of the induced electric field can be reversely changed during the approximation or separation between the bottom electrode and the upper dielectric materials. The charge exchange will occur between the bottom electrode and ground to balance the

• one electrode to the other, electrostatic charges will be induced on the two electrodes in sequence. Similar to the SE mode, if one takes one electrode as the reference electrode, the induced charges will flow from the reference electrode to the other electrode through the external load. Thus, the

ZnO and MXenes as electrode materials for supercapacitor devices

• Ameen Uddin Ammar,
• Ipek Deniz Yildirim,
• Feray Bakan and
• Emre Erdem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 49–57, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.4

• semiconductor metal oxide, here ZnO, is processed chemically or physically as an electrode. This is rather complicated and it is important which method is used to test the electrical properties. The common method is the three-point method in which the material is tested with a counter and a reference electrode

Atomic layer deposited films of Al₂O₃ on fluorine-doped tin oxide electrodes: stability and barrier properties

• Hana Krýsová,
• Michael Neumann-Spallart,
• Hana Tarábková,
• Pavel Janda,
• Ladislav Kavan and
• Josef Krýsa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 24–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.2

• studies, Al2O3 films on FTO were exposed, at various time intervals and at room temperature, to 1 M NaOH, 1 M H2SO4, and buffered solution (pH 7.2). Electrochemical experiments were carried out in a single-compartment three-electrode cell using a Zahner workstation. The reference electrode was Ag/AgCl (3

One-step synthesis of carbon-supported electrocatalysts

• Sebastian Tigges,
• Nicolas Wöhrl,
• Ivan Radev,
• Ulrich Hagemann,
• Markus Heidelmann,
• Thai Binh Nguyen,
• Stanislav Gorelkov,
• Stephan Schulz and
• Axel Lorke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1419–1431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.126

• presented synthesis method). A Pt wire was used as the counter electrode, and Hg/HgSO4 (sat. K2SO4) from Radiometer Analytical with an electrode potential of 680 mV vs NHE (measured by us) was used as the reference electrode. The ECSA was calculated based on the Hads peaks and a hydrogen monolayer

Structure and electrochemical performance of electrospun-ordered porous carbon/graphene composite nanofibers

• Yi Wang,
• Yanhua Song,
• Chengwei Ye and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1280–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.112

• standard three-electrode cell at room temperature. A graphite rod was used as the counter electrode, Hg/HgO was used as the reference electrode, and a 6.0 M KOH aqueous solution was used as the electrolyte solution. The electrochemical performance of the CCGNFs was investigated using an electrochemical

Role of redox-active axial ligands of metal porphyrins adsorbed at solid–liquid interfaces in a liquid-STM setup

• Thomas Habets,
• Sylvia Speller and
• Johannes A. A. W. Elemans

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1264–1271, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.110

• of these complications may be eliminated by adding a third, reference electrode to the setup and by using a conducting electrolyte (so that it turns into a so-called electrochemical (EC) STM [20][21]). At the same time, the absence of an electrolyte, which typically contains a high concentration of

Gas sorption porosimetry for the evaluation of hard carbons as anodes for Li- and Na-ion batteries

• Yuko Matsukawa,
• Fabian Linsenmann,
• Maximilian A. Plass,
• George Hasegawa,
• Katsuro Hayashi and
• Tim-Patrick Fellinger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1217–1229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.106

• Lithium) and a Li reference electrode. The cells were then filled with 120 µL of electrolyte (1 M LiPF6 in EC/EMC = 3:7 (v/v), <20 ppm H2O, BASF, Germany). All electrochemical tests were carried out in a climatic chamber (Binder, Germany) at 25 °C using a battery cycler (Series 400, Maccor, USA). After

• potential was controlled vs a Li reference electrode. Afterwards, the cells were cycled for 20 times with a rate of 1C (355 mA g−1). The Na-ion capacity of the hard carbon samples was also investigated in a three-electrode Swagelok T-cell using sodium metal (99.95%, Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) as counter and

Electrochemical nanostructuring of (111) oriented GaAs crystals: from porous structures to nanowires

