Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• , enhancing stability, and reducing adverse effects. Concurrently, natural products are being extensively researched for their anticancer and immunomodulatory properties. This patent review aims to analyze publications that integrate nanotechnology with natural products to develop cancer treatments and

• immunotherapies. In this context, 17 patents were identified through the free online databases of the European Patent Office (EPO) and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). The review discusses various types of nanotechnology, including nanoparticles, nanocarriers, and nanocapsules, as well as

• agents. Consequently, the combination of natural products with nanotechnology holds significant therapeutic potential. Keywords: cancer; immunotherapy; nanotechnology; natural products; patent; review; Introduction Cancer is a disease characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• effectively removing MPs, especially those in the nanosize range. This review presents a detail analysis of the sources, pathways, detection methods, and health impact of MPs, while emphasizing the emerging role of nanotechnology in their remediation. Nanomaterials, including nanoadsorbents, photocatalysts

• articles dominate the landscape, with 1478 publications focused on MPs and 325 on NPs. Review articles and book chapters also show substantial number of MP studies, suggesting a mature and well-reviewed body of literature. In contrast, contributions on NPs remain limited across all categories, reflecting

• key properties of nanoparticles include high surface area, extensive functionalization, high reactivity, and size-dependent characteristics. By leveraging these properties, water treatment methods can be refined at the nanoscale to selectively target pollutants [16][17]. This comprehensive review

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates, and solar cells. In this review article, we describe different methods of nanocolloidal synthesis using laser-assisted processes and corresponding thin film fabrication methods, particularly those utilized for device fabrication and characterization. The four

• ; nanocolloids to thin films; photocatalysis; photovoltaics and photodetection; surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS); Review 1 Introduction This section provides a brief introduction to the fundamental laser processing techniques used in liquids, including ablation, fragmentation, melting, irradiation; it

• . These techniques have been important for progress in this field of study. 1.1 Laser ablation in liquids Laser ablation in liquids (LAL) is a well-established technique for synthesizing nanomaterials such as metals, semiconductors, ceramics, polymers, and alloys. Several review articles published since

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• BC and modified BC in mitigating MP-contaminated soil by evaluating crop yield, microbial expression, gene activity, and enzymatic responses, while also analyzing the effectiveness of various modified biochars in removing MPs of different sizes in aqueous environments. The findings of this review

• provide critical insights into the current state and future directions of biochar's application in addressing MP pollution. Review Research methodology and analytical framework Data collection and processing The study employed bibliometric analysis using CiteSpace to examine publication trends and

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• .; Liu, G. Nanoscale 2025, 17, 5605–5628. doi:10.1039/D4NR04774E ]. This review explores the potential of encapsulated metalloantibiotics as a new frontier in antimicrobial therapy. We address the mechanisms by which drug delivery systems can stabilize and direct metalloantibiotics to their biological

• resistance. Review Nanocarriers for targeted antibiotic delivery The role of drug delivery systems is particularly vital in combating bacterial infections where antibiotic resistance poses a significant challenge [27][28]. Conventional antibiotic treatments often result in sublethal drug concentrations at

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• ferroptosis-based therapy. Among them, engineered liposomes have received more attention due to their biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and flexibility in chemical and structural modifications. The present review focuses on the mechanisms of ferroptosis and its induction by engineered liposomes to improve

• tumor therapy. It also highlights the fascinating outcome of liposome-mediated ferroptosis in overcoming the obstacles to cancer therapy, along with the limitations and possible future directions. Keywords: cancer; ferroptosis; liposome; nanomedicine; stimuli-responsive; Review 1 Introduction Cancer

• , reduced drug toxicity, improved pharmacokinetics, the ability to release drugs in a controlled manner, and the ability to target tumors. However, certain limitations also exist, including off-target accumulation and fast clearance [21]. This review explores the design of liposome structures aimed at

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• incident polarization [40][41][42][43][44][45]. A recent review by Jörn Bonse and Stephan Gräf provides a comprehensive classification based on materials and associated theories [46]. Two primary classes of theories – electromagnetic and matter reorganization – have been proposed to explain LIPSS formation

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• their action site to achieve desired therapeutic effects. Thus, it is critical to explore and understand the types, targeting mechanism, immune responses, and therapeutic outcomes of such NPs. Unlike previous reports, here, we provide an up-to-date review of recent advances in biomimetic nanomedicines

• with a specific focus on their types and recent advancements only for cancer treatment. This review focuses on the recent advancements in biomimetic nanomedicines engineered with various biomaterials, emphasizing their interactions with different types of tumors and tumor microenvironment (TME). It

• presents the role of biomimetic nanoparticles in developing targeted cancer therapies by selectively eliminating the tumor cells, sparing healthy tissues, and possibly stimulating the immune system. The review explores biomimetic nanodrug delivery systems as antitumor immunotherapy, including antigen

