PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• , respectively, 18.9-fold and 17.3-fold higher luciferase expression compared to 5 mol % PEG LNPs. Fundus imaging and immunohistochemistry confirmed robust tdTomato fluorescence in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), with a twofold to 3.4-fold increase in signal, showing the 0.5% PEG LNPs consistently

• proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF, IL-6, and IFN-γ; this immune-stimulation supported robust IgG- and IFN-γ-producing T cell responses after repeated dosing [75]. A similar effect was observed in another study, where mice with pre-existing anti-PEG antibodies exhibited a modest increase in OVA-specific IgG

Programmable soliton dynamics in all-Josephson-junction logic cells and networks

• Vsevolod I. Ruzhickiy,
• Anastasia A. Maksimovskaya,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Maxim V. Tereshonok,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1883–1893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.131

• motion is interrupted, for example, by a structural inhomogeneity in a transmission line. Traditionally, this sensitivity to structural inhomogeneities has been viewed as a challenge for robust circuit design. In this work, we propose to exploit the sensitivity mentioned above. We base our proposal on

• reconfigurable routing and the WayMatrix, a versatile N × M routing matrix. These solutions establish a framework for robust, high-speed superconducting logic that addresses critical bottlenecks in this type of computing. We realize that the time required to “reprogram” kinetic inductance significantly exceeds

Self-assembly and adhesive properties of Pollicipes pollicipes barnacle cement protein cp19k: influence of pH and ionic strength

• Shrutika Sawant,
• Anne Marie Power and
• J. Gerard Wall

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1863–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.129

• , ship hulls, and even other organisms [1]. These bioadhesives function under challenging aquatic conditions, including high and fluctuating salinity, and constant turbulence. Unlocking the molecular mechanisms behind their ability to achieve robust, long-term adhesion under wet and dynamic conditions

• their formulation, biocompatibility, long-term stability, and clinical efficacy still require significant investigation [12][13]. Barnacles are sessile marine organisms which employ a different strategy for underwater adhesion: they secrete a multicomponent proteinaceous cement that facilitates robust

• fibrillar aggregates formed under gland-like conditions, though structurally robust, may offer less surface contact, resulting in the granular Coomassie staining. The curled fibres formed in low pH and low salt concentration conditions were also tested for surface adhesion, resulting in no homogenous or

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• provides a robust foundation for research into botanical extracts as reducing and stabilizing agents in nanoparticle synthesis [29]. Additionally, India has significantly invested in scientific research over the past decades, particularly in nanotechnology, biotechnology, and pharmaceutical sciences. The

• , these techniques form a robust analytical toolkit that supports the eco-friendly and scalable production of metal nanoparticles in green nanotechnology. Limitations concerning selected studies The analysis of study limitations revealed that the vast majority (68.7%; n = 67) of the reviewed articles

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• ppm [64]. Based on the characteristics of MOFs, a MOF-covalent organic framework (COF) hybrid membrane (FS-50/COF(MATPA)-MOF(Zr)/PDA@PVDF) was constructed and achieved an MP removal rate of approximately 100%. This hybrid membrane was evaluated as a robust and environmentally friendly material [65

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• kinetic stabilization achieved through the optimized composition of the surfactant pair, which likely contributed to a robust interfacial film that prevented coalescence and Ostwald ripening [38][39][40]. Although colloidal stability has been demonstrated, chemical stability studies are still needed to

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• disease progression, primarily encompassing proteins, nucleic acids, metabolites, and cellular components [44]. To be clinically relevant, these markers must demonstrate both high sensitivity and specificity, enabling robust diagnostic and prognostic capabilities. Most biosensors for cancer detection use

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• ]. Patents WO2016178224 and US240447339 show robust results, with solid data both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting high efficacy compared to the free drug and lower toxicity. Patents CN222367609 and CN225561345, although their results are limited to specific cell lines, also show good results in terms of

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• particles, enhancing their removal through settling or filtration [52]. Biological treatments can entrap or partially degrade plastics via microbial activity, though typically with limited efficiency for persistent polymers. Advanced oxidation processes offer a more robust route for plastic degradation by

• innovative solutions in MPs remediation. You et al. [119] synthesized a robust composite material, ZIF-8@Aerogel, by growing Zn-based MOF ZIF-8 directly onto wood-derived aerogel fibres. This composite demonstrated effective MP removal in both freshwater and seawater simulations. Specifically, it achieved a

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• photocatalytic properties of TiO2, which generate ROS that degrade bacterial membranes [23]. Yang and Wang’s group introduced carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into a mixed cellulose esters (MCE) membrane to create a robust porous bi-layered photothermal membrane (CNT@PEI/MCE) for efficient solar-driven interfacial water

• activity of Ag nanoparticles on the surface of the Ag@PCTA film. It is evident despite a decrease in nano Ag dosage from 0.05 mol·L−1 to 0.02 mol·L−1 (from III to IV in Figure 6), the size of the inhibitory ring remains almost unchanged, highlighting the robust antibacterial performance of the Ag@PCTA

