Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• -solvent, Tween® 80, and ʟ-α-phosphatidylcholine (PC), as surfactants. For nanoemulsions containing phytol, 10 mg/g of the drug was added to OP. Subsequent to the nanoemulsification step, the nanoemulsions were transferred into hermetically sealed glass vials and stored at room temperature for further

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• and exposed to UV light (254 nm, 40 W) for 180 min. Subsequently, the rhodamine B concentration and disintegration were examined using absorption spectra via a UVISEL ellipsometer (75 W Xe lamp, Horiba, France) in the 450–650 nm wavelength range with a 1 nm step. The ellipsometer beam spot size was 1

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• commonly used methods for the preparation of PNs employing preformed polymers. These methods typically begin with the formulation of an emulsifying system, a step common to all techniques, followed by the formation of NPs through a process that varies depending on the method, such as solvent precipitation

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• weighed every 20 min until all samples reached equilibrium. Equilibrium was defined as a change of mass of less than 0.01% over a period of 40 min. The 0% RH climate step was maintained for at least 96 h to ensure an equilibrium when measuring the dry mass of the samples. During the measurements, an error

• occurred in one sample of sclerenchyma fiber tissue, resulting in a pronounced mass shift from one weighing step to the next, making it unsuitable for further analysis. The relative mass change of the samples with respect to the measured dry mass was calculated and used for further analysis. Axially

• information. DVC was performed using the image registration software Elastix with its implemented B-spline transformation (ver. 5.1.0) [39]. The images were aligned in a two-step process, first with an affine transformation and then with a B-spline transformation. For both steps, a pyramidal approach with

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• technology for the future development of smaller and more power-efficient devices. One step in this development is the replacement of silicon, which cannot reach the development goals set by international technological roadmaps [61]. A potential replacement for silicon oxide is a high-k oxide material such

Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• toughness along a specific direction or within a defined volume [7]. By strategically varying the composition or morphology of the material, FGMs can be designed with enhanced performance characteristics tailored to specific application requirements. The gradient can be continuous or discontinuous, or step

• 13.50 × 8.00 mm2 for each layer were cut from a tensile specimen with linear gradient and rectilinear interface using the laser cutter mentioned above, resulting in a total of seven specimens. Each specimen was scanned at a resolution of 4 μm, with a 360° scan and a rotation step of 0.3°, using a

• cross sections of the individual scans (Figure 4A) and quantitatively over the course of the entire specimen (Figure 4D). In addition to the slight variations within a specimen, the step changes at the cut intersections between the pieces are noticeable. These can be explained by the material removed

Few-photon microwave fields for superconducting transmon-based qudit control

• Irina A. Solovykh,
• Andrey V. Pashchenko,
• Natalya A. Maleeva,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Olga V. Tikhonova and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1580–1591, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.112

• system “step by step” by choosing the appropriate frequency of the classical field for each stage, as was done in [54]. However, this procedure requires a rather complex experimental setup and takes a significant amount of time. For our particular system, we have identified and demonstrated the

Modeling magnetic properties of cobalt nanofilms used as a component of spin hybrid superconductor–ferromagnetic structures

• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Olesya Severyukhina,
• Anastasia Salomatina and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1557–1566, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.110

• for integration steps dt = 0.1–10.0 fs were plotted. These graphs are selectively illustrated in Figure 2. For the other integration steps, the dependences have similar behavior. The dotted line in Figure 2 shows the average values of energy and magnetization modulus for an integration step of 0.1 fs

• step on the fluctuations of the magnetic properties of the system, the relative deviations of the normalized magnetic energy ΔE(Δt) and magnetization modulus ΔM(Δt) were calculated. At the same time, additional averaging over the already performed time steps was performed for the considered quantities

• : where Nstep is the previously performed number of time steps; Ek(Δt) and Mk(Δt) are magnetic energy and magnetization modulus at the current time step; ⟨E⟩(Δt) and ⟨M⟩(Δt) are average values of the considered parameters over the entire time period. The deviations of the magnetic parameters from Equation

