Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• surfactants for size control [17][18][19]. Nanoparticles prepared by pulsed laser in liquid synthesis are surfactant-free [1], but the same binder strategies are used for nanoparticle–support composites as for conventionally made nanoparticles. Capping ligands and binders hinder intimate contact between

• ]. Pulsed laser-grafted and conventionally prepared electrodes had a mass loading of 70 and 8.5 µg·cm−2geometric, respectively. The diameters of laser-grafted and commercial gold nanoparticles were 200 and 100 nm, respectively. The larger size of laser-grafted gold nanoparticles is not an issue for the

• 200 W and 15 kV. Samples were washed with water, dried, and affixed to double-sided adhesive copper tape. Survey scans were averaged over five scans and spanned 0–1200 eV with a 1 eV step size, 200 ms dwell time, and 160 eV pass energy. High-resolution core level scans were averaged over five scans

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• temperature are amorphous; those deposited at other substrate temperatures are polycrystalline with a cubic zincblende structure and a preferred orientation along the [111] direction. An increase in crystallite size (from 37.60 ± 0.42 Å to 68.88 ± 1.04 Å) is observed with increased substrate temperature. This

• the optical bandgap of the films can be tuned from 1.47 ± 0.02 eV to 3.11 ± 0.14 eV. The surface morphology of the films studied using atomic force microscopy reveals that there is uniform grain growth on the surface. Various morphological parameters such as roughness, particle size, particle density

• to quantum confinement size effects, metal chalcogenides are of importance in different technological domains. Metal chalcogen compounds are composed of a transition metal with one or more members of the chalcogen family, and they exhibit semiconducting properties. Zinc telluride (ZnTe) is a binary

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• -based propidium iodide uptake analysis The efficacy of nanomedicines mainly depends upon the effective cellular internalization and their transport to the appropriate intercellular effector site [52][53]. Studies have shown that based on its size and surface characteristics (i.e., hydrophilicity or

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• prepared using a wet-milling method with zirconium balls to enhance bioavailability and expand potential applications. The particle size and physicochemical properties of the BerNPs were analyzed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier

• formation. The results demonstrated that BerNPs were produced with an average particle size of 40–65 nm. The chemical structure of BerNPs remained consistent with that of berberine, with no modifications occurring during nanoparticle preparation. The BerNPs exhibited the ability to inhibit S. mutans, with

• an efficient technique for fabricating nanoparticles from crystalline structures of organic pharmaceutical raw materials [18]. Other studies have shown that incorporating surfactants into the wet ball milling process significantly enhances particle size reduction, facilitates the effective production

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• sensitive compounds [3]. Electrospun nanofibers exhibit a large surface area, high porosity, and small pore size, making them useful for a wide range of applications, as shown in Figure 1. Chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) electrospun nanofibers have many applications, including water treatment, biomedical

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• advanced methods, including sol–gel, hydrothermal, solvothermal, precipitation and template-assisted techniques [53]. The synthesis method chosen often depends on factors such as the desired crystal structure, particle size, surface area, and photocatalytic activity required for the specific application

• recombination rates, and the generated oxygen vacancies, ultimately enhancing catalytic efficiency in visible light or solar-simulated light. The durability of the modified TiO2 relied on the number of electrons in the dopants and their ionic size. Although researchers have significantly improved the catalytic

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• ) was found to direct both the nanoparticles’ phase selectivity and recovery after cycling. The observed correlations provide potential guidelines for nanoparticle extraction and size separation, relevant for phase transfer and cycling during homogeneous catalysis. Keywords: catalysis; laser ablation

• in liquid; laser synthesis and processing of colloids; phase transfer; size separation; thermomorphic multiphase system; Introduction Laser ablation in liquids (LAL) provides nanoparticles without the need of external surfactants while retaining the initial composition of the educt material in the

• parameters. As such, nanoparticle size [32][33], colloidal stability [33], gas formation [11][34], degree of oxidation [35][36][37], and nanoparticle productivity [11][32][33][34] can be influenced and tailored to specific needs. Although it may be expected that the particles’ reactivity with the solvent and

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• changes in the structure of the CNs and TMZ after irradiation were observed. With single and dual functionalization, formulations with relatively high TMZ loading efficiency and drug content were prepared. They exhibited homogeneous particle size distributions and mean particle sizes and surface charges

• formulations of the hybrid CN MWCNTs-G compared to the corresponding MWCNTs were characterized by a similar or slightly higher TMZ content, larger particle size, similar surface charge, and slightly faster TMZ release, which can be attributed to the planar structure of graphene that promotes TMZ binding to the