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• stability, absorption, and biodistribution impairments. Among the DDSs, we can highlight hydrogels and nanogels, which are easy to obtain, show good biocompatibility, and have several applications in the design of drug carriers for dermal and ocular administration. In this review, we introduce a brief

• application of hydrogels and nanogels as DDSs are particularly addressed. Review Preparation of hydrogels Cross-linking, one of the main techniques for hydrogel formation, is the process of linking polymer chains by covalent or noncovalent bonds, forming tridimensional networks [43][44]. Polymers can be intra

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• pyrolysis [24], and solvothermal methods [25] as addressed in several review articles [26][27][28][29]. In brief, the usual structures obtained when synthesizing HEA NPs are mostly fcc and bcc. Applying CTS, Yao et al. reported quinary, senary, septenary, and even octonary HEA NPs, all forming an fcc

• ][93][94] while a recent review also thoroughly reported on the by-product development due to radical recombination during laser-based syntheses in organic solvents [54]. These carbon species can interact with the plume and diffuse into the nanoparticles, depending on the affinity of nanoparticle

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• structures and properties. To demonstrate its effectiveness, this review takes typical soft materials, including liquid crystals, polymers, gels, and biological materials, as examples. The aims are to extract the properties that emerge from them and to highlight the challenges that lie ahead. The examples

• for diabetic bone defects, and bactericidal materials. As can be seen from these examples, soft materials nanoarchitectonics offers a wide range of material designs, specific functions, and potential applications. In addition, this review examines the current state and future of soft materials

• macroscale to the nanoscale, upon relations with soft materials and nanoarchitectonics. However, the diversity of soft materials is such that it is virtually impossible to provide a comprehensive overview within a small review article. Accordingly, this review takes typical soft materials, including liquid

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• formation processes. Disentangling these mechanisms represents a veritable challenge, as ultrafast and structurally sensitive experimental methods are required. This review presents a discussion of how state-of-the-art experimental protocols using ultrafast lasers and sensitive structural probes, such as

• scattering; Review Introduction Laser synthesis and processing of materials with emphasis on structure formation on the nanoscale offers a multitude of pathways to desired structure-related functions [1]. In green processes, nanostructures and nanoparticles (NPs) can be produced that serve applications in

• , where excessive electron emission leads to material decomposition via charge forces [51][52] (Figure 1D–G). Discriminating between these mechanisms in experiments is challenging and requires carefully designed approaches that resolve the processes spatially, temporally, and energetically. This review

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• -scale information about material behavior under different conditions. This thorough understanding can be leveraged to optimize materials for various applications, including energy storage, catalysis, and electronics. This review focuses on cerium oxide, an important material for catalytic and energy

• applications, examining the application of high-brilliance light sources on model systems such as supported thin films and epitaxial nanostructures. We review selected studies exploiting the high energy resolution and sensitivity of synchrotron radiation-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray

• refined understanding of cerium oxide-based materials, particularly when examined in the form of well-controlled thin films and nanostructures prepared by physical synthesis methods. Review Studies by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and related techniques Synchrotron radiation-based X-ray photoelectron

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• -powered PDs, as opposed to conventional PDs, are well suited to operate in challenging environments and their applications and benefits in fields such as wireless environmental sensing, chemical and biosensing, in situ medical-therapy monitoring are explained in detail by Xu et al. in their review [34

Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• human serum Human serum was acquired from five healthy adult donors, via the Mini Donor service of the University Medical Center Utrecht (Biobank number 18-774). Approval for the study was obtained from the local ethics review board, and all participants provided written informed consent. Pooled human

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• beamline at Elettra is capable of in situ and operando analysis regardless of sample morphology. The review presents three different case studies illustrating the capabilities of SPEM in the investigation of catalytic materials in different conditions and processes. Keywords: nanostructured materials

• characterization shown in the review demonstrate its usefulness in the investigation on nanostructured materials regardless of their morphology. This feature is of particular interest when device prototypes, such as sensors and batteries, must be analyzed in real conditions. The combination of imaging and

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• 37610, Pakistan 10.3762/bjnano.16.46 Abstract The importance of electrospun membranes for biomedical applications has increased, especially when it comes to skin regeneration and wound healing. This review presents the production and applications of electrospun membranes based on polyurethane (PU) and

• silk fibroin (SF) and highlights their benefits as a skin substitute. This review also highlights the electrospinning technique used to prepare nanofibers for these biomedical applications. Silk, well-known for its excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, structural properties, and low immunogenic

• substitute applications [13]. Various materials including natural polymers, synthetic polymers, or composites have been used to create electrospun membranes. This review focuses on silk fibroin/polyurethan-based electrospun membranes. Silk fibroin (SF) is a naturally occurring biomaterial made of proteins