• Elena I. Monaico,
• Eduard V. Monaico,
• Veaceslav V. Ursaki,
• Shashank Honnali,
• Vitalie Postolache,
• Karin Leistner,
• Kornelius Nielsch and
• Ion M. Tiginyanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 966–975, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.81

• reference electrode and the sample as working electrode. The anodization was performed in galvanostatic as well as potentiostatic regimes at room temperature (T = 23 °C). Analysis of morphology and chemical composition of the anodized GaAs crystals was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (Zeiss

Atomic layer deposition for efficient oxygen evolution reaction at Pt/Ir catalyst layers

• Stefanie Schlicht,
• Korcan Percin,
• Stefanie Kriescher,
• André Hofer,
• Claudia Weidlich,
• Matthias Wessling and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 952–959, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.79

• composition and pH value, temperature, or reference electrode), or even the choice of performance parameters (current density at a given overpotential, mass activity based on noble-metal loading, or overpotential for a given current), are usually different. Hence, often direct comparisons between catalysts of

• triplicate and mean values are reported. Electrochemical setup For electrochemical investigations, a standard three-electrode setup was used. The cell was filled with 100 mL of 0.5 M H2SO4 (AVS TITRINORM®, VWR) as the electrolyte. A Hg/Hg2SO4 reference electrode filled with 0.5 M H2SO4 (Sensortechnik

• Meinsberg) mounted in a Haber–Luggin capillary or a Ag/AgCl reference electrode was used. A platinum (coated titanium mesh) electrode was used as the counter electrode (Magneto Special Anodes B.V., The Netherlands). The working electrodes consist of the prepared catalyst-coated titanium electrodes

Nickel nanoparticles supported on a covalent triazine framework as electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reactions

• Secil Öztürk,
• Yu-Xuan Xiao,
• Dennis Dietrich,
• Beatriz Giesen,
• Juri Barthel,
• Jie Ying,
• Xiao-Yu Yang and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 770–781, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.62

• Autolab working station from Metrohm, Switzerland. Typically, a Ag/AgCl electrode (with saturated KCl solution) was used as a reference electrode, a carbon rod was used as a counter electrode, and a glassy-carbon rotating disk electrode (RDE, diameter: 5 mm, area: 0.196 cm2) was used as the working

Exfoliation in a low boiling point solvent and electrochemical applications of MoO₃

• Matangi Sricharan,
• Bikesh Gupta,
• Sreejesh Moolayadukkam and
• H. S. S. Ramakrishna Matte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 662–670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.52

• (SCE) as reference electrode were used for the electrochemical testing of the exfoliated MoO3 dispersions and its composites. In brief, the GCE was cleaned with a polishing cloth using fine alumina abrasive powders and washed thoroughly in deionized water. The required amount of the dispersion of known

Comparison of fresh and aged lithium iron phosphate cathodes using a tailored electrochemical strain microscopy technique

• Matthias Simolka,
• Hanno Kaess and
• Kaspar Andreas Friedrich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 583–596, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.46

• the aged full cell after cycling. Due to the anode contribution to the capacity loss in the commercial full cell setup, the cathode was additionally analysed separately. The cathode ageing is observed in the Nyquist plot in Figure S2 from the fresh and aged cathode vs lithium metal reference electrode

High-performance asymmetric supercapacitor made of NiMoO₄ nanorods@Co₃O₄ on a cellulose-based carbon aerogel

• Meixia Wang,
• Jing Zhang,
• Xibin Yi,
• Benxue Liu,
• Xinfu Zhao and
• Xiaochan Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 240–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.18

• of the NiMoO4@Co3O4/CA electrode in a potential supercapacitor. The synthesized samples were used as working electrodes for electrochemical analysis. The electrochemical experiments were conducted by using a three-electrode testing system in a 2.0 M KOH solution. The reference electrode and the

Simple synthesis of nanosheets of rGO and nitrogenated rGO

• Pallellappa Chithaiah,
• Madhan Mohan Raju,
• Giridhar U. Kulkarni and
• C. N. R. Rao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 68–75, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.7

