Block copolymers for designing nanostructured porous coatings

• Roberto Nisticò

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2332–2344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.218

• also be produced by spin-coating deposition followed by calcination in order to obtain a nanostructured titania layer [106]. The thermal degradation of the organic polymeric template was successfully achieved without causing a collapse of the titania nanoarchitecture. The driving force behind these

• nanostructure. AFM images reported in this study show that after thermal treatment, a mesoporous titania coating is obtained where the spherical pore systems correspond to the PS spherical domains in the hybrid film before calcination. Depending on the formulation parameters and following the same procedure

Electrospun one-dimensional nanostructures: a new horizon for gas sensing materials

• Muhammad Imran,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Mahnaz Shafiei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2128–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.202

• by co-electrospinning a poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) solution containing a titanium alkoxide (Ti(OiPr)4) and mineral oil. The mineral oil is removed at a later stage by calcination. In the same way, the interior of a hollow fiber is decorated by oil-dispersible nanoparticles using a silica capillary

• with a W precursor and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) was produced and a mineral oil was used to define the core. The PS particles and mineral oil are later removed by calcination. A schematic diagram of the electrospinning setup and resulting nanotubes are shown in Figure 6. Fan et al. [76] developed a new

• nanotubes (NTs) in a single capillary electrospinning process by changing the heating rate during the calcination process [79]. Similarly, In2O3 NFs are converted into nanoribbons (NRbs) by changing the experimental parameters [80]. The rapid evaporation of solvent and the concentration of the precursor are

Synthesis of hafnium nanoparticles and hafnium nanoparticle films by gas condensation and energetic deposition

• Irini Michelakaki,
• Nikos Boukos,
• Dimitrios A. Dragatogiannis,
• Spyros Stathopoulos,
• Costas A. Charitidis and
• Dimitris Tsoukalas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1868–1880, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.179

• fragile coatings that tend to fracture under small loads, making them in many cases unsuitable for industrial use. Mechanical reinforcement is necessary to improve mechanical stability. Some proposed methods in this direction are calcination [28], atomic layer deposition [29], hydrothermal treatment [30

Uniform cobalt nanoparticles embedded in hexagonal mesoporous nanoplates as a magnetically separable, recyclable adsorbent

• Can Zhao,
• Yuexiao Song,
• Tianyu Xiang,
• Wenxiu Qu,
• Shuo Lou,
• Xiaohong Yin and
• Feng Xin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1770–1781, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.168

• carbonization of PDA above 650 °C. After calcination of pure CoAl LDH in a nitrogen atmosphere at 800 °C, only Co3O4 and CoAl2O4 mixtures are obtained (Figure 1f). The successful coating of PDA on the surface of CoAl LDH is verified by FTIR spectra (Figure S1 in Supporting Information File 1). The

• the increased amount of carbon precursor, which promotes the adsorption of RhB. In contrast, LDO obtained by calcination of pure CoAl LDH at 800 °C has the lowest adsorption capacity towards RhB due to the absence of a porous carbon layer and Co nanoparticles. Additionally, the carbonization

Cryochemical synthesis of ultrasmall, highly crystalline, nanostructured metal oxides and salts

• Elena A. Trusova and
• Nikolai S. Trutnev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1755–1763, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.166

• using a hydraulic jet injector with a swirler, directing the spray torch into the liquid nitrogen environment (−196 °C), where cryogranulation took place. In the next step, the granules were exposed to freeze-drying and calcination, resulting in the production of metal oxide nanopowders (Ce, Fe or Ni

Controllable one-pot synthesis of uniform colloidal TiO₂ particles in a mixed solvent solution for photocatalysis

• Jong Tae Moon,
• Seung Ki Lee and
• Ji Bong Joo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1715–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.163

• process. Varying the ratio of solvent composition, the concentration of surfactant and TiO2 precursor was used to control the particle diameter, degree of monodispersity and morphology. The modification of the calcination temperature affected the crystallinity and crystalline phase of the colloidal TiO2

• -developed mesoporous structure, and a mixed crystalline phase of anatase and rutile. The final uniform TiO2 particles displayed significantly improved photocatalytic activity. By controlling the calcination conditions, the crystalline phase and crystallinity of the uniform TiO2 particles can be fine-tuned

• Uniform colloidal TiO2 particles can be synthesized by a modified sol–gel synthesis followed by calcination under atmospheric conditions. The synthesis is conducted in the ethanol–acetonitrile mixed solvent phase in the presence of a surfactant and base catalysts for the hydrolysis and condensation of the

