Integration of sharp silicon nitride tips into high-speed SU8 cantilevers in a batch fabrication process

• Nahid Hosseini,
• Matthias Neuenschwander,
• Oliver Peric,
• Santiago H. Andany,
• Jonathan D. Adams and
• Georg E. Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2357–2363, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.226

• cantilever material, which are presented as . On the other hand, 1/Q is strongly influenced by the intrinsic damping of the cantilever material. Therefore, optimizing the ratio πf0/Q translates into optimizing the ratio , which has been defined as material bandwidth product [23]. SU8 cantilevers have shown

• a high imaging speed due to the high material bandwidth product, which mainly results from the high intrinsic damping properties of the polymer. Such cantilevers have high resonance frequencies and low Q-factors for a given size and stiffness [23]. However, SU8 tips wear down quickly and become

The role of Ag⁺, Ca²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Al³⁺ adions in the SERS turn-on effect of anionic analytes

• Stefania D. Iancu,
• Andrei Stefancu,
• Vlad Moisoiu,
• Loredana F. Leopold and
• Nicolae Leopold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2338–2345, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.224

• surface of the AgNPs. Therefore, the observed blue shift and damping of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak, which is observed only after the formation of Ag+ adions, indicates an electronic contact between the AgNPs and citrate (Figure 1B) [28][29][30]. No SERS spectra of citrate were obtained at pH

• solution. The Raman enhancement is not a result of the colloid aggregation since no broadening of the SPR band was observed in the colloid extinction spectra after the SERS activation of the cit-AgNPs/organic acid mixtures with cations. A weak damping of the SPR band is observed only after the addition of

• through the damping of the SPR band. Particularly, the anionic analytes chemisorb to the cit-AgNPs only after the silver surface is activated with cations. This leads to the damping of the SPR indicating a chemical coupling between nanoparticle and adsorbate. Fumaric acid and salicylic acid show the

Dynamics of superparamagnetic nanoparticles in viscous liquids in rotating magnetic fields

• Nikolai A. Usov,
• Ruslan A. Rytov and
• Vasiliy A. Bautin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2294–2303, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.221

• rotates in the XY-plane of the Cartesian coordinates, so that Neglecting weak magnetic damping and a small moment of inertia of a magnetic nanoparticle, the magneto-dynamic equations of motion of the unit vectors and in a viscous fluid have the form [25] where G = K/3η, η is the liquid viscosity, K is

• ][53][54] where γ1 = |γ|/(1 + κ2), κ is the phenomenological damping parameter, and is the random thermal magnetic field that causes thermal fluctuations of the particle magnetic moment. The stochastic equation for the nanoparticle director is given by [25][54][55] where ξ = 6ηV is the friction

• density ρ = 5 g/cm3, and the viscosity of the liquid η = 0.01 g/(cm·s). The magnetic damping constant is assumed to be κ = 0.1, the medium temperature is T = 300 K. Figure 4 shows that for a dilute assembly of superparamagnetic nanoparticles in RMFs the SAR value monotonously rises with increasing

Ion mobility and material transport on KBr in air as a function of the relative humidity

• Dominik J. Kirpal,
• Korbinian Pürckhauer,
• Alfred J. Weymouth and
• Franz J. Giessibl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2084–2093, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.203

• water film and the water meniscus that forms around the tip–sample contact cause damping forces on the probe, which result in higher noise [7]. The hydrophobicity of sapphire reduces the meniscus effect. The impact that hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity of the tip material can have is demonstrated by

Subsurface imaging of flexible circuits via contact resonance atomic force microscopy

• Wenting Wang,
• Chengfu Ma,
• Yuhang Chen,
• Lei Zheng,
• Huarong Liu and
• Jiaru Chu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1636–1647, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.159

• position, the cantilever tilt caused by mounting and the effect of lateral forces are all considered [14][15][16]. The elastic interactions between the tip and the sample are modeled with contact stiffnesses in the normal and lateral directions. The damping is neglected because it does not have significant

Rapid thermal annealing for high-quality ITO thin films deposited by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering

• Petronela Prepelita,
• Ionel Stavarache,
• Doina Craciun,
• Florin Garoi,
• Catalin Negrila,
• Beatrice Gabriela Sbarcea and
• Valentin Craciun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1511–1522, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.149