• glassy carbon working electrode (3 mM), a platinum wire counter electrode and a Hg/Hg2SO4 reference electrode with 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte. The specific capacitance (SC) of rGO and H-rGO was calculated from CV curves, according to Equation 1: where ∫IdV is the area under the CV curve, m is the mass of the

Synthesis of amorphous and graphitized porous nitrogen-doped carbon spheres as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

• Maximilian Wassner,
• Markus Eckardt,
• Andreas Reyer,
• Thomas Diemant,
• Michael S. Elsaesser,
• R. Jürgen Behm and
• Nicola Hüsing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1–15, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.1

• the GC disc functioning as working electrode. The working electrode is surrounded by a Pt ring biased at 1.2 V, which allows one to measure the peroxide yield in the ORR. A reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) served as reference electrode and a Pt wire as counter electrode, both separated by glass

Antimony deposition onto Au(111) and insertion of Mg

• Lingxing Zan,
• Da Xing,
• Abdelaziz Ali Abd-El-Latif and
• Helmut Baltruschat

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2541–2552, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.245

• counter electrode and another one as a reference electrode. All the magnesium electrochemical deposition measurements were carried out in a MBraun glovebox (H2O < 0.5 ppm, O2 < 0.5 ppm) in a similar manner as described in [19]. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) A polycrystalline Au electrode with a similar size was

• compartments for fixing the working electrode, reference electrode and counter electrode. The working electrode is placed in the central compartment and contacted with solution in a hanging meniscus configuration. The reference electrode is placed in the compartment where it is connected to the central

• available STM scanner (Molecular Imaging/Agilent Technologies) fitted with a so-called STM/AFM electrochemical cell as previously described [24]. Pt and Au wires were used as a quasi-reference electrode (EPt/PtO = 0.9 V vs RHE) and a counter electrode, respectively. The reference electrode was immersed in a

Adsorption and desorption of self-assembled L-cysteine monolayers on nanoporous gold monitored by in situ resistometry

• Elisabeth Hengge,
• Eva-Maria Steyskal,
• Rupert Bachler,
• Alexander Dennig,
• Bernd Nidetzky and
• Roland Würschum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2275–2279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.219

• commercial Ag/AgCl reference electrode (saturated KCl with a 3 M KNO3 salt bridge), relative to which all potentials will be stated in the following. Whenever the cell electrolyte was changed, the setup was immersed in distilled water for several hours for rinsing. Dealloying was performed in 0.1 M HClO4

Nontoxic pyrite iron sulfide nanocrystals as second electron acceptor in PTB7:PC₇₁BM-based organic photovoltaic cells

• Olivia Amargós-Reyes,
• José-Luis Maldonado,
• Omar Martínez-Alvarez,
• María-Elena Nicho,
• José Santos-Cruz,
• Juan Nicasio-Collazo,
• Irving Caballero-Quintana and
• Concepción Arenas-Arrocena

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2238–2250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.216

• a classical three-electrode electrolytic cell. The working electrode was an ITO electrode, the reference electrode was made of Ag+/Ag0 (0.01 M AgNO3/0.1 M tetrabutylammonium perchlorate in acetonitrile) and the counter electrode was made of platinum. All CV measurements were carried out in dry

Ultrathin Ni_1−xCo_xS₂ nanoflakes as high energy density electrode materials for asymmetric supercapacitors

• Xiaoxiang Wang,
• Teng Wang,
• Rusen Zhou,
• Lijuan Fan,
• Shengli Zhang,
• Feng Yu,
• Tuquabo Tesfamichael,
• Liwei Su and
• Hongxia Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2207–2216, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.213

• , consisting of a working electrode, a counter electrode of platinum foil and a Hg/HgO reference electrode in 2 mol·L−1 potassium hydroxide aqueous electrolyte. The electrochemical characteristics of the synthesised material were measured using an electrochemical workstation (VSP, BioLogic Science Instruments

• and Hg/HgO electrode were used as a counter and a reference electrode, respectively. The electrolyte was a 2 M aqueous KOH solution. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves of Ni1−xCoxS2 at scan rates from 2 to 100 mV·s−1 are shown in Figure 3a. As expected, redox peaks observed within the potential window

Use of data processing for rapid detection of the prostate-specific antigen biomarker using immunomagnetic sandwich-type sensors

• Camila A. Proença,
• Tayane A. Freitas,
• Thaísa A. Baldo,
• Elsa M. Materón,
• Flávio M. Shimizu,
• Gabriella R. Ferreira,
• Frederico L. F. Soares,
• Ronaldo C. Faria and
• Osvaldo N. Oliveira Jr.