Sheet-on-belt branched TiO₂(B)/rGO powders with enhanced photocatalytic activity

• Huan Xing,
• Wei Wen and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1550–1557, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.146

• heterogeneously on metallic Ti foils, such titanates decomposed to anatase TiO2 upon calcination in air at 400 °C for 1 h [32][33]. In the current investigation, hydrogen titanate nanosheets are supposed to nucleate heterogeneously on the TiO2(B) trunks via surface deficiencies or exposed ledges when immersing

• the pristine TiO2(B) in the precursor solution at 60 °C, which then grow continuously during the prolonged duration. After the final calcination at 400 °C for 1 h in air, the titanate branches decomposed to TiO2(B) instead of anatase TiO2. It thus suggests that the decomposition and crystallization of

• -prepared TGN was dispersed in 15 mL precursor solution and maintained at 60 °C for 2–8 h. The precipitates were centrifugally washed with distilled water and ethanol each for three times respectively and dried at 60 °C, followed by a final calcination at 400 °C for 1 h in air. The resultants were termed as

Cr(VI) remediation from aqueous environment through modified-TiO₂-mediated photocatalytic reduction

• Rashmi Acharya,
• Brundabana Naik and
• Kulamani Parida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1448–1470, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.137

• increased by increasing the photocatalyst dose [154]. Ku et al. reported that the combination of ZnO on the surface of TiO2 at a higher calcination temperature (>500 °C) prevents the transformation of anatase to rutile phase. It also enhances the specific surface area of the ZnO/TiO2 composite by inhibiting

• with further increase in the calcination temperature because of the decrease in the specific surface area induced by the aggregation and agglomeration of particles [157]. TiO2/Fe3O4 composite photocatalysts were synthesized through a polymerizable sol−gel route to investigate the photocatalytic

Understanding the performance and mechanism of Mg-containing oxides as support catalysts in the thermal dry reforming of methane

• Nor Fazila Khairudin,
• Mohd Farid Fahmi Sukri,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1162–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.108

• of thermal calcination techniques at high temperature. This plasma treatment is the most well-known technique because of its requirement for a low operation temperature with greatly energetic electrons for catalyst preparation. Thus, this method is very friendly towards heat sensitive substrates

• 0.15 yielded the highest catalytic activity over the Ni0.5Mg2.5Al0.9La0.1O4.5 catalyst. Effect of catalyst pretreatment Pretreatment, such as calcination, is mainly conducted to eliminate and volatilize various catalyst precursors that are used during catalyst preparation, including hydroxides

• ]. Feng et al. [94] investigated the influence of calcination temperature (between 600 °C to 800 °C) on the adsorption and dissociation of CO2 by applying DRM over the NiO/MgO catalyst. High performance and strong interactions between metal and support were observed with the calcination of the NiO/MgO

Semi-automatic spray pyrolysis deposition of thin, transparent, titania films as blocking layers for dye-sensitized and perovskite solar cells

• Hana Krýsová,
• Josef Krýsa and
• Ladislav Kavan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1135–1145, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.105

• acetylacetone), concentration (0.05 and 0.2 M) and subsequent post-calcination at 500 °C. The photo-electrochemical properties were evaluated in aqueous electrolyte solution under UV irradiation. The blocking properties were tested by cyclic voltammetry with a model redox probe with a simple one-electron

• properties of the as-deposited TiO2 films (at 450 °C) were impaired by post-calcination at 500 °C, but this problem could be addressed by increasing the number of spray cycles. The modification of the precursor by adding acetylacetone resulted in the fabrication of TiO2 films exhibiting perfect blocking

• properties that were not influenced by post-calcination. These results will surely find use in the fabrication of large-scale dye-sensitized and perovskite solar cells. Keywords: blocking films; FTO; solar cells; spray pyrolysis deposition; titanium dioxide; Introduction Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs

Facile chemical routes to mesoporous silver substrates for SERS analysis

• Elina A. Tastekova,
• Alexander Y. Polyakov,
• Anastasia E. Goldt,
• Alexander V. Sidorov,
• Alexandra A. Oshmyanskaya,
• Irina V. Sukhorukova,
• Dmitry V. Shtansky,
• Wolgang Grünert and
• Anastasia V. Grigorieva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 880–889, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.82

• sintered at 110 °C and 120 °C for 1 h in air to remove any condensed compounds adsorbed at the surface after SERS experiments. Figure 6 shows micrographs of the mp-Ag/Ag films after calcination in air at 110 °C and 120 °C for 1 h, respectively. The corresponding micrographs show insignificant changes in

