Electron-stimulated purification of platinum nanostructures grown via focused electron beam induced deposition

• Brett B. Lewis,
• Michael G. Stanford,
• Jason D. Fowlkes,
• Kevin Lester,
• Harald Plank and
• Philip D. Rack

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 907–918, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.94

• of O2 species could be contributing to the process – namely: 1) O2 adsorbing simultaneous with the electron flux and 2) O2 adsorbed to high-binding energy carbon sites which result from electron irradiation. As the process is now revealed to occur top–down, we suggest that the process is likely

Nanostructuring of GeTiO amorphous films by pulsed laser irradiation

• Valentin S. Teodorescu,
• Cornel Ghica,
• Adrian V. Maraloiu,
• Mihai Vlaicu,
• Andrei Kuncser,
• Magdalena L. Ciurea,
• Ionel Stavarache,
• Ana M. Lepadatu,
• Nicu D. Scarisoreanu,
• Andreea Andrei,
• Valentin Ion and
• Maria Dinescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 893–900, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.92

• TEM observation of the amorphous spherical Ge nanoparticles situated in the very thin areas of the XTEM specimen induces local heating and the crystallization of the amorphous Ge nanoparticles. Figure 9a shows such a spherical Ge nanoparticle crystallized during observation. If the electron

• irradiation continues for several minutes, the spherical crystallite becomes larger through a crystal growth process, as shown in Figure 9b. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) pattern inserted in Figure 9b shows a quadratic structure for the larger crystallite. By comparing the lattice fringes of the

Chains of carbon atoms: A vision or a new nanomaterial?

• Florian Banhart

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 559–569, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.58

• were also obtained when single-wall carbon nanotubes shrank under electron irradiation [20][36]. Just before the hourglass-shaped tube broke, a linear fringe, bridging the conical tube ends, appeared in the images. The studies have been extended recently and give some indications for the interaction

• the electron beam in the microscope; therefore electron irradiation might have played a certain role during the formation of chains. Once the chains were created, current-voltage characteristics were taken. The conductivity of the chains was much lower than predicted from theoretical work. By applying

• related linear modifications, e.g., chains of B and N atoms that might have an even higher cohesive energy per unit cell than carbon chains [70]. A recent electron microscopy study shows the first observation of BN chains that formed under electron irradiation of BN layers [71]. These chains are predicted

Filling of carbon nanotubes and nanofibres

• Reece D. Gately and
• Marc in het Panhuis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 508–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.53

• removal of the encapsulated nanoparticles [95]. Sonication has also been employed to fill MWCNTs in solution. Sonication acted to shear the MWCNT, resulting in the filling of the MWCNT with the surrounding metal solution [96]. Other methods have employed focused electron irradiation to produce SWCNTs

• electron irradiation [97]. This resulted in the growth of a SWCNT within the inner core of the MWCNT. Vapour-phase filling Filled SWCNTs and MWCNTs have been achieved by exposure to a metallic vapour. This resulted in metal nanowires within the core of the CNT [98][99][100][101]. A general summary of this

Carbon nano-onions (multi-layer fullerenes): chemistry and applications

• Juergen Bartelmess and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1980–1998, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.207

• revealed to be a promising nanomaterial that attracts a growing interest among researchers and opens new avenues for investigation. Preparation and structural properties of carbon nano-onions Carbon nano-onions were first discovered by Ugarte in 1992, who obtained them by intense electron irradiation of

Electron-beam induced deposition and autocatalytic decomposition of Co(CO)₃NO

• Florian Vollnhals,
• Martin Drost,
• Fan Tu,
• Esther Carrasco,
• Andreas Späth,
• Rainer H. Fink,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1175–1185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.129

• CO molecules are released and the NO ligand decomposes, yielding an adsorbed (CO)xOCoN species. Upon further electron irradiation at low temperatures, decomposition of CO ligands is observed, yielding carbon-rich (CoOyN)Cads. If instead the initially produced (CO)xOCoN species is annealed above 244 K

• estimations. The absorption coefficient µFe(708.7 eV) = 0.050 ± 0.01 nm−1 was also determined using the described fitting procedure. Fabrication and secondary/tertiary growth of nanostructures. The deposits can be fabricated by electron irradiation of a surface in the presence of a precursor (EBID) to form a

• , which above a threshold of 0.05 C/cm2 is almost independent of the electron dose applied during the initial EBID step. The deposits prepared by EBID/EBISA and autocatalytic growth from Fe(CO)5 are composed of polycrystalline, high purity Fe (typically more than 90–95 atom %). While the electron

Classical molecular dynamics investigations of biphenyl-based carbon nanomembranes

• Andreas Mrugalla and
• Jürgen Schnack

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 865–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.98

• precursors with a sufficient amount of broken phenyls. Conclusion: The internal structure of the CNM is very likely described by a disordered metastable state which is formed in the energetic initial process of electron irradiation and depends on the process of relaxation into the sheet phase. Keywords

