Sodium doping in brookite TiO₂ enhances its photocatalytic activity

• Boxiang Zhuang,
• Honglong Shi,
• Honglei Zhang and
• Zeqian Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 599–609, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.52

• ). (1) Brookite—platy grains. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) results of platy grains (Figure 4b) indicate that Na can be well identified besides Ti and O (note that the characteristic peak of C comes from the carbon conducting resin, Al from the sample holder, and Si from the silicon wafer

• ), the Na content in the brookite significantly decreases. Details are displayed in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3. (2) Anatase—fine grains. Only Ti and O can be identified in the EDX spectra of fine grains. The electron diffraction pattern of the fine crystallite (Figure 4c2 and Supporting

• Information File 1, Figure S1b) can be determined as the [021] zone axis of the anatase phase with the HOLZ ring radius of 25.02 nm−1 and the primitive cell volume of 71 Å3 in comparison to 68.2 Å3 of the standard anatase structure. (3) Rutile—block grains. Only Ti and O can be resolved in the EDX spectra of

Zinc oxide nanostructures for fluorescence and Raman signal enhancement: a review

• Ioana Marica,
• Fran Nekvapil,
• Maria Ștefan,
• Cosmin Farcău and
• Alexandra Falamaș

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 472–490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.40

Tubular glassy carbon microneedles with fullerene-like tips for biomedical applications

• Sharali Malik and
• George E. Kostakis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 455–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.38

• -like tips of the microneedles can clearly be seen in the SEM micrographs in Figure 2a and Figure 2c. Figure 2b shows a model of a fullerene, which highlights the requirement of pentagons as well as hexagons in order to close the microneedle tips. SEM-EDX measurements (EDX INCA 400, Oxford Instruments

• Raman spectroscopy (WiTec CRM200, laser excitation at 632.8 nm), scanning electron microscopy (SEM Leo 1530, with a spatial resolution of 1 nm at 20 kV and 3 nm at 1 kV, equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray analysis system EDX INCA 400 from Oxford Instruments), and X-ray diffraction (STOE STADI-P

Low-energy electron interaction and focused electron beam-induced deposition of molybdenum hexacarbonyl (Mo(CO)₆)

• Po-Yuan Shih,
• Maicol Cipriani,
• Christian Felix Hermanns,
• Jens Oster,
• Klaus Edinger,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 182–191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.13

• the underlying resonances. Thermochemical threshold energies are calculated at the DFT level of theory for carbonyl loss from Mo(CO)6 through DEA and discussed in relation to the current and previous studies. We present EDX analyses of the composition of FEBID deposits from Mo(CO)6 and compare the

• on the SF6− formation from SF6 at 0 eV and the energy resolution was estimated from the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of that signal and was found to be ca. 150 meV. Deposition and EDX analysis Focused electron beam-induced deposition was performed with a ZEISS photomask repair tool MeRiT

• ®. Energy-dispersive X-ray analyses was done with a ZEISS Crossbeam system with an integrated Oxford EDX detector. Deposits for EDX analysis were prepared on a 100 nm thick polycrystalline gold substrate on a 4 inch silicon wafer, purchased from Georg Albert PVD. The Au-based substrate was chosen because of

Measurement of polarization effects in dual-phase ceria-based oxygen permeation membranes using Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Kerstin Neuhaus,
• Christina Schmidt,
• Liudmila Fischer,
• Wilhelm Albert Meulenberg,
• Ke Ran,
• Joachim Mayer and
• Stefan Baumann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.102

• and cleaning were performed with an Ar ion beam in a Fischione Nanomill 1040 at 900 eV and 500 eV beam energy, respectively. TEM and energy-filtered TEM (EFTEM) imaging were performed with a FEI Tecnai F20 at 200 kV. High-resolution HAADF imaging and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) chemical mapping were

• , Figure 2b displays the EDX chemical mapping results with atomic resolution, indicating no chemical disorders except the slight enrichment of Sm at the edge of the CSO grain. Tilting FC2O along its [101] direction, Figure 2c shows another CSO-FC2O interface, where rock salt structures within several

