Direct electron beam writing of silver using a β-diketonate precursor: first insights

• Katja Höflich,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Chinmai S. Jureddy,
• Aleksei Tsarapkin and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1117–1124, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.90

• used beam current of 0.5 nA corresponds to an electron flux of 6 × 104 electrons per second and square nanometer, and an overall dose of 1.7 μC or 1 × 1017 electrons per square nanometer in the center part. There is a visible halo deposition region extending several micrometers beyond the area

• (dose 1.5 × 10−7 C) and the pillar width of 320 nm, this corresponds to a volume growth rate of approximately 0.012 μm3 per minute and a vertical growth rate of about 200 nm per minute. The obtained vertical growth rate was sufficient to avoid any signs of halo evolution around the structure (Figure 3a

Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• ]. Thus, more studies are required to investigate if and how in vitro protein binding studies can help us to explain the in vivo behavior of NPs. Following i.v. injection of NPs with a diameter of 5 nm, approximately half of the injected dose can be expected to be rapidly excreted in urine, whereas there

• (key constituents in these products) may create immune responses; see discussion in [97]. How much of the injected dose reach the target? Most studies performed with drug-loaded NPs have been performed with the goal of targeting and treating tumors, and there are numerous reports showing that only a

• try to increase the fraction of the injected dose ending up in the diseased area by employing targeting molecules to receptors in this area. Studies performed more than 20 years ago using only targeting molecules (e.g. antibodies), with the goal of developing radiotherapeutics or imaging agents

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• the surface of the nanofibrous scaffolds increases the therapeutic response to the drugs by a controlled and sustained release in the targeted tissue [35]. (v) Their ability to carry different drugs in their structure reduces the risk of multidrug resistance in cancer treatment with dose-specific or

A review on the structural characterization of nanomaterials for nano-QSAR models

• Salvador Moncho,
• Eva Serrano-Candelas,
• Jesús Vicente de Julián-Ortiz and
• Rafael Gozalbes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 854–866, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.71

• ]. At the other extreme, there are studies where the only difference among the nanoforms used (without considering endpoint-related descriptors such as dose or time) is the size [58][59]. The size of nanoparticles is commonly measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM images can provide

• specific variables can be found for particular tests, such as the number of daphnia individuals in an immobilization test [17]. Also, descriptors that quantify the exposure to the nanoform, such as exposure time [17][31][37][60][66] and dose [31][37][63][66] are very common in nano-QSAR models. A different

• for each kind of nanoforms. For example, key features such as the composition of a NM or its size are not included in all the models. It should be noted that some nano-QSAR models have been developed based exclusively on testing conditions (e.g., dose, preincubation, and sonication) of a single

Level set simulation of focused ion beam sputtering of a multilayer substrate

• Alexander V. Rumyantsev,
• Nikolai I. Borgardt,
• Roman L. Volkov and
• Yuri A. Chaplygin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 733–742, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.61

• , the desired properties are achieved by FIB processing of such substrates with different irradiation doses. A low-dose treatment is sufficient for cases that do not require sputtering of large amounts of material. Among such cases are the precise tuning of the magnetic characteristics of thin

Cholesterol nanoarchaeosomes for alendronate targeted delivery as an anti-endothelial dysfunction agent

• Horacio Emanuel Jerez,
• Yamila Roxana Simioni,
• Kajal Ghosal,
• Maria Jose Morilla and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 517–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.46

• ][16]. After a single oral dose of ALN (70 mg tablet), a peak plasma concentration of 33.10 ± 14.32 ng/mL (≈0.15 μM) of ALN is attained after 1.00 ± 0.16 h [17]. This plasma concentration is about 170 times lower than the average of 1–50 μM ALN reported for the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of

• dexamethasone did not affect HUVECs. The nanovesicles are internalized by endocytosis, a mechanism independent of their concentration and dose. Nanoarchaeosomes from H. tebenquichense are massively endocytosed, total or partly via SRA1, the receptor responsible for massive, high-rate internalization of

Electron-induced deposition using Fe(CO)₄MA and Fe(CO)₅ – effect of MA ligand and process conditions

• Hannah Boeckers,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Petra Martinović,
• Amy V. Walker,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 500–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.45

Sidewall angle tuning in focused electron beam-induced processing

• Sangeetha Hari,
• Willem F. van Dorp,
• Johannes J. L. Mulders,
• Piet H. F. Trompenaars,
• Pieter Kruit and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 447–456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.40

• . Clearly, etching with the same PE dose at different positions on the slope, separated by as little as 20 nm, results in very different profiles. Although the profiles of etch 1 and etch 2 appear Gaussian as expected from the etching of a plane surface, proceeding outwards brings about the abrupt onset of