• surface on a larger scale. For the irradiated CNs, lower values for particle size, more positive values for surface charge, and accelerated TMZ release were observed, which could be explained by changes in the physicochemical characteristics of the prepared formulations upon irradiation. Significant

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, followed by analysis to construct a phylogenetic tree. nHA was found to meet the required quality criteria, exhibiting a spherical morphology with an average particle size of 68 nm and a porosity of 54.78%. The nHA carrier demonstrated favorable physical attributes to

• = 31.77°, which is the highest peak of HA, as reported by Noviyanti et al. [25] and Novella and coworkers [26]. Using the information obtained from the XRD pattern, the crystal size (D) of the sample can be calculated utilizing the Scherrer equation, as outlined by Monshi and coworkers [27]: where K is a

• constant (with a value of 0.89), λ represents the X-ray wavelength in nanometers (0.154 nm), β denotes the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the diffraction peak, and θ is the Bragg angle. The crystal size of the sample was found to be 34.27 nm, with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 0.2384 radians

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• addition, the cornea, an ocular tissue, is relatively “immune amnestied” because of the absence of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, which reduces the patient’s immune response and inflammation and improves the safety and efficacy of photothermal nanomaterials therapy [12][13]. The small size of

• efficient process with photothermal conversion nearing 100% efficiency (see below in Figure 2a) [45][46][47]. The specific absorption wavelength of these metals is closely linked to their extinction cross section and particle size and shape, which are greatly influenced by the chemical capping agents and

• ], and overcoming barriers in drug delivery [53]. Furthermore, the precise adjustment of the morphology and particle size of LSPR metals allows for the fine-tuning of their characteristic absorption within the range of 650 to 1350 nm. This range falls outside the absorption spectrum of the eye’s aqueous

Probing the potential of rare earth elements in the development of new anticancer drugs: single molecule studies

• Josiane A. D. Batista,
• Rayane M. de Oliveira,
• Carlos H. M. Lima,
• Milton L. Lana Júnior,
• Virgílio C. dos Anjos,
• Maria J. V. Bell and
• Márcio S. Rocha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 187–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.15

• experiments performed here was to confirm the ability of neodymium and erbium to condense DNA at high concentrations (>0.5 μM for neodymium and >0.05 μM for erbium). Furthermore, these assays allowed us to estimate the typical shape and size of these condensates. They present a globular morphology with

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• ]. This strategy capitalizes on the combination of high surface areas and the tunable nature of pore openings and channels of MOFs, achieving selective CO2 adsorption by size exclusion [55], illustrated in Figure 2a. The kinetic diameter of competing adsorbates is the most commonly quoted metric for size

• comparison, that is, the size of the molecules based on the possibility of collision with other molecules [56]. Consequently, MOFs that exhibit pore sizes around the kinetic diameter of CO2 of 3.3 Å effectively allow for CO2 separation from gaseous mixtures containing larger molecules such as CH4 and N2 with

• did not persist when tested in a CO2/CH4 mixture with a 6/94 molar ratio (αCO2/CH4 = 61 ± 4), emphasizing the importance and the challenges related to developing MOF structures for CO2 capture [51]. While some MOFs do feature pore apertures within the narrow size range allowing for size exclusion (3.3

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• radiation (λ = 1.5410 Å) operating at 40 kV and 30 mA. Data were collected in scanning mode in steps between 4° and 75° (2θ) with a step size of 0.05°/s. The basal distance was obtained using Bragg's Law. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra were collected on a Perkin Elmer Frontier FTIR

• with 50 μm of diameter and gate delay of 0.5 μs. A static laser scattering (SLS) Horiba LA-960 equipment assessed the powder particle size distribution measurements using a 15 mL cuvette accessory and water as the dispersion medium. The refractive index was set to 1.640 for red and blue lines. Results

• reduced when the BE sample was modified with niobium compounds. The average particle size for the samples BE, NbPh, and NbOx were 12, 410, and 54 μm, respectively, and it is present in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1. The BEPh and BEOx samples presented different particle size distributions, so

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• distance and, hence, the mesopore size, but also the aluminum distribution and acidic properties of the obtained material, which are key parameters for catalysts [5][7][8][9][10]. One widely used component for the synthesis of 2D zeolites is CTAB [5][9][11][12][13]. To prepare mesoporous materials from

• similarly leads to the formation of TiO2. TiO2 is a well-known photocatalyst whose efficiency depends on a number of factors, including the crystalline phase, particle size, and degree of crystallinity. The most active phase of TiO2 is considered to be anatase. Its nanoparticles usually show higher

• efficiency than the bulk phase, but the bandgap of anatase particles smaller than 10 nm is very sensitive to their size [14]. One of the disadvantages of such free photocatalyst nanoparticles is the limitation of mass transfer between solid and liquid phases. From this perspective, the problem of