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• using single-step processes. However, to enable more complex functionalities, such as processing, digital communication, and memory, integrated logic devices must be developed, which inherently calls for a foundry-level scale-up. Since bioresorbable electronics can leverage existing silicon-based

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• ions (Pb2+ and Cd2+) from aqueous solutions with enhanced recyclability than less dendrimerized CNTs. Kinetic studies have revealed that the adsorption process followed a pseudo-second order kinetic model, and the rate-limiting step was mainly chemisorption. This study has not only excluded the

• (Scheme 1). This first step is crucial to ensure a high growth rate of dendrimers in subsequent steps by the repeated reaction of MA and ethylene diamine (EDA). We have characterized the CNTs-MA material by Raman spectroscopy to find the degree of functionalization, and the results are depicted in Figure

• efficiencies of 81.9 and 74.3% for Pb2+ and Cd2+ metal ions, respectively, affirming its potential use for practical applications. Based on kinetic studies, the adsorption process was best described by a pseudo-second order reaction, and the rate-limiting step was mainly chemisorption. Calculated value of

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

• IONPs, which can be coupled to azides through the CuAAC, with no detectable cross-reactivity. At this point, it may be tempting to label the conjugation reaction as a success. However, an important step in the synthesis has been neglected: We have not provided evidence that the binding of PPA is through

• . Our previous study on buffer interactions with IONPs [67] demonstrated that the buffer Tris, whose structure is analogous to THPP, showed significant binding to the IONP surface, likely through its hydroxy groups. It is clear that the addition of a disulfide cleavage step is not feasible by any

• were performed at this step to ensure that any Cy5 binding was indeed the result of the CuAAC. From the UV–vis spectra, we see that even in the absence of surface carboxylate groups, there is significant binding of PPA, as evidenced by the Cy5-azide loading on the EDC/NHS-treated (Figure 13A.i) and EDC

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• colloidal solutions, enabling the generation of NPs with controlled sizes and shapes. One of the early significant studies in this field was conducted by Pyatenko et al. in 2007 [63], who demonstrated that spherical Ag NPs of various sizes could be synthesized through one-step or multistep processes

• , and HER/OER devices. These films exhibit unique morphologies and properties due to the controlled nanoparticle size and dispersion. Additionally, these nanocolloids enable facile, low-temperature, single-step film fabrication under standard laboratory conditions, making it an efficient and versatile

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• step of the entire process [3]. During this stage, small silver nanoparticles (seeds) can combine and evolve into anisotropic nanostructures through a chemical process in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sodium borohydride, commonly referred to as the Mirkin method [4]. Recently

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• inappropriate for some applications [13][14][15]. Among various manufacturing techniques, directed electrochemical nanowire assembly (DENA) stands out as a one-step method that enables rapid and tunable fabrication of crystalline metal nanowires [16][17]. In the DENA method, AC power and a metal salt (e.g., Au

• dopamine testing experiments, and all solutions were prepared with 18 MΩ·cm deionized water. A Gamry 1000E potentiostat was used for DPV tests, where the scan range was from −0.2 to 0.7 V, the step value was 2.0 mV, the sample period was 0.5 s, the pulse time was 0.05 s, and the pulse size was 25 mV. To

• electrodes were used as above. The Gamry potentiostat was used for CV tests with scan range from −0.5 to 0.5 V, 30 mV/s, 1 mV step size (1 data point for 1 mV change, 30 data point per second), and four cycles. For noise reduction and statistical considerations, the mean value from the last three cycles were

Automated collection and categorisation of STM images and STS spectra with and without machine learning

• Dylan Stewart Barker and
• Adam Sweetman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1367–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.99

• characteristic feature corresponding to the surface state, which appears as a step function around a specific bias value, which for the Au(111) surface appears at around −0.48 V [13][14]. One notable attempt to automate this classification using machine learning (ML) was carried out by Wang et al. [15]. This

• shown in Figure 2. One addition to this method compared to the automated data gathering method described in Barker et al. [19] is the addition of I(z) classifications prior to performing imaging to ensure a tunnelling junction. This acts as a rapid “pre-filtering” step, eliminating tips that do not show