• sintering at 120 °C degraded the material. We therefore recommend 100 °C as the maximal temperature for thermal stability of such a fine microstructure. The analysis of the SERS activity of sintered mp-Ag/Ag films was performed for meldoninum which was deposited before the calcination processing. It was

• found that after calcination at 110 °C, the SERS spectra of the bioanalyte are still observed. In contrast, the Raman spectra detected on substrates after 120 °C sintering showed rather poor and weak signal (Figure 6c). Such an observation is not due to meldonium evaporation but is due to the

Facile synthesis of a ZnO–BiOI p–n nano-heterojunction with excellent visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Mengyuan Zhang,
• Jiaqian Qin,
• Pengfei Yu,
• Bing Zhang,
• Mingzhen Ma,
• Xinyu Zhang and
• Riping Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 789–800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.72

• , Thailand, Research Unit of Advanced Materials for Energy Storage, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand 10.3762/bjnano.9.72 Abstract In this paper, an efficient method to produce a ZnO/BiOI nano-heterojunction is developed by a facile solution method followed by calcination. By tuning the ratio of

• . [36] reported ZnO-embedded BiOI hybrid nanoflakes fabricated by using Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 ultrathin nanosheets for BiOI deposition followed by calcination. The obtained ZnO-embedded BiOI hybrid nanoflakes show good photocatalytic activity and recyclability. Jiang et al. [37] prepared the BiOI/ZnO

• photocatalysts by a two-step synthetic method. The improved photocatalytic degradation of phenol could be achieved under simulated solar light irradiation. Herein, we report a new, facile method to produce the ZnO/BiOI heterojunction by a solution method followed by calcination. Using a milder precipitant

A review of carbon-based and non-carbon-based catalyst supports for the selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide

• Shahreen Binti Izwan Anthonysamy,
• Syahidah Binti Afandi,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Bin Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 740–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.68

• . Qi et al. [35] used the impregnation method to prepare Ce-modified Mn-based catalysts with the aim of studying the effect of a different calcination atmosphere (N2, air and O2) on the performance of SCR-NH3 of NO. Both Ce and Mn particles were well distributed onto the catalyst surface. Nam et al

• calcination temperature. However, this condition is undesirable since it could disturb the NO activity due to the catalyst mass loss at high calcination temperature [57]. Hence, Wang et al. [55] prepared the MnOx/CNT catalysts based on three different thermal conditions; MnOx/CNT-A1 (calcined in air, 250 °C

• air at 300 °C for 50 min) and MnOx/CNT-N3 (calcined in N2 at 300 °C for 2 h) catalysts. This is greatly associated with the CNTs reducing MnOx to a lower valence state during the calcination process. Thus, thermal treatment condition plays a vital role in obtaining the best NO removal for CNT-based

Facile synthesis of ZnFe₂O₄ photocatalysts for decolourization of organic dyes under solar irradiation

• Arjun Behera,
• Debasmita Kandi,
• Sanjit Manohar Majhi,
• Satyabadi Martha and
• Kulamani Parida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 436–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.42

• method that was controlled at 400 °C for 6 h and followed by calcination at 900 °C for 6 h [20]. Yang and co-workers synthesized ZnFe2O4 nano-octahedrons by one-step hydrothermal reaction at 180 °C for 14 h followed by drying in an oven at 60 °C for 12 h [21]. Dom et al. reported the preparation of

• in 120 min [19]. The photocatalytic activity of ZnFe2O4 has also been tested in the degradation of Rh B [24]. Zhao et al. have synthesized ZnFe2O4 through chemical etching followed by calcination and reported a degradation rate of 31% in 3 h [24]. Doong and co-workers have prepared ZnFe2O4 through a

• analysis UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) were measured to determine the optical absorption properties of the ZFO samples. The samples show a wide absorption range from 200 to 700 nm as depicted in Figure 4a, and among them ZFO-500 shows the highest absorption. With increasing calcination

Photocatalytic and adsorption properties of TiO₂-pillared montmorillonite obtained by hydrothermally activated intercalation of titanium polyhydroxo complexes

• Mikhail F. Butman,
• Nikolay L. Ovchinnikov,
• Nikita S. Karasev,
• Nataliya E. Kochkina,
• Alexander V. Agafonov and
• Alexandr V. Vinogradov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 364–378, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.36

• d001 is increased from 1.3 nm to 3.8 nm, which indicates the penetration of polycations into the interlayer space of MM. After calcination, the d001 value (Table 1) varies from 4.0 nm for TiO2-PMM to 4.2 nm for TiO2-PMMHx (for abbreviations see Experimental section). High values of d001, as also