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2171–2181, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.210

• microfluidic cell was set up, and the electrodes were insulated using a polystyrene card with double-sided adhesive. The double-sided tape was used to delimit the electroactive area, which was fixed on the reference electrode under the arrangement of working electrodes and the auxiliary electrode. Also, the

• working carbon electrodes combined with one pseudo-reference electrode (Ag/AgCl) and one auxiliary electrode (carbon). The microfluidic system was set up with an injection pump (NE-1000 programmable Single Syringe Pump, New Era Pump System, Farmingdale, USA) and an injection valve with a sample loop of

Facile synthesis of carbon nanotube-supported NiO//Fe₂O₃ for all-solid-state supercapacitors

• Shengming Zhang,
• Xuhui Wang,
• Yan Li,
• Xuemei Mu,
• Yaxiong Zhang,
• Jingwei Du,
• Guo Liu,
• Xiaohui Hua,
• Yingzhuo Sheng,
• Erqing Xie and
• Zhenxing Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1923–1932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.188

• as a reference electrode, CC-CNT@Fe2O3 as the binder-free working electrode and 2 M KOH as the electrolyte. Figure 4a shows cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves of the CC-CNT@Fe2O3 electrode at scan rates of 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 mV·s−1, from which visible redox peaks can be seen. The reduction peak at

• counter electrode, a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) as the reference electrode, and the CC-CNT@Fe2O3 or CC-CNT@NiO as the binder-free working electrode. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) curves were measured in frequencies from 100 kHz to 0.01 Hz at open-circuit voltage with an AC voltage

Remarkable electronic and optical anisotropy of layered 1T’-WTe₂ 2D materials

• Qiankun Zhang,
• Rongjie Zhang,
• Jiancui Chen,
• Wanfu Shen,
• Chunhua An,
• Xiaodong Hu,
• Mingli Dong,
• Jing Liu and
• Lianqing Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1745–1753, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.170

• defined as the reference electrode (RE), and a constant bias voltage (50 mV) was alternately applied between the other 11 test electrodes (TEs) and the reference electrode. In addition, each pair of diagonally positioned electrodes were separated by 10 μm at 180° apart and the transfer characteristic

• angle-resolved resistance in radar coordinates (where θ is the angle with respect to the 0° reference electrode), which was displayed to highlight the large resistance along one direction of the sample. From the fitted data, the ratio of the maximum and the minimum resistance is extracted to be around

TiO₂/GO-coated functional separator to suppress polysulfide migration in lithium–sulfur batteries

• Ning Liu,
• Lu Wang,
• Taizhe Tan,
• Yan Zhao and
• Yongguang Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1726–1736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.168

• served as a reference electrode, TiO2/GO hybrid and GO membranes as separators, 1.0 M/0.1 M LiTFSI/LiNO3 in DOL and DME (1:1 v/v) as an electrolyte and sulfur as a cathode. The charge–discharge measurements were carried out in the voltage range of 1.5–3 V (vs Li/Li+) by using a multichannel Neware

Tuning the performance of vanadium redox flow batteries by modifying the structural defects of the carbon felt electrode

• Ditty Dixon,
• Deepu Joseph Babu,
• Aiswarya Bhaskar,
• Hans-Michael Bruns,
• Joerg J. Schneider,
• Frieder Scheiba and
• Helmut Ehrenberg

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1698–1706, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.165

• Reference 3000 instrument from Gamry with a Ag/AgCl reference electrode and a platinum mesh as a counter electrode. A modified configuration developed by Fink et al. was used as the setup for the working electrode (WE) [31]. The configuration was modified so that punched-out disks (Ø = 6 mm) of the felts