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• initiate a robust cascade production of •OH and LPOs within the TME [156]. Another pH-responsive liposome also showed better catalytic activity at weakly acidic conditions by combining amphiphilic dendrimers with liposomes. The combination of amphiphilic dendrimers with liposomes significantly enhanced the

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• (O/W) or water-in-oil (W/O), which are isotropic, homogeneous, and thermodynamically unstable, with droplet sizes ranging from 20 to 200 nm [20]. They present properties such as high surface area per unit volume, robust kinetic stability, and tunable rheology [21]. It has been demonstrated that

Towards a quantitative theory for transmission X-ray microscopy

• James G. McNally,
• Christoph Pratsch,
• Stephan Werner,
• Stefan Rehbein,
• Andrew Gibbs,
• Jihao Wang,
• Thomas Lunkenbein,
• Peter Guttmann and
• Gerd Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1113–1128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.82

• absorption of each nanosphere, since this is a commonly measured parameter in samples imaged by TXMs. An exact measurement of experimental absorption is non-trivial because the background around the nanosphere varies slowly with distance from the nanosphere center. Therefore, to achieve a robust estimate of

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• results demonstrate that both NMs exhibited robust piezoelectric properties and confirmed their exceptional biocompatibility, with no toxicity observed even at the highest concentrations tested. The mechanical stress induced by the US prompts micromechanical interaction with cells. This, in turn, triggers

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• materials, collectively known as “soft materials” [1][2][3][4][5], may be indicative of the significant advancements made in materials science. In the past, materials that were robust, rigid, and durable were esteemed. Nevertheless, the significance of materials endowed with intelligent capabilities that

• exhibit diverse responses to external stimuli is on the rise [6][7][8][9][10]. The field of materials chemistry is undergoing a transition from a focus on hard, robust materials to a greater emphasis on softer, more mouldable substances. This shift is actually reasonable as observed in the evolution of

Characterization of ion track-etched conical nanopores in thermal and PECVD SiO₂ using small angle X-ray scattering

• Shankar Dutt,
• Rudradeep Chakraborty,
• Christian Notthoff,
• Pablo Mota-Santiago,
• Christina Trautmann and
• Patrick Kluth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 899–909, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.68

• statistically robust measurements, averaging over more than 107 pores during an experiment. Cross-sectional SEM images (Figure 1c,d) reveal distinct differences in nanopore geometry between thermal and PECVD SiO2. The full cone angle (β) in PECVD SiO2 (≈44°) is approximately 1.8 times larger than in thermal

• images do not provide robust statistical information and are prone to measurement errors. Cross-sectional SEM imaging provides limited statistical reliability as the probability of cleaving directly through a nanopore’s central axis is extremely low. This sampling bias introduces significant

• uncertainties in dimensional measurements and makes it challenging to obtain robust structural information about the nanopores. Figure 2 shows a representative 2D scattering pattern obtained from conical nanopores in thermal SiO2. This image represents the simultaneous measurement of approximately 107 parallel

Facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Ni/NiO on stainless steel for an efficient electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction

• Ha Huu Do,
• Khac Binh Nguyen,
• Phuong N. Nguyen and
• Hoai Phuong Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 837–846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.63

• NiO phases, metallic Ni, and high conductivity of SS, which is advantageous for the Volmer step in alkaline solution, the combination of adsorbed H atoms, and electron transport in the catalytic process. These conclusions guide the fabrication of binder-free, robust, affordable electrocatalysts using

Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• interrelationships. To address this challenge, statistical experimental design methodologies, notably response surface methodology (RSM), have been developed. RSM, a robust integration of mathematical and statistical techniques, is extensively employed for process optimization and the elucidation of interactions

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• tested FLG–TA concentrations. The high ratio of green-to-red fluorescence intensity observed in Figure S7, Supporting Information File 1, indicates robust cellular viability. These findings strongly align with previous metabolic activity results. Because of strong molecular interactions during synthesis

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• developed a robust and straightforward method for creating multichamber paper devices using wax printing techniques, which they applied to detect AβOs. This approach leverages copper-enhanced gold nanoprobe colorimetric immunoblotting, achieving detection limits as low as 23.7 pg/mL, visible through a

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• played a crucial role in the successful coating of these nanoparticles, significantly increasing their zeta potential and improving cellular uptake. Moreover, εPLL-coated GNPs were found to provide robust protection for the ASOs against nuclease degradation, maintaining over 78% of the oligonucleotides

• CpG. This prolonged retention translated into potent antitumor efficacy, as PG-CpG triggered robust activation of antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses and significantly inhibited tumour growth. Polyamines Polyamines are among the most extensively studied polymeric materials for assisted ASO delivery

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• uncomplicated method for producing Ag@ZnO NRs. These fabricated Ag@ZnO NRs play an effective role as an electron mediator in the development of lead chemical sensors which are both highly sensitive and robust in nature. Based on our current understanding, the lead sensor we developed exhibits the most notable

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• SDS detection. This rapid colorimetric response, coupled with the specificity and selectivity of the system, highlights the potential of the PEG–PCL nanoparticle-based method as a robust tool for environmental monitoring and analysis of SDS contamination. The simplicity of visual detection, alongside