• spacing d001 of 1.3 nm). After calcination, the pillared material samples are characterized with peaks corresponding to the montmorillonite (2θ = 19.8°, 35.6°) and cristobalite (2θ = 21.7°) phases. The cristobalite phase which has also been observed in [27], is a secondary product probably produced under

• , which is in agreement with the data of [28] where the co-presence of both anatase and rutile phases at calcination temperatures of 450–500 °C has been established. The TiO2-PMMHx samples (Figure 2) showed significantly more sharp and intense peaks of the anatase and rutile phases at the above mentioned

Synthesis and characterization of electrospun molybdenum dioxide–carbon nanofibers as sulfur matrix additives for rechargeable lithium–sulfur battery applications

• Ruiyuan Zhuang,
• Shanshan Yao,
• Maoxiang Jing,
• Xiangqian Shen,
• Jun Xiang,
• Tianbao Li,
• Kesong Xiao and
• Shibiao Qin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 262–270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.28

• using an electrospinning technique followed by calcination, using sol–gel precursors and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as a processing aid. The resulting samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET

• (78-1072). As the calcination temperature was raised to 850 °C, the characteristic diffraction peaks of MoO2 became sharper and displayed higher intensities, indicating an increase in the crystallinity of MoO2 as shown in Table 1. Meanwhile, this was also reflected in the surface area, which decreased

• as the calcination temperature increased (Table 1). The lattice parameters of the as-prepared MoO2 nanoparticles are listed in Table 2. The lattice parameters of the MoO2 phase decreased as the calcination temperature increased, which also reflects the change produced by the varying size of the MoO2

Bombyx mori silk/titania/gold hybrid materials for photocatalytic water splitting: combining renewable raw materials with clean fuels

• Stefanie Krüger,
• Michael Schwarze,
• Otto Baumann,
• Christina Günter,
• Michael Bruns,
• Christian Kübel,
• Dorothée Vinga Szabó,
• Rafael Meinusch,
• Verónica de Zea Bermudez and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 187–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.21

• for water splitting than polychromatic light with wavelengths (λ) > 400 nm. Furthermore they also concluded that small Au particle sizes of around 2 nm and a low calcination temperature of 200 °C also yields materials producing more H2 than materials with larger Au particles or materials pre-treated

CdSe nanorod/TiO₂ nanoparticle heterojunctions with enhanced solar- and visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Fakher Laatar,
• Hatem Moussa,
• Halima Alem,
• Lavinia Balan,
• Emilien Girot,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Hatem Ezzaouia and
• Raphaël Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2741–2752, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.273

• the surface of CdSe NRs was not oxidized into CdO during the calcination step. The signals of Cd 3d5/2 at ≈403.2 eV for CdO [50] and Se 3p3/2 at 165.1 eV for SeO2 [51] were not detected in the XPS spectra of the CdSe (2 wt %)/TiO2 composite. Solar light photocatalytic activity of CdSe/TiO2 composites

Fabrication of CeO₂–MO_x (M = Cu, Co, Ni) composite yolk–shell nanospheres with enhanced catalytic properties for CO oxidation

• Ling Liu,
• Jingjing Shi,
• Hongxia Cao,
• Ruiyu Wang and
• Ziwu Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2425–2437, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.241

• scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The as-synthesized Ce-CPCSs precursor exhibits a well-dispersed solid spherical structure in the range of 400–500 nm (Figure 2a). It has been reported that, during the heating process, the calcination temperature and time is

• successfully prepared by a general approach, consisting of the calcination of solid Ce-CPCSs precursor to produce CeO2 yolk–shell nanospheres and the subsequent solvothermal treatment with M(CH3COO)2. Preliminary catalytic experiments indicate that the CeO2–MOx composite nanospheres exhibited excellent

Hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO quantum dot/KNb₃O₈ nanosheet photocatalysts for reducing carbon dioxide to methanol

• Xiao Shao,
• Weiyue Xin and
• Xiaohong Yin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2264–2270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.226

• ] synthesized rod-like KNb3O8 by using KCl, K2CO3, and Nb2O5 by calcination at 800 °C for 3 h. Zhan et al. [20] prepared the single-crystalline KNb3O8 nanobelts via a molten salt method and investigated its photocatalytic performance in degradation of methyl orange under UV irradiation. To the best of our

Fabrication of hierarchically porous TiO₂ nanofibers by microemulsion electrospinning and their application as anode material for lithium-ion batteries