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• formation. This review provides an in-depth analysis of various nanochaperones developed to target AβOs, detailing their mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential via focusing on two main strategies, namely, disruption of AβOs through direct interaction and the inhibition of AβO nucleation by binding

• to intermediates of the oligomerization process. Evidence from in vivo studies indicate that NMs hold promise for ameliorating AD symptoms. Additionally, the review explores the different interaction mechanisms through which nanoparticles exhibit their inhibitory effects on AβOs, providing insights

• ; dissociation; nanomaterials; Review Introduction The etiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has traditionally been linked to the presence of amyloid-β 42 (Aβ42), a protein widely recognized as a key marker of the disease. However, a growing body of recent scientific evidence suggests that it may be the amyloid

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez Dylan Maguire Ruairi P. Brannigan School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland 10.3762/bjnano.16.34 Abstract This review explores the recent advancements in polymer-assisted delivery systems for antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and their

• potential in precision disease treatment. Synthetic polymers have shown significant promise in enhancing the delivery, stability, and therapeutic efficacy of ASOs by addressing key challenges such as cellular uptake, endosomal escape, and reducing cytotoxicity. The review highlights key studies from the

• . Emerging strategies, including stimuli-responsive polymers and advanced nanoparticle systems, offer potential solutions to these challenges. The review underscores the transformative potential of polymer-enhanced ASO delivery in personalised medicine, emphasising the importance of continued innovation to

Biomimetics and bioinspired surfaces: from nature to theory and applications

• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira,
• Thies H. Büscher,
• Manuela Rebora,
• Poramate Manoonpong,
• Zhendong Dai and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 418–421, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.32

• species. Other possible sources of bioinspiration have been extensively examined by a review on functional surfaces in Hymenoptera, which include bees, wasps, and ants [5]. This diverse group of insects offers a rich array of surfaces that are adapted to realize different tasks, providing insights into

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 10.3762/bjnano.16.22 Abstract This review examines strategies to enhance the mechanical properties of chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) electrospun nanofibers, recognized for their biomedical and

• . Key strategies for improvement are analyzed, including material modifications through blending and structural modifications like fiber orientation and multilayer constructions, and surface modifications such as coating and functionalization. The review also covers advanced characterization methods to

• [9]. In this review, we focus on the background of the electrospinning process, the properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers, and fabrication techniques, including the effects of various parameters and post-treatment methods. We also review the characterization of chitosan/PVA electrospun

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• contaminants, making it a versatile option for environmental remediation across various water and air treatment applications. These features collectively make photocatalysis an attractive approach for addressing pollution challenges in diverse settings. In recent years, several significant review papers have

• lack of understanding about these processes and their practical limitations for large-scale commercial wastewater treatment. This review concentrates on semiconductor-based photocatalytic processes and their effectiveness in eliminating antibiotics while also addressing their practical constraints. The

• enhanced antibiotic degradation from contaminated water. The discussion also includes concluding remarks and future directions of emerging techniques for sustainable wastewater treatment. Review Sources of antibiotics The primary sources of antibiotics in surface water include animal husbandry and

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• . The same was also confirmed in a systematic review related to the cell toxicity and immunological effects of CNs, in which the toxicity of CNs followed the order: fullerenes < carbon black nanoparticles < MWCNTs < SWCNTs < graphene [69]. Regarding the surface modification, findings from all studies

• detail explained in a recent review by Thabet et al. [96], emphasizing its role in DNA synthesis and repair mechanisms, gene expression, protection from oxidative stress, homocysteine regulation, collagen synthesis, and effect on enzymes, on one side, and the stimulation of nucleotide synthesis and

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• the photothermal properties of these nanomaterials and their innovative therapeutic mechanisms. We review the latest research on photothermal nanomaterial-based treatments for various eye diseases. Additionally, we discuss the current challenges and future perspectives in this field, with a focus on

• enhancing global visual health. Keywords: multifunctional composite; ophthalmology; photothermal nanomaterial; thermal field distribution; vapor nanobubble; Review 1 Introduction The human eye, serving as a primary organ for information acquisition, is vulnerable to various diseases over a lifetime [1

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• frameworks (MOFs) have gained recognition as MMM fillers for CO2 capture. Here, a review of the current state, recent advancements, and challenges in the fabrication and engineering of MMMs with MOFs for selective CO2 capture is proposed. Key considerations and promising research directions to fully exploit

• the gas separation potential of MOF-based MMMs in CO2 capture applications are highlighted. Keywords: CO2 capture; gas separation; inorganic filler; metal-organic framework (MOF); mixed matrix membrane (MMM); Review 1 Introduction The continuous rise in global CO2 emissions has unfolded an era of

• , metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have received a growing focus in the past decade [5][12][23][24][25]. The MOFs play the role of versatile and porous dispersive fillers, providing a multitude of opportunities to fabricate highly efficient MOF-derived MMMs tailored for CO2 separation. The present review