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• such as iron and gold [4][5]. Each material is chosen for its unique properties, such as size, hydrophilicity, and charge, that make it suitable for acting as a drug carrier. NCs can be functionalized on their surface to improve the stability and solubility of high-payload encapsulated cargos, promote

• influence PC formation and NC clearance, including NP size, surface charge, hydrophobicity, surface chemistry, and the encountered biological fluid [37][38][39]. NPs larger than 200 nm in size tend to accumulate in the liver and spleen, while those with a diameter of less than 10 nm are rapidly eliminated

• large size (≈25 μm) facilitates the efficient loading of diverse drugs (e.g., hydrophilic or hydrophobic) [55]. As detailed in Section 2, macrophages persist throughout acute and chronic inflammatory phases, broadening their therapeutic applicability across various pathological conditions. This chapter

Modeling and simulation of carbon-nanocomposite-based gas sensors

• Roopa Hegde,
• Punya Prabha V,
• Shipra Upadhyay and
• Krishna S B

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 90–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.9

• of 0.6 cm are built as shown in Figure 2. Meshing is a crucial step in the simulation process, dividing a large domain into smaller parts to apply boundary conditions. For this model, tetrahedral elements with an element size of 0.5 mm were used as the primary mesh element throughout the body

• . Additionally, a second mesh node was added for the sensor layer to create a refined mesh of triangular elements with an element size of 0.09 mm. The meshing settings in the COMSOL software are illustrated in Figure 3. Table 2 lists the parameters used in the simulation to examine how surface coverage varies

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• measurements were employed to analyze the morphology, dimensions, and elemental composition of the generated nanoparticles. The experimental outcomes confirmed the presence of hexagonal wurtzite-structured ZnO NPs with an average size of 10 nm. The colloidal system demonstrated excellent stability with a zeta

• with a size below 100 nm are generally considered NPs. There are several drawbacks to the chemical and physical production of NPs. Although chemically synthesized NPs are widely used in medical applications, some chemical synthesis methods involve toxic reagents and produce harmful byproducts, raising

• . The average crystallite size of the synthesized ZnO NPs was calculated using the Scherrer equation: where D is the crystallite size, K is the shape factor, λ is the X-ray wavelength (1.54 Å for Cu Kα radiation), β is the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the diffraction peak in radians, and θ is

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• properties can be tailored by changing their size, shape, surface chemistry, and functionality, have led to the designation of nanomaterials as a key enabling technology and to their subsequent inclusion in the broader categorisation of advanced materials [1][2]. Applications of nanomaterials derive in many

• cases from their high surface reactivity, which results from their small size and large surface area. They include applications in catalysis [3][4] (e.g., as catalytic converters in engines and for energy capture and storage) and as sensors [5][6] (e.g., for bioremediation and environmental monitoring

• ). In medicine [7][8] and agriculture [9][10], loading of nanomaterials with active ingredients and targeting the materials to key sites for action are enabled through surface functionalisation and the small size of nanomaterials, which allows them to access all areas. An important consequence of the

Theoretical study of the electronic and optical properties of a composite formed by the zeolite NaA and a magnetite cluster

• Joel Antúnez-García,
• Roberto Núñez-González,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• H’Linh Hmok,
• Armando Reyes-Serrato,
• Fabian N. Murrieta-Rico,
• Mufei Xiao and
• Jonathan Zamora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 44–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.5

• with a three-dimensional structure comprising pores and cavities of molecular dimensions. This unique structure enables them to operate as molecular sieves, allowing molecules smaller than the pore size to pass through while blocking the diffusion of larger ones. Furthermore, the physicochemical

• response are intricately linked to factors such as the chemical composition, particle size, structure, and geometry of these materials [18][19][20]. Hence, it is generally undesirable for nanoscale materials to undergo structural alterations because of environmental exposure or to change their properties

Precursor sticking coefficient determination from indented deposits fabricated by electron beam induced deposition

• Alexander Kuprava and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 35–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.4

• certain conditions. The beam size has to be large enough for all mass transport to be consumed by the beam before it reaches the beam center area. To fulfill this condition in practice, the beam size and current have to be chosen such that a well-defined plateau shape is formed. This precaution is taken

• these two conflicting conditions. Two deposits at a substrate temperature of 293 K were fabricated using Cr(C6H6)2 with different beam defocus setting. The AFM images of the deposits fabricated with 1400 and 800 nm wide beams (Figure 3) clearly exhibit an indent resembling a volcano. The size of 800 nm

• was the lowest possible beam size that produced a distinguishable plateau, since for smaller beam sizes the plateau disappears as diffusive replenishment starts reaching the BIR center and the DE regime prevails. Corresponding central growth rates are 0.15 and 0.25 nm/s, respectively. In comparison to