• behavior by means of Kelvin probe force microscopy is a way to work out diffusion coefficients of respective constituents in a composite material. The next step concerning the AFM-based analysis of composite materials is the combination of local chemical analysis methods (e.g., EDX or EELS) with local

Chemical vapor deposition of germanium-rich CrGe_x nanowires

• Vladislav Dřínek,
• Stanislav Tiagulskyi,
• Roman Yatskiv,
• Jan Grym,
• Radek Fajgar,
• Věra Jandová,
• Martin Koštejn and
• Jaroslav Kupčík

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1365–1371, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.100

• , nanowires grew in a tapering manner (Figure 1b and Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2). Linear EDX analysis (Figure 2) and elemental mapping (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3) of a single nanowire showed that it was composed of Cr, Ge, O (from an oxidized surface) and C (a standard impurity in

• EDX instruments). HRTEM analysis showed three types of synthetized nanoobjects: tapered NWs (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4a) and objects of irregular (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4b) and globular shape (nanoballs, Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4c). The nanoballs are

• nanowire using SAED, dark-field HRTEM, and EDX analysis showed that it consisted of a crystalline germanium core sheathed with an amorphous Cr/Ge coating (Figure 3 and Supporting Information File 1, Figure S7) resembling SiNWs with similar structure [12]. The determined d-spacing of 0.326 nm fits precisely

Enhancement of the piezoelectric coefficient in PVDF-TrFe/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposites through DC magnetic poling

• Marco Fortunato,
• Alessio Tamburrano,
• Maria Paola Bracciale,
• Maria Laura Santarelli and
• Maria Sabrina Sarto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1262–1270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.93

•  6b,c shows the aggregation of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles in some areas, in analogy with what has been reported in [25]. The formation of aggregates was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). In correspondence with the agglomeration we observed a higher intensity of the O, Fe, and Co

• composition analysis was performed through EDX using the FESEM, equipped with a Bruker Quantax EDX setup capable of an energy resolution of 123 eV at Mn Kα. In order to prevent charging the samples were metalized with 20 nm of Cr using a Quorum Technologies Q150T ES sputter coater. All FTIR absorption spectra

• /CoFe2O4 with 5 wt % of CoFe2O4. FESEM images of PVDF-TrFe/CoFe2O4 nanocomposites with 5 wt % of CoFe2O4 magnetically poled at 111 mT for 1 h at 65 °C. (a) SEM image and (b–d) EDX maps of (b) oxygen, (c) cobalt, and (d) iron of the PVDF-TrFe/CoFe2O4 nanocomposite with 5 wt % of CoFe2O4 magnetically poled

The effect of cobalt on morphology, structure, and ORR activity of electrospun carbon fibre mats in aqueous alkaline environments

• Markus Gehring,
• Tobias Kutsch,
• Osmane Camara,
• Alexandre Merlen,
• Hermann Tempel,
• Hans Kungl and
• Rüdiger-A. Eichel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1173–1186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.87

• electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). In addition, the fibres were analysed in terms of their

• further improved by applying a copper tape connecting the sample and the graphite tape. To identify the particles decorating the nanofibres, EDX was performed using an Octane Super EDX detector (EDAX). The programme “monte CArlo SImulation of electroN trajectory in sOlids” (CASINO) [23], which simulates

• the surface of the fibres that are larger than the ones visible at lower temperatures. Particle identification EDX, as a method of elemental analysis of surfaces on a microscopic scale, was performed to elucidate the cobalt distribution further. EDX maps of fibres carbonised with cobalt at 700 and

Revealing the formation mechanism and band gap tuning of Sb₂S₃ nanoparticles

• Maximilian Joschko,
• Franck Yvan Fotue Wafo,
• Christina Malsi,
• Danilo Kisić,
• Ivana Validžić and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1021–1033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.76