• , still capped. Here, the dose was sufficient to perform a complete etch, and the connecting material previously seen adjacent to the deposit is gone. The profile becomes still smoother after etch 5, showing a sidewall that slopes inward completely. 20 nm further to the right, however, the trend seems to

• reverse, and etch 6 results in the much desired vertical sidewall. This is, therefore, the position where the used etching dose is optimal; upon moving further outward, the sloping sidewall is visible once again with some clipping of the long tail. And finally, on etching sufficiently far away from the

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• nanocarriers have various therapeutic advantages such as no or minimized side effects, long storage life, enhanced residence time, extended circulation time, increased half-life, and decreased dose [128][129][130][131]. Nanodelivery systems for natural antioxidants can be divided into two main classes, namely

• ]. Pharmacokinetic analysis of curcumin-loaded polymeric nanoparticles after oral delivery in mice demonstrated a 20-fold decrease in dose requirement compared to natural curcumin [140]. Both experimental and molecular dynamics simulation studies suggested an optimal ferulic acid (an antioxidant in plants

• thickness, Ce3+ concentration, and the resulting strain in ceria with specific surface orientation (100). Figure 2 was adapted with permission from [32]. Copyright 2023 American Chemical Society. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. (a) Percent injected dose (%ID) in blood of EaNA and Cy5-labeled human

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• simulations showed that reducing the cumulative dose from 2.5 mg/kg/12 h to 2.5 mg/kg/24 h rendered BNZ plasma concentrations within the accepted therapeutic range of 3 to 6 mg/L [22]. This is an important point: When BNZ toxicity is attributed to overdosing, it could be simply reduced by reducing its dose

• uncertainties about BNZ dose, its biopharmaceutical classification differs according to the data source and interpretation. In the early 1980s, BNZ was reported to be readily absorbed, highly lipophilic, and extensively metabolized, with only 5% of the dose excreted unchanged in the urine [28]. Since poorly

• than in the laboratory and showed a comparable in vitro activity to free BNZ [33]. Formulated as oral tablets containing a reduced dose of BNZ/cyclodextrin (50% loading of BNZ (% BNZ/total mass)) and administered to a murine model, BNZ/cyclodextrin did not overcome the efficacy of free BNZ during the

Exploring the relationships between physiochemical properties of nanoparticles and cell damage to combat cancer growth using simple periodic table-based descriptors

• Joyita Roy and
• Kunal Roy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 297–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.27

• damage. The zeta potential is a widely used parameter to characterize the properties of nanoparticles. However, cell membrane damage is influenced by various factors, including exposure time and dose. Thus, this study aimed to establish a relationship between the properties of nanoparticles and their

Vinorelbine-loaded multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery systems: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release study

• Zeynep Özcan and
• Afife Binnaz Hazar Yoruç

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 256–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.24

• efficacy. The application of vinorelbine tartrate is limited because of its dose-related toxicity to the nervous, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal systems and reduced absorption when taken orally [33]. Encapsulation studies specifically aim to create a controlled drug delivery system to reduce existing side

Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications

• August K. Roos,
• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• Erik Holmgren and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 242–255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.23

• expose with a dose of 450 mJ/cm2 using an MLA150 from Heidelberg Instruments. We develop the pattern in maD533s for roughly 45 s and then deposit 10 nm chromium and 40 nm of gold by electron-beam evaporation in an Auto306 from Edwards Vacuum. Lift-off in mrREM700 removes the resist mask, and the

• (maN1407), baking at 100 °C on a hotplate for 60 s. We expose the pattern with a dose of 450 mJ/cm2, aligning to the markers on the front, and we develop in maD533s for roughly 45 s. A subsequent short soft-ashing step in a Plasmalab 80 ICP65 from Oxford Instruments removes residual resist and improves the

• first spin a thin layer of an adhesion promoter (AR 300–80) before spinning a roughly 170 nm thick layer of the electron-beam resist ARP–6200–09 (CSAR 09), baking at 150 °C for 1 min. We expose with a dose of 110 μC/cm2 in a Voyager EBL system from Raith Nanofabrication and etch the Nb-Ti-N film using

Ion beam processing of DNA origami nanostructures

• Leo Sala,
• Agnes Zerolová,
• Violaine Vizcaino,
• Alain Mery,
• Alicja Domaracka,
• Hermann Rothard,
• Philippe Boduch,
• Dominik Pinkas and
• Jaroslav Kocišek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 207–214, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.20

• substrates were irradiated with increasing fluences of 56Fe10+ ions (0.7 MeV/u). The overall triangular shape of the control sample is preserved, but two observable dose-dependent changes occur, namely height loss and formation of craters on the nanostructures. Figure 1A shows AFM images of control and

