Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

Mechanical property measurements enabled by short-term Fourier-transform of atomic force microscopy thermal deflection analysis

• Thomas Mathias,
• Roland Bennewitz and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1952–1962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.136

• entire length of the measurement [14][15][16]. This calculation results in a single measurement of the cantilever’s oscillation frequency and other oscillation parameters, but can also result in high frequency/spectral resolution that can allow for the determination of quantifiable results for parameters

• ][12][13].The drawback to most wavelet transforms applied to analyze AFM thermal deflection signals is that these measurements suffer from insufficient spectral resolution, which limits the ability to accurately quantify cantilever oscillation characteristics, as well as making it difficult to obtain

• the thermal motion of the cantilever using short-term Fourier transforms (STFTs). Similar to wavelet transforms, STFTs allow one to calculate the time-varying spectra of the cantilever’s deflection signal over the measurement time with a simpler way of controlling the spectral/frequency resolution

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• deposition, chemical mechanical polishing, and laser nanopatterning, enable the creation of nanostructures and nanoscale devices. However, a major limitation of these methods is their inability to effectively produce high-resolution three-dimensional nanostructures [1][2][3][4]. In contrast, focused electron

• or ion beam-induced deposition (FEBID/FIBID) allows for the precise fabrication of two- and three-dimensional nanostructures with well-defined shapes and dimensions ranging from 5 to 10 nm [1][5][6][7][8][9][10]. This high spatial resolution is achieved by precisely controlling the position and

• the fabrication or modification of cantilevers in AFM and scanning optical near-field microscopy, and as plasmonic materials [15][16][17][18][19]. FEBID/FIBID techniques combine the advantages of direct-write lithographic processes, for example, high spatial resolution, site-specificity, no need for

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• ]. The challenge for high-resolution AFM is designing such a detector for a test mass hosting a sharp tip that is scanned over a surface in ultrahigh vacuum and at ultralow temperature. In this paper, we report on an AFM cantilever force sensor with an integrated detector consisting of a compact

• features in a 1 µm scan field, but has not been tested to atomic resolution. Results and Discussion Force sensitivity and imaging The microcantilever in dynamic AFM operates as a resonant force transducer. Each individual eigenmode is described by a mechanical susceptibility χ, expressing cantilever

• degraded by detector noise. For FM-AFM this bandwidth is Δf = Γ(T/T*), whereas AM-AFM requires Δf ≤ Γ. Force sensitivity is, however, only one aspect of a high-performance AFM. Ultimately the image speed and resolution, both vertical and lateral, are influenced by many factors, namely, equilibrium tip

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• sputtering and the increase in surface roughness during implantation may result in a shallower experimental profile than predicted. Differences can also arise from the finite depth resolution of RBS, which is influenced by energy straggling and multiple scattering effects, leading to a broadening of the

• thin surface layer with a depth of a few nanometers. The deconvolution of the high-resolution C 1s peak of XPS spectra is illustrated in Figure 5 for GO and in Figure 6 for PI. Spectra are shown for unmodified samples and for samples exposed to the highest ion fluence (1 × 1016 cm−2). More detailed

• implantation energy. The deconvolution of the C 1s region in high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of pristine PI is depicted in Figure 6a, illustrating four distinct carbon components. These components include C–C carbons originating from the aromatic rings of the oxydianiline portion

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• integrate high-resolution computed tomography-based geometries to further elucidate the mechanisms underlying hygroscopic actuation. This integrative approach will bridge experimental findings with computational modeling and advance plant biomechanics and biomimetic transfer. Keywords: digital volume

• five resolution levels using a Gaussian filter was applied. The number of iterations per resolution level was set to 1000 for the affine transformation and 2000 for the B-spline transformation. Advanced normalized correlation was chosen as the correlation metric. The detailed parameter files

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• studies across a broad pressure range, enabling research in catalysis, corrosion, energy storage, and thin film growth. The high brilliance and small beam size of MAX IV’s synchrotron light are essential for pushing the time-resolution boundaries of APXPS, especially in the soft X-ray regime. We discuss

• energy range of 30–1500 eV with variable polarization and high photon flux in the low photon energy range [9]. The optics provide a moderately focused beam (~100 µm). The beamline covers an energy resolution typical for soft X-ray beamlines of resolving power values of the order of 5000–10000 over nearly

• , we must ensure a well-controlled environment that is relevant to catalytic conditions. This includes enhancing the temporal resolution of APXPS measurements. Ultimately, the goal is to understand the heterogeneity of a catalytic system with greater specificity regarding site, time, chemistry, and

Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• 13.50 × 8.00 mm2 for each layer were cut from a tensile specimen with linear gradient and rectilinear interface using the laser cutter mentioned above, resulting in a total of seven specimens. Each specimen was scanned at a resolution of 4 μm, with a 360° scan and a rotation step of 0.3°, using a