• real and imaginary parts of the dielectric permittivity on the wavelength is illustrated in Figure 8. The increase in thickness of the ITO films influenced the optical constants (i.e., Drude damping coefficient, Drude frequency, complex permittivity, refractive indices, extinction coefficients

Nanoscale spatial mapping of mechanical properties through dynamic atomic force microscopy

• Zahra Abooalizadeh,
• Leszek Josef Sudak and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1332–1347, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.132

• uncovered step for both directions, as will be shown in Figure 5a. Figure 4d shows a very slight variation in the phase as the tip traversed the uncovered steps, but otherwise no significant change in the phase signal was observed. The lack of any significant variation in phase suggests that damping of the

• series with the contact elements, which are two Kelvin–Voigt linear elements with a spring, accounting for the contact stiffness and a dash pot describing the contact damping. Figure 9 illustrates two elements of a spring and a dash pot in parallel, defining the contact at the tip of the cantilever and

On the relaxation time of interacting superparamagnetic nanoparticles and implications for magnetic fluid hyperthermia

• Andrei Kuncser,
• Nicusor Iacob and
• Victor E. Kuncser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1280–1289, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.127

• ]: The values of hfluct at each magnetic moment are provided according to a Gaussian distribution which is characterized by two parameters, the mean and the variance, taking values of 0 and respectively, where γ is the gyro-magnetic ratio and α the damping constant (the usual value of 0.5 was considered

Coexisting spin and Rabi oscillations at intermediate time regimes in electron transport through a photon cavity

• Vidar Gudmundsson,
• Hallmann Gestsson,
• Nzar Rauf Abdullah,
• Chi-Shung Tang,
• Andrei Manolescu and
• Valeriu Moldoveanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 606–616, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.61

• interaction we assume a rotating wave approximation. Care has to be taken in deriving the corresponding damping terms for the master equation as they have to be transformed from the basis of non-interacting photons to the basis of interacting electrons and photons (the eigenstates of HS (Equation 2)) [24][25

Heating ability of magnetic nanoparticles with cubic and combined anisotropy

• Nikolai A. Usov,
• Mikhail S. Nesmeyanov,
• Elizaveta M. Gubanova and
• Natalia B. Epshtein

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 305–314, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.29

• ][31] governs the dynamics of the unit magnetization vector of the ith single-domain nanoparticle of the cluster where γ is the gyromagnetic ratio, κ is phenomenological damping parameter, γ1 = γ/(1+κ2), is the effective magnetic field and is the thermal field. The effective magnetic field acting on

Magnetic-field sensor with self-reference characteristic based on a magnetic fluid and independent plasmonic dual resonances

• Kun Ren,
• Xiaobin Ren,
• Yumeng He and
• Qun Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 247–255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.23

• magnetic fluid. The background metal in the grey part is silver, the complex permittivity of which is characterized by the well-known Drude model: , where ε∞ = 3.7 is the permittivity at infinite angular frequency, the bulk plasma frequency is ωp = 1.38 × 1016 Hz, the damping frequency of the oscillations

Pull-off and friction forces of micropatterned elastomers on soft substrates: the effects of pattern length scale and stiffness

• Peter van Assenbergh,
• Marike Fokker,
• Julian Langowski,
• Jan van Esch,
• Marleen Kamperman and
• Dimitra Dodou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 79–94, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.8

• the micropattern. The PVA substrates have some dissipative properties (dissipation factors of PVA-12: tan δ = 0.05; PVA-18: tan δ = 0.07), which might contribute to the resultant pull-off force as well. Given the low value of these dissipation factors, we doubt whether damping plays a significant role

Polarization-dependent strong coupling between silver nanorods and photochromic molecules

• Gwénaëlle Lamri,
• Alessandro Veltri,
• Jean Aubard,
• Pierre-Michel Adam,
• Nordin Felidj and
• Anne-Laure Baudrion

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2657–2664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.247

• than the sum of their line widths [19]. This condition implies that the Rabi oscillation period is shorter than the damping time of the plasmon and of the organic exciton. In our case, the fitted decomposition of the curves into two Lorentzian curves (inset of the Figure 2b) leads to an energy

• equal to 132 and 235 nm, leading to linewidths of 655 and 697 meV. This difference in the hybrid mode linewidths has already been observed for a gold nanogroove arrays coated with a J-aggregate dye film [25]. In this work, they observed different damping rates for the hybrid modes attributed to the