• /aggregates, the size and aspect ratios of the crystalline particles, the corresponding molar ratio of Sb and S obtained by EDX, and the associated band gap obtained by reflectance measurements (see discussion of the optical data below). XRD measurements of an orange-red (30 min) and a grayish-black (18 h

• composition of the amorphous particles, an EDX analysis was performed in conjunction with SEM for selected samples obtained after reaction time points from 2 min to 30 h. It was not possible to examine the samples obtained after 30 s since the yield was too low at this reaction stage. The sample that had

• sample in the form of a highly diluted solution. The drive frequency was kept constant during the imaging, while the drive amplitude was set to 7171 mV. EDX Elemental analysis was performed with an EDAX X-ray detector (Octane Elect Plus) attached to the SEM. The SEM was run with an acceleration voltage

Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

• Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
• Bernd Wicklein and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

A Au/CuNiCoS₄/p-Si photodiode: electrical and morphological characterization

• Adem Koçyiğit,
• Adem Sarılmaz,
• Teoman Öztürk,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Murat Yıldırım

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 984–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.74

• understand the structural and morphological characteristics of the nanocrystals. A Zeiss-Evo SEM-EDX was employed to determine surface morphology and EDS patterns of the nanocrystals. I–V measurements were carried out on a Fytronix FY-7000 in the dark and under illumination of 20 to 100 mW in 20 mW intervals

• 2.87 Å. The EDX analysis confirmed the composition of the CuNiCoS4 nanocrystals. The CuNiCoS4 nanocrystals were inserted between Au and p-Si to fabricate a Au/CuNiCoS4/p-Si photodiode and characterized by I–V and C–V measurements for different illumination power densities and frequencies, respectively

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• TEM data revealed quite interesting results. Incubation of AgNO3 in the liver and brain homogenates led to the formation of small AgNPs as presented in Figure 4d and Figure 4e, which was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) (Figure 4f and Figure 4g). Transformation of different

• media. Similar to tissue homogenates, small AgNPs were again found by TEM examination (Figure 7). The elemental mapping of newly formed particles was done via EDX. The EDX spectra (Figure 7c) showed Ag, S, Na, C, O, and Cu. The signals corresponding to C, O, and Cu resulted from the carbon copper grid

• ) detector and enabled to work in scanning transmission (STEM) mode to perform EDX analysis. NMR experiments As the incubation of ionic Ag in mGSH media showed the appearance of AgNPs (observed both visually and by TEM), the interaction between AgNO3 and GSH was evaluated by NMR spectroscopy. The spectra of

On the stability of microwave-fabricated SERS substrates – chemical and morphological considerations

• Limin Wang,
• Aisha Adebola Womiloju,
• Christiane Höppener,
• Ulrich S. Schubert and
• Stephanie Hoeppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 541–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.44

• nanoparticles when they are subjected to chloride-containing biological media [34]. The generation of AgCl leads, for example, to a partial passivation of the silver surface for further reactions. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was used to confirm the presence of chloride on the Ag SERS substrates

• calibration curve to obtain a monolayer of 4-ATP (Figure S4), a reference Raman spectrum of 4-ATP self-assembled on a non-treated substrate (Figure S5), a table indicating the corresponding peak assignment (Table S1), a reference Raman spectrum of 4-ATP acquired on a water-treated substrate (Figure S6), EDX

Boosting of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution via chlorine doping of polymeric carbon nitride

• Malgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Michalina Kijaczko,
• Wojciech Kukulka,
• Daria Baranowska,
• Martyna Baca,
• Beata Zielinska and
• Ewa Mijowska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 473–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.38

• energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) elemental mappings of N, C, O, and Cl in Cl-PCN (f). AFM images and height profile of PCN (a, b) and Cl-PCN (c, d). (a) FTIR spectra and (b) XRD patterns of PCN and Cl-PCN. C 1s and N 1s XPS spectra of polymeric carbon nitride (a, b) and Cl-PCN (c, d). Structure