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• drying. The P25 loading was ca. 50.0 mg (≈1.0 mg/cm2), nearly the same as that of the TiO2 nanowires on carbon cloth. Characterizations The morphologies were analyzed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, Zeiss Germany Sigma 300) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• ,5H)-trione pentenoic anhydride (PBTPA), Mo-polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), W-beeswax, and Mo-polycaprolactone [65][66][67][68][69][70][71]. However, in the case of high-performance devices that require high-resolution micropatterning, the application of conventional silicon

• electronic devices on a large-area substrate, such as a silicon wafer, followed by backside etching to remove the handle or box layers, thereby isolating the functional thin film for transfer onto a biodegradable substrate. This wafer-level technique offers a promising route to large-area, high-resolution

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopies, and the correlation of the NP properties with the laser beam profile was studied. Three different beam profiles were selected, namely, a Bessel beam produced using an axicon, an

• structure of the formed NPs were analyzed by means of ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies. Particle size and morphology

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• concentration of 4-MBA decreased logarithmically. Since the sample was prepared by drop casting onto a Si wafer, AgNPrs tended to aggregate, which may have led to reduced resolution of the Raman peaks at very low analyte concentrations. The relationship between 4-MBA concentration and the intensity of the 1589

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• , and enhanced signal-to-noise ratio besides high-resolution scanning applications [4][5]. These properties have made nanoscale electrodes the preferred choice in the biosensing industry, particularly for point-of-care applications. As this market continues to expand, there is a growing demand for more

• advantage makes them suitable for biosensing applications with high spatial resolution involving single cells. The morphology and functionality of the electrodes were characterized through elemental analysis and copper deposition, demonstrating their capability for effective surface modification. Results

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• states of the Ag@PCTA membrane. In the high-resolution Ag 3d spectrum of Figure 3b, the characteristic BEs of Ag 3d5/2 and Ag 3d3/2 are observed at around 368.5 and 374.3 eV, respectively. These values are indicative of the presence of Ag0, which was also well established in the literature [29][30][31

• , PCTA, and Ag@PCTA. High-resolution XPS spectra of Ag in (b) CTA, (c) PCTA, and (d) Ag@PCTA. (a, c, e) Top-view and (b, d, f) cross-sectional SEM images of (a, c) CTA, (c, d) PCTA, and (e, f) Ag@PCTA membrane surfaces. The inset (top right) provides a higher magnification view of the selected region

Automated collection and categorisation of STM images and STS spectra with and without machine learning

• Dylan Stewart Barker and
• Adam Sweetman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1367–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.99

• Dylan Stewart Barker Adam Sweetman School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom 10.3762/bjnano.16.99 Abstract Atomic resolution scanning probe microscopy, and in particular scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) allows for high-spatial-resolution imaging and

• accomplished via assessment of the imaging quality on the target molecule and also the characteristics of the scanning tunnelling spectra (STS) on clean metal surfaces. Critically for spectroscopic experiments, assessment of the spatial resolution of the image is not sufficient to ensure a high-quality tip for

• spectroscopic measurements. The ability to automate this process is a key aim in development of high resolution scanning probe materials characterisation. In this paper, we assess the feasibility of automating the assessment of imaging quality, and spectroscopic tip quality, via both machine learning (ML) and

Deep-learning recognition and tracking of individual nanotubes in low-contrast microscopy videos

• Vladimir Pimonov,
• Said Tahir and
• Vincent Jourdain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1316–1324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.96

• to the same or another close nanotube (Figure 3). Despite this final manual check, automating recognition and tracking steps has accelerated kinetic extraction, significantly enhanced the time resolution of kinetic curves (Figure 3b–d), and increased the repeatability of kinetic measurements. A

• acquired using this method, forming the foundation for developing a statistically supported model of carbon nanotube growth kinetics. On average, extracting kinetic data from a single video takes approximately 6 h for a time resolution of 5 s using the manual method, compared to just 2 h for a time

• resolution of 1 s with the deep learning model, meaning that the throughput was increased by about a factor of 15 (Figure 3a,b). Conclusion We have identified several critical steps in developing a DL model for extracting kinetic data from in situ microscopy videos of individual nano-objects. A specific

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• employed as shown in Figure 1. For nanostructuring, a convex lens made of CaF2 with a focal length of 5 cm was used to focus the laser beam. Precise sample positioning was achieved using a three-dimensional Newport stage with a resolution of 1 µm, controlled by an ESP motion controller, with all axes being