• interplay between the coherent dipole coupling between exciton and plasmon and the incoherent exchange of photon energy between both systems. This can happen when the damping of both separate oscillators is different, which is our case with the plasmonic resonance and the MC molecular exciton. The large

Nanoantenna structures for the detection of phonons in nanocrystals

• Alexander G. Milekhin,
• Sergei A. Kuznetsov,
• Ilya A. Milekhin,
• Larisa L. Sveshnikova,
• Tatyana A. Duda,
• Ekaterina E. Rodyakina,
• Alexander V. Latyshev,
• Volodymyr M. Dzhagan and
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2646–2656, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.246

• structure, while a Drude model with linear plasma and damping frequencies of 72,500 cm−1 and 216 cm−1, respectively, was applied to correctly describe the frequency response of gold [12]. To avoid undesirable computational effects arising from wave interference in the Si wafer of finite thickness, the Si

Friction reduction through biologically inspired scale-like laser surface textures

• Johannes Schneider,
• Vergil Djamiykov and
• Christian Greiner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2561–2572, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.238

• chosen that resulted in regular, elliptical protrusions, lowering friction compared to an untextured control sample [24]. In an approach resulting in surface textures much closer to the natural example, Baum et al. showed that variations in the effective elastic modulus (therefore allowing for damping

Effective sensor properties and sensitivity considerations of a dynamic co-resonantly coupled cantilever sensor

• Julia Körner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2546–2560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.237

• described as a coupled harmonic oscillator, consisting of a damping element d1,2, spring k1,2 and effective mass m1,2 for each subsystem. Please note that m1,2 still denotes the effective mass but the subscript eff was omitted to keep the descriptions short. The model furthermore allows to study external

• results in a sixth degree polynomial expression that can only be solved numerically. Consequently, for an estimate of the resonance frequencies, we consider the model from Figure 1c without the damping elements d1,2. The validity of this assumption is supported by comparison of simulation results for the

• damped and undamped circuit model which show that the position of the resonance frequencies is only minimally influenced, even for high damping, i.e., low quality factors [14]. This can be understood by following the reasoning of [27]. In case of viscous damping, one has to distinguish between the

Evidence of friction reduction in laterally graded materials

• Roberto Guarino,
• Gianluca Costagliola,
• Federico Bosia and
• Nicola Maria Pugno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2443–2456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.229

• − ri ), where ri0 is the initial position of the block and ν is the velocity vector of the slider, e.g., ν = (ν,0) when sliding is along the x axis. Therefore, the total driving force acting on the block i is Fmot(i) = Fs(i) + Σj Fint(ij). A damping force is added to avoid artificial block

• oscillations, where γ is the damping coefficient and is the velocity vector of the block. The damping coefficient γ is an arbitrary parameter. The results are independent of its value provided it is fixed in the underdamped regime: [34]. A pressure p is applied on the whole system, so that on each block

Influence of the thickness of an antiferromagnetic IrMn layer on the static and dynamic magnetization of weakly coupled CoFeB/IrMn/CoFeB trilayers

• Deepika Jhajhria,
• Dinesh K. Pandya and
• Sujeet Chaudhary

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2198–2208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.206

• that with the increase in IrMn layer thickness a nearly linear enhancement of the effective magnetic damping constant occurs, which is associated with the simultaneous influence of spin pumping and interlayer exchange coupling effects. An extrinsic contribution to the linewidth originating from the two

• -magnon scattering is also discussed. The AF-induced interfacial damping parameter is derived by studying the evolution of damping with inverse CoFeB thickness. The static magnetic measurements also reveal the interlayer exchange coupling across the IrMn layer both at room temperature and low temperature

• . Keywords: ferromagnetic resonance; interlayer exchange coupling; magnetic damping; magnetic thin films; spin pumping; Introduction Traditionally, antiferromagnets (AF) are known to play only a static role by pinning adjacent ferromagnetic (FM) layers via exchange bias in spin-valve devices [1]. Recently

Recent highlights in nanoscale and mesoscale friction

• Andrea Vanossi,
• Dirk Dietzel,
• Andre Schirmeisen,
• Ernst Meyer,
• Rémy Pawlak,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Marcin Kisiel,
• Shigeki Kawai and
• Nicola Manini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1995–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.190

• devices in which wear is a critical issue. At separations of several nanometers one talks about the phenomenon of non-contact friction. At first sight, this type of dissipation appears rather academic. However, the fundamental damping mechanisms of friction, which relate the energy released after