Spontaneous shape transition of Mn_xGe_1−x islands to long nanowires

• S. Javad Rezvani,
• Luc Favre,
• Gabriele Giuli,
• Yiming Wubulikasimu,
• Isabelle Berbezier,
• Augusto Marcelli,
• Luca Boarino and
• Nicola Pinto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 366–374, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.30

• . Despite the relatively wide range of length, these NWs exhibit a narrow distribution in the lateral size, with a mean value of (80 ± 10) nm (Figure 3c). The EDX analysis of a NW in plane-view configuration (Figure 4a) exhibits both Mn and Ge with a homogeneous distribution along the NW length (Figure 4b

• , obtained by deposition of a 4.5 ML thick Mn film followed by annealing at 650 °C for 15 min. (b) Mn and Ge EDX line profiles along the yellow line drawn in (a). EDX elemental map (Kα line), carried out on a cross-section of a NW on the surface of the 4.5 ML thick Mn film showing the distribution of Mn, Ge

Structural and optical characteristics determined by the sputtering deposition conditions of oxide thin films

• Petronela Prepelita,
• Florin Garoi and
• Valentin Craciun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 354–365, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.29

• ). The system is equipped with an X-ray source and an EDX unit with elementary energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS). These analyses employ different magnifications depending on the quality of the thin films and the structure of their surface. Using cross-section imaging and a magnification of 20000×, it

Characterization, bio-uptake and toxicity of polymer-coated silver nanoparticles and their interaction with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

• Sahar Pourhoseini,
• Reilly T. Enos,
• Angela E. Murphy,
• Bo Cai and
• Jamie R. Lead

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 282–294, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.23

• ), which were shown to be silver by using EDX analysis (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1e). Peaks of other elements (C, Cu, and O) in EDX analysis were observed due to grid material that was used for sample preparation. DLS estimates the hydrodynamic size of NPs, which includes the polymer and

Gold(I) N-heterocyclic carbene precursors for focused electron beam-induced deposition

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Aya Mahgoub,
• Cornelis W. Hagen and
• Mats Tilset

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 257–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.21

• grown. The growth of the deposited pillars was studied as a function of the deposition time, and some larger cube-shaped deposits were made to determine the composition of the deposited material using energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry. Experimental Synthesis and characterization All chemicals

• were much longer and were thus measured at a lower magnification than the other pillars. Beam energy and current used for all deposits were 5 keV and 40 pA, respectively. Composition determination EDX measurements were performed in the same Nova Nanolab 600 dual-beam SEM using an Oxford Instruments X

• -MAX 80 EDX detector. Beam energy and current used during the measurements were 5 keV and 600 pA, respectively. The working distance was kept around 5 mm to have the optimum EDX signal. All spectra were analysed using the Oxford Instruments AZtec software. Results and Discussion Precursor design The

Bulk chemical composition contrast from attractive forces in AFM force spectroscopy

• Dorothee Silbernagl,
• Media Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani,
• Natalia Cano Murillo,
• Anna Maria Elert and
• Heinz Sturm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 58–71, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.5

• , AFM topography is often not conclusive. To overcome these disadvantages, complementary measurements are performed. Methods such as SEM and EDX are able to image structural contrasts with a lateral resolution on the order of magnitude of the AFM tip size or higher [16][17][18][19]. However, since those

Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

• Matthias Schmidt,
• James M. Byrne and
• Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

• were unavailable due to a lack of X-rays created under a 30 kV He+ beam due to conservation of momentum. This is in stark contrast to SEM in which X-ray detection methods, such as energy dispersive X-ray spectoscopy (EDX), are more or less available as standard. The turning point for bio-imaging with

• spectrometry (SIMS) A major disadvantage of using standard HIM rather than SEM is the lack of analytical detectors for elemental quantification, such as EDX. This is because 30 keV helium ions cannot transfer enough energy to the bound inner-shell electrons of the sample to excite them out of the core states

Unravelling the interfacial interaction in mesoporous SiO₂@nickel phyllosilicate/TiO₂ core–shell nanostructures for photocatalytic activity