• Jin Zhang,
• Yibing Cai,
• Xuebin Hou,
• Xiaofei Song,
• Pengfei Lv,
• Huimin Zhou and
• Qufu Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1297–1306, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.131

• composed of a metal alkoxide and an oil phase as, respectively, continuous phase and dispersion phase in the system [27]. The microemulsion solution was electrospun to form nanofibers and, after calcination, the as-spun nanofibers partly decomposed to hierarchically porous inorganic nanofibers [26]. Chen

• et al. reported the fabrication of hierarchical TiO2 nanorods via ME-ES and the application as photoanode material for dye-sensitized solar cells [25]. According to Shi et al., highly porous SnO2/TiO2 composite nanofibers were prepared successfully by ME-ES and subsequent calcination [28]. There are

• in air atmosphere at 500 °C for 2 h to yield hierarchically porous TiO2 nanofibers. The porous TiO2 nanofibers obtained after calcination with TBT/paraffin oil ratios of 2.25, 1.9 and 1.55 were named as sample A2, sample B2 and sample C2, respectively. In other words, sample A2 corresponded to the

Preparation of thick silica coatings on carbon fibers with fine-structured silica nanotubes induced by a self-assembly process

• Benjamin Baumgärtner,
• Hendrik Möller,
• Thomas Neumann and
• Dirk Volkmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1145–1155, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.116

• into the organic template core. A calcination process removes the LPEI template and provides access to the metal centers located at the inner wall of the silica nanotubes enabling potential catalytic reactions within the pores of the silica shell. A further conceivable application can be evaluated with

• the thermogravimetric measurement elucidate a thin but coherent nature of the silica film which is left after calcination of the carbon fiber in air atmosphere. For comparison, atomic force microscopy was performed on nitric acid oxidized fibers with and without TEPA grafting. Both kinds of fibers

• are hybrid particles of organic LPEI and inorganic silica. It was already reported in literature that a calcination process creates nanotubes by removal of the LPEI core while the overall fibrillar structure is preserved [16]. Isolated single nanotubes have a uniform diameter of about 10 nm and an

Hierarchically structured nanoporous carbon tubes for high pressure carbon dioxide adsorption

• Julia Patzsch,
• Deepu J. Babu and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1135–1144, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.115

• heated up to 1600 °C for 1 h under vacuum. The resulting material was treated with HF solution, followed by calcination at 750 °C for 4 h under air and etched with HF solution a second time to obtain the pure silicon carbide (SiC) tubes (5). The SiC tubes were finally washed with water and dried at 80 °C

• corresponding SAED pattern. All reflexes correspond to the <101>, <102>, <110> and <114> reflexes of the Moissanite modification (JCPDS-Nr. 22-1127, 4H) of SiC. Additionally, spurious residues of microcrystalline carbon can be observed even after calcination temperatures of 750 °C under air. The IR spectrum of

ZnO nanoparticles sensitized by CuInZn_xS_2+x quantum dots as highly efficient solar light driven photocatalysts

• Florian Donat,
• Serge Corbel,
• Halima Alem,
• Steve Pontvianne,
• Lavinia Balan,
• Ghouti Medjahdi and
• Raphaël Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1080–1093, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.110

• associated to ZnO (0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 wt %), the calcination time (15 min, 1, 2 or 12 h) and the temperature (100, 200, 300 and 400 °C). ZnO nanoparticles do not absorb in the visible range (λ > 400 nm). Once ZCIS QDs are associated to ZnO nanoparticles, a noticeable increase of absorption in the

High photocatalytic activity of Fe₂O₃/TiO₂ nanocomposites prepared by photodeposition for degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

• Shu Chin Lee,
• Hendrik O. Lintang and
• Leny Yuliati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 915–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.93

• ), close to the value of the TiO2 (NT), indicating that a high calcination temperature of 500 °C did not affect the optical properties of the TiO2. The addition of Fe species did not result in significant changes to the Eg of the TiO2, which with an increasing Fe/Ti ratio from 0.1 to 1 mol % only slightly

• m2/g. After calcination at 500 °C, the specific surface area of the TiO2 (IM_T) dropped drastically to 80 m2/g. The addition of Fe2O3 to TiO2 via the impregnation method did not significantly change the specific surface area of the TiO2 (IM_T), given that all nanocomposites have values in the range

• –101%, Merck), benzoquinone (99%, Acros Organics), and tert-butanol (99.0%, Merck). Sample preparation The TiO2 material used in this study was from the commercial supplier Hombikat, UV100 TiO2. The Fe2O3 used as a control was prepared by direct calcination of Fe(III) acetylacetonate under air