• voltage and/or the distance [188][189][190][191][192]. An example of particular interest is that of charge-density waves (CDW) where a superstructure is formed by a charge redistribution. Langer et al. have observed that the damping coefficient can be drastically changed on NbSe2, when the probing tip is

Tailoring polarization and magnetization of absorbing terahertz metamaterials using a cut-wire sandwich structure

• Hadi Teguh Yudistira,
• Shuo Liu,
• Tie Jun Cui and
• Han Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1437–1447, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.136

• × 1015 s−1. ω, ωp,Au and ΓAu are the angular frequency, angular plasma frequency of gold, and damping constant of gold, respectively. Figure 3 presents the reflectance–transmittance–absorbance (RTA) simulation result of cut-wire (Figure 3a), cross-shaped (Figure 3b) and star-shaped sandwich structures

Electrostatically actuated encased cantilevers

• Benoit X. E. Desbiolles,
• Gabriela Furlan,
• Adam M. Schwartzberg,
• Paul D. Ashby and
• Dominik Ziegler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1381–1389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.130

• Background: Encased cantilevers are novel force sensors that overcome major limitations of liquid scanning probe microscopy. By trapping air inside an encasement around the cantilever, they provide low damping and maintain high resonance frequencies for exquisitely low tip–sample interaction forces even when

• peaks include adding damping elements [5][6] or using alternative excitation methods such as resistive thermal [7][8], piezoelectric [9], electrostriction [10], or quartz-crystal tuning forks [11][12] that all solely excite the cantilever without inducing motion of the entire chip or the surrounding

• path remains very challenging. If the excitation electrode is approached too closely to the resonator, squeeze film damping or snap-in of the cantilever become another concern [24]. In our implementation with encased cantilevers these issues are solved by integrating the excitation electrode into the

Atomic-level characterization and cilostazol affinity of poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles conjugated with differentially charged hydrophilic molecules

• María Francisca Matus,
• Martín Ludueña,
• Cristian Vilos,
• Iván Palomo and
• Marcelo M. Mariscal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1328–1338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.126

• the temperature with a damping of 100 timesteps. To corroborate the correct assembling methodology, several MD simulations of 100 ps were performed for 20, 40 and 80 PLA chains (Figure 1C). Data collected along the trajectories were used to calculate molecular properties such as a radius of gyration

Field-controlled ultrafast magnetization dynamics in two-dimensional nanoscale ferromagnetic antidot arrays

• Anulekha De,
• Sucheta Mondal,
• Sourav Sahoo,
• Saswati Barman,
• Yoshichika Otani,
• Rajib Kumar Mitra and
• Anjan Barman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1123–1134, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.104

• Kittel formula, The exchange stiffness constant A is obtained from literature [39]. A pulsed field of peak value of 30 Oe, 10 ps rise/fall time and 20 ps pulse duration is used perpendicular to the sample plane, while a damping coefficient α = 0.008 is used during dynamic simulations. The experimentally

Scanning speed phenomenon in contact-resonance atomic force microscopy

• Christopher C. Glover,
• Jason P. Killgore and
• Ryan C. Tung

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 945–952, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.87

• stiffness is now a series combination of the fluid film stiffness kf and the material stiffness ks. There may also be additional damping effects introduced by the fluid film, which we would like to address in future research studies. For instance, it is known that the modulation of the tip–sample contact

• has an effect on the friction [18][19]. Furthermore, this effect depends on the scan speed and can bring the system from a stick–slip state to a “steady sliding” state above a critical velocity [18]. It is noted that “a small viscous damping contribution in the tip–sample contact is sufficient enough

• to suppress stick–slip oscillations” [18]. It may be possible that the thin film acts as a source of viscous damping that allows the system to achieve a “steady sliding” state, above a critical velocity, which may have an effect on the CR measurements. The hydrodynamic lift force F varies

Combined pulsed laser deposition and non-contact atomic force microscopy system for studies of insulator metal oxide thin films

• Daiki Katsube,
• Hayato Yamashita,
• Satoshi Abo and
• Masayuki Abe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 686–692, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.63

• same as in our previous studies [29][37][41][44][45][46][47][48]. To perform stable atomic resolution imaging in this chamber, a mechanism to fix the unit by double spring vibration isolation and eddy current damping [49] is provided, to prevent vibration noise. Therefore, it is possible to obtain