• Bridget K. Mutuma,
• Xiluva Mathebula,
• Isaac Nongwe,
• Bonakele P. Mtolo,
• Boitumelo J. Matsoso,
• Rudolph Erasmus,
• Zikhona Tetana and
• Neil J. Coville

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1834–1846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.165

• then added to the SiO2@NiPS material. The coverage of the spherical mSiO2@NiPS by aggregates of TiO2 nanoparticles to give mSiO2@NiPS/TiO2 can be clearly seen (Figure 1c and Figure 1f). EDX spectra confirmed the presence of nickel and silica in the mSiO2@NiPS, as well as that of nickel, titania, and

Self-standing heterostructured NiC_x-NiFe-NC/biochar as a highly efficient cathode for lithium–oxygen batteries

• Shengyu Jing,
• Xu Gong,
• Shan Ji,
• Linhui Jia,
• Bruno G. Pollet,
• Sheng Yan and
• Huagen Liang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1809–1821, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.163

• energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were carried out on a FEI Tecnia G2 F20 high-resolution transmission electron microscope operating at 200 kV. The surface composition of the samples was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) on a ESCALAB 250Xi electron energy spectrometer using Al

Electron beam-induced deposition of platinum from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Aya Mahgoub,
• Hang Lu,
• Rachel M. Thorman,
• Konstantin Preradovic,
• Titel Jurca,
• Lisa McElwee-White,
• Howard Fairbrother and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1789–1800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.161

• determined using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and compared to the composition of deposits from MeCpPtMe3, as well as deposits made in an ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) environment. A slight increase in metal content and a higher growth rate are achieved in the SEM for deposits from Pt(CO)2Cl2 compared

• -dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX); focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID); nanofabrication; platinum precursors; scanning electron microscopy (SEM); thermogravimetric analysis (TGA); Introduction Focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID) is a direct-write nanopatterning technique. FEBID

• dispersive X-ray analysis Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy was performed using an Oxford XMax150 detector on a Zeiss Supra 55 SEM. For EDX measurements, 250 × 250 nm2 squares were deposited, thick enough to minimize the signal from the Si substrate during the analysis with a 5 keV beam. The beam

High-responsivity hybrid α-Ag₂S/Si photodetector prepared by pulsed laser ablation in liquid

• Raid A. Ismail,
• Hanan A. Rawdhan and
• Duha S. Ahmed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1596–1607, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.142

• (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and UV–vis spectroscopy. The optical absorption decreased and the optical energy gap of α-Ag2S increased from 1.5 to 2 eV after the CTAB surfactant was added to the Tu solution. XRD studies revealed that the synthesized Ag2S NPs were polycrystalline

• Ag2S NPs synthesized in pure Tu solution (a) and Tu with CTAB surfactant solution (b). Particle size distribution of Ag2S NPs synthesized (a) without and (b) with CTAB. EDX of Ag2S NPs synthesized in (a) pure Tu and in (b) Tu with CTAB. The inset shows the measured elements. Dark I–V characteristics of

Ultrasensitive detection of cadmium ions using a microcantilever-based piezoresistive sensor for groundwater

• Dinesh Rotake,
• Anand Darji and
• Nitin Kale

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1242–1253, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.108

• capture Cd(II) at the picomolar level and the verification of the experimental results using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Fabrication and Calibration of the Piezoresistive Device Previously, a polysilicon-based piezoresistive sensor was fabricated using a standard microfabrication process

• cadmium. Verification of performed experiment results using EDX In general, the thiol groups can bind to all types of HMIs. Thus, to selectively bind and detect Cd(II) the thiols goups need to be modified or functionalized with materials that are selective for Cd(II). The experimental results show that

• . FESEM/EDX is the preeminent tool to characterize the SAM on the top of the cantilever without damaging the device. The EDX measurement of the sensor with a SAM of cysteamine cross-linked ᴅʟ-glyceraldehyde (Cys-DL-GC) on top of a Au surface is shown in Figure 7. The EDX measurement shows that no cadmium