Bioinspired nanofilament coatings for scale reduction on steel

• Siad Dahir Ali,
• Mette Heidemann Rasmussen,
• Jacopo Catalano,
• Christian Husum Frederiksen and
• Tobias Weidner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 25–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.3

• in the bulk solution or heterogeneously on material surface [25]. Once nucleation occurs, calcium carbonate crystals start to grow. The growth process involves the continuous deposition of Ca2+ and CO32− ions onto the surface-bound nuclei. Over time, these crystals increase in size and adhere more

A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery

• Elina E. Mansurova,
• Andrey A. Maslennikov,
• Anna P. Lyubina,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Anzhela A. Mikhailova,
• Polina V. Mikshina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2

• through dialysis for 1.5 h using a 12000 Da pore dialysis bag. The size of p(Hist-CA) is approximately 12 ± 3 nm according to TEM, and it forms aggregates ranging in size from 80 to 150 nm (Figure 1a,b). The molecular weight of p(Hist-CA) was determined using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The GPC

• corresponds to the hydrodynamic diameter of p(Hist-CA), while the latter one relates to the size of aggregates. The average molecular weight (M) of the aggregate was determined using the static light scattering (SLS) Debye plot. The plot of KC/Rθ against C, where K is the Debye constant, C is the

• weighed on a Sartorius CP2P microbalance (Germany) in tin capsules. Quantitative measurements and data analysis were performed with Callidus 4.1 software. Hydrodynamic size and molecular weight were analyzed with a ZetaSizer Nano dynamic light scattering photon correlation spectrometer from Malvern, UK

Orientation-dependent photonic bandgaps in gold-dust weevil scales and their titania bioreplicates

• Norma Salvadores Farran,
• Limin Wang,
• Primoz Pirih and
• Bodo D. Wilts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.1

• single-diamond unit cell size of 427 ± 4 nm (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3). The transition between differently oriented domains is continuous (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S5). Spatial distribution of reflectance Previous work on single diamond network photonic crystals has shown

• ), and produces a smaller reciprocal image size than the 50× objective. We, therefore, used the latter on single-domain scales and with small illumination apertures (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S7), and the former for reciprocal space spectroscopy (Figure 3, Supporting Information File 1

• the nearest neighbor distance was multiplied with to obtain the unit cell size. Preparation of titania replicas Individual scales were scraped off from the elytra and transferred to a glass slide. Scales were etched using an argon plasma etching device (Emitech K1050X, Quorum, Laughton, UK). The

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• , and AUR-Lipo formulations. The particle sizes were 102.2 ± 3.30 nm for Unmodified-Lipo, 109.6 ± 7.65 nm for SO-Lipo, and 151.9 ± 5.88 nm for AUR-Lipo, with polydispersity indices below 0.25, indicating uniform size distribution. Endosomal escape efficiency was evaluated through confocal microscopy by

• distinct liposomal variants to evaluate key nanocarrier quality attributes, including particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential. These assessments were conducted at both physiological pH (7.4) and acidic pH (5), as summarized in Table 1. At physiological pH (7.4), the unmodified

• liposomes (Unmodified-Lipo) exhibited a stable physicochemical profile, with an average particle size of 102.2 ± 3.30 nm. Their PDI of 0.239 ± 0.046 indicated a uniform and consistent size distribution, supported by a mean negative zeta potential of −4.47 ± 2.34 mV. For sodium oleate-modified liposomes (SO

Attempts to preserve and visualize protein corona on the surface of biological nanoparticles in blood serum using photomodification

• Julia E. Poletaeva,
• Anastasiya V. Tupitsyna,
• Alina E. Grigor’eva,
• Ilya S. Dovydenko and
• Elena I. Ryabchikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1654–1666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.130

• particles of 40–80 nm as very low-density LPs (Figure 3a). Clusters of tiny spherical particles were often observed on the surface of many LPs (Figure 3a,e). The content of EVs in samples isolated from FBS by UC was incomparably lower than the content of LPs. The majority of EVs were 60–120 nm in size

• data regarding their size and morphology [31][32][33][34]. The experiments on isolating bio-NPs from photomodified FBS and NBS did not achieve the goal to isolate protein corona-bearing bio-NPs. However, we revealed a few interesting facts regarding the interaction of bio-NPs with sucrose, as well as

• supernatant was removed, the pellet was resuspended in 50 μL of remaining supernatant, and the samples were prepared for TEM examination. Photomodified FBS or NBS samples containing bio-NPs were purified in the same way. Transmission electron microscopy The size of bio-NPs determines the leading role of TEM