• , craters are not evident, but the sample height increases significantly with the dose. Some height gain and bloating had been observed in UV-irradiated DNA origami nanostructures at low doses [42]. In this previous work, although the samples were irradiated in solution, the AFM analysis was done in the dry

Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO₂ substrates

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Jan M. Michalik,
• Inés Serrano-Esparza,
• Zdeněk Nováček,
• Veronika Novotná,
• Piotr Ozga,
• Czesław Kapusta and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

• nanopatterning, we have found significant morphological changes induced in the SiO2 substrate even at low electron dose values (<8 nC/μm2). We demonstrate that graphene etching and topographical changes in SiO2 substrates can be controlled via electron beam parameters such as dwell time and dose. Keywords

• : direct writing; dwell time; electron dose; etching; graphene; maskless lithography; nanopatterning; Introduction The discovery of extraordinary and controllable electrical conductivity in graphene back in 2004 made it the most recognized 2D material [1]. The newly discovered phenomena, such as

• substrate, which contains a low amount of defects as described elsewhere [27]. In the first part of the present contribution, we demonstrate how the beam parameters and the dose affect the etched profiles and consequently the lateral resolution of water-assisted FEBIE of graphene. The Raman analysis

Nanocarrier systems loaded with IR780, iron oxide nanoparticles and chlorambucil for cancer theragnostics

• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan-Thang Cao,
• Vy Tran-Anh and
• Hieu Vu Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.17

• the nanoparticles This experiment was conducted to assess the toxicity of CHL nanoparticles to four distinct cell types (Figure 4). After 72 h of incubation, the IC50 of CHL for HepG2 was 0.45 µg/mL. After 72 h of NP exposure to HepG2, the cell viability at the highest dose (1.50 μg/mL) was reduced to

Assessing phytotoxicity and tolerance levels of ZnO nanoparticles on Raphanus sativus: implications for widespread adoptions

• Pathirannahalage Sahan Samuditha,
• Nadeesh Madusanka Adassooriya and
• Nazeera Salim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 115–125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.11

• (Chl-b), total chlorophylls, carotenoids, and antioxidants by 24.7%, 58.5%, 38.0%, 42.2%, 39.9%, 11.2%, and 7.7%, respectively. Interestingly, this dose had no impact on the indole acetic acid (IAA) content. Conversely, the use of 2,000 mg/L of ZnO NPs in the same medium led to a significant reduction

• without ZnO NPs, Zn concentration was 0.36 mg/g, while at the highest ZnO NPs tested dose of 10,000 mg/L, it significantly rose to 1.76 mg/g, causing leaf chlorosis and stunted seedling growth. This suggests potential health risks related to Zn toxicity for consumers. Given the adverse effects on R

• elevated accumulation of Zn [1][3]. Long-term, high-dose Zn supplementation disrupts copper intake, induces brain cell death, contributes to prostate cancer, and also functions as a gliotoxin and a neurotoxin [3][4]. Conversely, the most common micronutrient deficiency of crop plants is Zn deficiency

Berberine-loaded polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold as a drug delivery system: The relationship between chemical characteristics, drug-release behavior, and antibacterial efficiency

• Le Thi Le,
• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Liem Thanh Nguyen,
• Huy Quang Tran and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 71–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.7

• treatment of central nervous system disorders [2], digestive system diseases [3], cancer, diabetes, inflammation, and infections. Nevertheless, BBR has a low bioavailability due to its poor water solubility, which imposes a regular intake of BBR drugs at a high dose. Recently, innovative technologies have

Curcumin-loaded nanostructured systems for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review

• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Edijane Matos Sales and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 37–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.4

• -MCNPs showed a more effective uptake and pronounced in vitro leishmanicidal activity (curc-MCNPs, median effective dose (ED50): 0.518 ± 0.01 µg/mL) against L. donovani amastigotes than curc-chitosan nanoparticles (curc-CNPs, ED50: 1.87 ± 0.075 µg/mL) and free curc (ED50: 2.8 ± 0.03 µg/mL). Furthermore

Nanotechnological approaches in the treatment of schistosomiasis: an overview

• Lucas Carvalho,
• Michelle Sarcinelli and
• Beatriz Patrício

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 13–25, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.2

• molecule, and excellent biocompatibility and safety [38]. Liposomes can also be modified to selectively deliver a drug to a specific site. This is very valuable because it can reduce potential side effects and increase the maximum tolerated dose, which improves therapeutic benefits [39]. For example

• caused by the high solid content of the formulation. In vitro results were satisfactory and showed that the nanoformulation was effective against parasites, but in vivo results were inadequate due to fluctuations in the administered dose. Despite that, the work showed that this nanoformulation could be