• completing this data gathering step, the tip moves away from the imaging area for a tip preparation event, in order to change the apex substantially before repeating the entire process to collect another dataset with a different tip. Throughout, if the tip is classified as “bad” in either of the I(z

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

Deep-learning recognition and tracking of individual nanotubes in low-contrast microscopy videos

• Vladimir Pimonov,
• Said Tahir and
• Vincent Jourdain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1316–1324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.96

• clusters were then subjected to a Kalman filter to merge segments corresponding to the same nanotube (Supporting Information File 4). The information about tracked segments is entered into tables for final manual verification and labeling of events. This manual step remains essential due to the complexity

• , there is room for improvement in processing algorithms. In particular, manual verification and labeling of tracked nanotubes, particularly for complex cases, remains essential and is currently the most time-consuming step in the process [20]. Currently, brightness and contrast adjustments rely on

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• ablation techniques for micro/nanostructuring have garnered significant attention due to their versatile applications. In particular, fabricating subwavelength structures using high-power pulsed lasers offers a flexible, single-step processing approach compatible with industry standards, making it a

• 20 µm. It involved a meticulous process to fine-tune laser parameters such as power, speed, and step size to attain the desired LIPSS pattern. Each incident wavelength required creating samples with varying scanning speeds, specifically, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, and 1.5 mm/s, with the input laser beam power

• fixed at 20 mW. For each wavelength, four different step sizes and scanning speeds were explored. Table 1 below displays the optimal spatial periodicity of LIPSS structures obtained for each wavelength. In this work, we fabricated LIPSS over a large area 5 mm × 5 mm and optimization was carried out for

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• a bleaching stage were used to extract cellulose from the straw. In the first acid hydrolysis step, the cellulose was treated with 62% H2SO4 solution at a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:12 (g·mL−1), continuously stirred at a temperature of 40–42 °C for 2 h. The reaction was then quenched by 10-fold

• dilution of the solution. The solution was washed by centrifugation three times and filtered through a 10 μm nylon mesh filter membrane. In the neutralization step, the solution was neutralized by dialysis with deionized water, which was replaced every 6 h, and sonicated using a Hielscher UP400St

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• , the findings observed at 0.4 mg/mL PpIX are not in line. While spectrophotometric readings indicated high solubility, the visual inspection revealed turbidity, suggesting incomplete dissolution of the photosensitizer. This discrepancy may be attributed to the filtration step performed prior to UV–vis

Transfer function of an asymmetric superconducting Gauss neuron

• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Aleksander S. Ionin,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Mikhail S. Sidel’nikov,
• Sergey V. Egorov and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1160–1170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.85

• subtracting Equation 2–Equation 3. The symmetric case assumes LA = LB = L and IcA = IcB = Ic. The next step is to adopt dimensionless units: the magnetic flux is normalized by Φ0/2π, the current is normalized by the critical current Ic, and the inductance is normalized by the Josephson inductance LJ = Φ0/2πIc

• ϕin. By symmetry, we obtain φ− = 0 according to Equation 12 and according to Equation 13 and Equation 14. The solution of this transcendental equation can be represented as a parameterized integral [8]: where θ(x) is the Heaviside step function. The numerical solution of Equation 15 is shown in Figure

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

• Taisei Himeda,
• Risako Kunitomi,
• Ryosuke Nabeya,
• Tamotsu Zako and
• Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

• suspended in a poor solvent is fragmented into nanoparticles by intense pulsed laser irradiation, and the sample suspension is directly converted in to a colloidal dispersion without any chemical additives in one step. It has been demonstrated that several hydrophobic dyes such as metal complex Pcs (MPcs

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• antenna to trigger the NO release from the hydrophobic NOPD 2. Compound 1 was prepared by a two-step synthesis according to Scheme 2 (see Supporting Information File 1 for details) starting from the known calix[4]arene derivative 1a [60]. In brief, compound 1a treated with chloroacetic acid provided

• encourage a better fit of this NOPD into the calixarene nanocontainer without affecting the already known photochemical NO release properties [61]. Compound 2 was prepared by a two-step synthesis according to Scheme 3 (see Supporting Information File 1 for details). Briefly, the direct coupling of