• -resolution images of cross section and surface morphologies of the sample were obtained using a FESEM (Zeiss, Ultra 55). EDS was used to determine the elemental distribution on the bare and laser-treated surfaces. The periodicity in various locations on the FESEM images was determined using ImageJ software

• parallel to the incident beam polarization. In all FESEM images, the incident polarization direction is represented by a violet arrow at the top left corner. High-resolution images of the embedded HSFL ladder-like structure is shown in Figure 5 for two wavelengths for better understanding. The aspect ratio

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• on the optimized BiVO4(326) sample. The survey spectrum (Figure 7a) confirmed the presence of Bi, V, and O, which is consistent with the BiVO4 structure. High-resolution Bi 4f spectra (Figure 7b) show a characteristic doublet at binding energies of 159.0 eV (Bi 4f7/2) and 164.2 eV (Bi 4f5/2

• 600 min. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of the BiVO4(326) photoanode before and after PEC stability testing in 30 min (0.5 M Na2SO4). (a) XPS view scans of survey spectrum and high-resolution spectra of (b) Bi 4f, (c) O 1s, and (d) V 2p. Estimated crystallite sizes of BiVO4

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• resolution of 4 cm−1. Thermal stability was determined using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG). Samples were heated from 25 to 500 °C at a rate of 10 K·min−1 under N2 atmosphere (50 mL·min−1) in a METTLER TOLEDO 3+ Large furnace (Switzerland). X-ray

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• nanoparticles (CS/TPP-β-CD), pure rotenoids, and rotenoid-loaded nanoparticles (CS/TPP-β-CD-rot) was analyzed using a PerkinElmer Spectrum Two FTIR spectrometer equipped with an Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) accessory. Dried samples were scanned over a wavenumber range of 800–4000 cm−1, with a resolution

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• sample at the nanoscale. The force applied by the AFM tip on the sample is controlled by monitoring the deflection of an extremity of a micrometer mechanical lever onto which the tip is attached. In the study of pathogens, AFM excels in providing high-resolution topographic images while measurements are

• . Therefore, the pre-programed grid in FV defines the amount of information (number of nanoindentations per scanned line) taken from the sample surface and also its resolution. Typical parameters obtained using the FV mode are the height, stiffness, adhesion, elasticity modulus, and dissipation of the sample

• loading force of 500 pN for each nanoindentation applied in a pre-programmed grid of 48 points per line to quantify surface interactions and the mechanical response of bacteria. This allowed us to simultaneously acquire maps with enough resolution on the sample surface to identify individual bacteria and

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• in organic solvents (acetone, ethanol, acetonitrile). In a systematic experimental series using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, selected-area electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction, electron energy

• . Nanoparticle characterization is done by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDX), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), complemented by tempering and laser post

• (±2% to ±5%), making it unlikely that those differences will have a big impact on structural differences. Based on this data, we can conclude that element ratios close to the mole fraction of the target are converted into NPs (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S6). High-resolution particle

Deep learning for enhancement of low-resolution and noisy scanning probe microscopy images

• Samuel Gelman,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Nir Kampf,
• Marek Patočka,
• Maricarmen Rios,
• Marcos Penedo,
• Georg Fantner,
• Amir Beker,
• Sidney R. Cohen and
• Ido Azuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1129–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.83

• deep learning models to improve resolution and quality of low-resolution AFM images made under standard ambient scanning. Both traditional methods and deep learning models were benchmarked and quantified regarding fidelity, quality, and a survey taken by AFM experts. The deep learning models outperform

• the traditional methods and yield better results. Additionally, some common AFM artifacts, such as streaking, are present in the ground truth high-resolution images. These artifacts are partially attenuated by the traditional methods but are completely eliminated by the deep learning models. This work

• shows deep learning models to be superior for super-resolution tasks and enables significant reduction in AFM measurement time, whereby low-pixel-resolution AFM images are enhanced in both resolution and fidelity through deep learning. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; deep learning; fast scanning

Towards a quantitative theory for transmission X-ray microscopy

• James G. McNally,
• Christoph Pratsch,
• Stephan Werner,
• Stefan Rehbein,
• Andrew Gibbs,
• Jihao Wang,
• Thomas Lunkenbein,
• Peter Guttmann and
• Gerd Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1113–1128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.82

• ; transmission X-ray microscope; Introduction Transmission X-ray microscopes (TXMs) operating in the soft and tender X-ray energy range are valuable tools for structural analysis in both biomedical and materials science research [1][2][3][4]. These microscopes yield images at a lateral resolution approaching 25

• investigate this further, we performed selected area electron diffraction on the nanospheres, which revealed the presence of crystalline domains in the nanospheres with the lattice spacing of gold (Supporting Information File 1, Section S13, Figure S12a). Furthermore, a high-resolution TEM image showed the