• ]. Mokbel et al. [59] showed that curcumin associated with a half-dose of PZQ and gold nanoparticles reduced the worm load in infected mice more than PZQ alone. This information is crucial since most side effects presented by patients who use PZQ could be avoided if there was a way to reduce the drug dose

TEM sample preparation of lithographically patterned permalloy nanostructures on silicon nitride membranes

• Joshua Williams,
• Michael I. Faley,
• Joseph Vimal Vas,
• Peng-Han Lu and
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1–12, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.1

• a clean lift-off process. The larger undercut is realized by multi-dose exposure, which consists of two parts: The main exposure is for patterning the nominal structure, and an additional exposure is for patterning the outline of the nominal structure. This additional exposure is performed with a

• lower dose than the main exposure so that it does not induce chain scission in the top resist layer, but only in the bottom resist layer, which is more sensitive. The result of the multi-dose exposure was controlled by observing a cross section of the developed bilayer resist using a SEM in snapshot

• techniques, a one-time exposure is possible with the help of high accelerating voltage during electron beam exposure. In this process, rather than doing one resist deposition and exposure after another, the layer selectivity is controlled by the electron beam dose and the sensitivity of the two layers. Only

Fluorescent bioinspired albumin/polydopamine nanoparticles and their interactions with Escherichia coli cells

• Eloïse Equy,
• Jordana Hirtzel,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Béatrice Heurtault,
• Eric Mathieu,
• Morgane Rabineau,
• Vincent Ball and
• Lydie Ploux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1208–1224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.100

• of nanocarrier–drug systems, it may increase the dose of drug delivered close to the bacterial cell machinery and, therefore, improve the treatment efficacy. If the photothermic properties of the ONPs are to be exploited, the efficacy of the antibacterial treatment may also completely depend on the

A combined gas-phase dissociative ionization, dissociative electron attachment and deposition study on the potential FEBID precursor [Au(CH₃)₂Cl]₂

• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Ali Kamali,
• Thomas Xaver Gentner,
• Gerd Ballmann,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück,
• Hubertus Marbach and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1178–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.98

• -vacuum (UHV) surface science studies and mass spectrometry in high-vacuum (HV) gas-phase investigations [27][28]. In this context, surface science experiments allow for electron-dose-dependent studies of the elemental composition of the deposit, and desorbing ligands may be monitored by means of mass

• , high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) was performed to analyze the morphology of the deposited nanoparticles. For this purpose, several FEBID structures were prepared on the SiO2 substrate with the size of 4 × 4 µm2 and an electron dose of 7.80 C/cm2. For

• currents The FEBID deposits were also prepared with [Au(CH3)2Cl]2 using beam currents of 0.4 nA (deposit size: 2 × 2 μm2), 1.5 nA (deposit size: 4 × 4 μm2), and 3 nA (deposit size: 4 × 4 μm2). The other deposition parameters (electron dose: 7.80 C/cm2 and acceleration voltage: 5 keV) were the same in all

Hierarchically patterned polyurethane microgrooves featuring nanopillars or nanoholes for neurite elongation and alignment

• Lester Uy Vinzons,
• Guo-Chung Dong and
• Shu-Ping Lin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1157–1168, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.96

• . ratio 1:0.7) at 5000 rpm and soft-baked at 95 °C for 160 s. An array of polystyrene nanospheres (1.1 µm) embedded in PDMS was placed in conformal contact with the SU-8, and then exposure was performed at a dose of 35–42 mJ·cm−2 (Figure 1A(i)). (Older PS-NS/PDMS films seem to require slightly higher UV

• served as a template for creating a PDMS nanopillar structure for the capillary thermal imprinting of SU-8. An AZ1518 film was spin-coated on glass coverslips at 5000 rpm and soft-baked at 100 °C for 1.5 min. Exposure was performed at a dose of 13 mJ·cm−2 with an array of 1.1 μm polystyrene nanospheres

• dose of 180 mJ·cm−2. Afterwards, the sample was subjected to post-exposure bake and hard bake via a stepwise increase in temperature: 95 °C for 3 min, 150 °C for 15 min, and 165 °C for 1 h. After baking, the sample was allowed to cool down to RT, and then the PDMS nanopillar film was peeled off (Figure

Elasticity, an often-overseen parameter in the development of nanoscale drug delivery systems

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1149–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.95

• followed by the release of the drug. Therefore, three major benefits are expected when tailoring those systems: to overcome barriers, which would hinder the drug to reach the side of action, to decrease side effects by less unspecific drug action in nontarget areas, and to lower the overall dose to be