Fabrication of carbon nanomembranes by helium ion beam lithography

• Xianghui Zhang,
• Henning Vieker,
• André Beyer and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 188–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.20

• times smaller than the corresponding electron irradiation dose. Most likely, this is due to the energy distribution of secondary electrons shifted to lower energies, which results in a more efficient dissociative electron attachment (DEA) process. Keywords: carbon nanomembranes; dissociative electron

• conducted by exposure to electrons [10] and photons [11]. Electron irradiation induces the dissociation of C–H bonds at the phenyl rings. The consequent cross-linking between adjacent aromatic moieties is a critical step in the formation of CNMs. Both electron beam lithography and extreme ultraviolet (EUV

• 60 times smaller than the corresponding electron irradiation dose (ca. 50,000 µC/cm2, 100 eV) [13]. The energy loss of helium ions in alkanethiol SAMs on Au were investigated by neutral impact collision ion scattering spectroscopy (NICISS) and the stopping power was determined to be about 3.7 eV/Å

In situ growth optimization in focused electron-beam induced deposition

• Paul M. Weirich,
• Marcel Winhold,
• Christian H. Schwalb and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 919–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.103

• are used in highly miniaturized magnetic field [1][2], strain/force [3][4] and gas sensing [5] applications, as well as in micromagnetic studies on domain wall nucleation and propagation [6][7]. On the basis of the in situ, electron irradiation-induced tunability of metallic FEBID-structures

The role of electron-stimulated desorption in focused electron beam induced deposition

• Willem F. van Dorp,
• Thomas W. Hansen,
• Jakob B. Wagner and
• Jeff T. M. De Hosson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 474–480, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.56

• between estimates for Edes from FEBIP experiments compared to literature values is consistent with earlier findings by other authors. The discrepancy is attributed to electron-stimulated desorption, which is known to occur during electron irradiation. The data suggest that, of the W(CO)6 molecules that

• are affected by the electron irradiation, the majority desorbs from the surface rather than dissociates to contribute to the deposit. It is important to take this into account during FEBIP experiments, for instance when determining fundamental process parameters such as the activation energy for

• al. have performed the same measurement for WF6 [16] and found a desorption energy that was three to five times lower than expected. Li et al. explained this difference with electron-stimulated desorption. Electron-stimulated desorption is known to occur during electron irradiation, being the result

Guided immobilisation of single gold nanoparticles by chemical electron beam lithography

• Patrick A. Schaal and
• Ulrich Simon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 336–344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.39

• processing steps. Through point-by-point electron irradiation we generated thiol patterns with a periodic pitch of 100 nm in the horizontal and vertical directions. AFM measurements proved that this periodicity was retained after immobilisation of 6 nm AuNPs. Due to the small size of an individual

Plasticity of Cu nanoparticles: Dislocation-dendrite-induced strain hardening and a limit for displacive plasticity

• Antti Tolvanen and
• Karsten Albe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 173–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.17

• systems. In a recent development, Sun et al. [7] reported a method in which individual nanocrystals are embedded inside nano-onions and pressurised by the contraction of the graphitic shells under electron irradiation. The contraction stems from the remarkable self-healing of the hexagonal network of

• carbon atoms as in fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene [8][9]. These nano-onions contract by electron-irradiation-induced defect formation and can exert forces in the gigapascal range on the encapsulated system. A hole punctured during the pressurisation allows the material to flow out after a

Low-dose patterning of platinum nanoclusters on carbon nanotubes by focused-electron-beam-induced deposition as studied by TEM

• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Sara Bals and
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 77–86, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.9

• structure can be well preserved thanks to the low dose used in FEBID. By tuning the electron-beam parameters, the density and distribution of the nanoclusters can be controlled. The purity of as-deposited nanoclusters can be improved by low-energy electron irradiation at room temperature. Keywords: carbon

• FEBID. In order to improve the Pt purity in FEBID nanostructures, post-treatment such as annealing or using different precursors [33] has been developed. It has been shown that electron irradiation in SEM can improve the crystallinity and conductivity in the as-deposited Pt nanoclusters [42][43]. Room

• -temperature phase transformation is also obtained by using low-energy electron irradiation [44]. Another alternative to improve the crystallinity of as-deposited nanostructures is to use higher energy electron irradiation in TEM, with 200 kV electrons used to remove the amorphous carbon [32]. In this context

Influence of the diameter of single-walled carbon nanotube bundles on the optoelectronic performance of dry-deposited thin films

• Kimmo Mustonen,
• Toma Susi,
• Antti Kaskela,
• Patrik Laiho,
• Ying Tian,
• Albert G. Nasibulin and
• Esko I. Kauppinen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 692–702, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.79

• distributions shown in Figure 3b. Furthermore, SWCNTs synthesized at Tset < 650 °C were less able to withstand the electron irradiation dose in the TEM, disintegrating at magnifications higher than 600k. Their graphitization level, e.g., the crystallinity of the hexagonal carbon lattice, was thus likely poor

Focused electron beam induced deposition: A perspective

• Michael Huth,
• Fabrizio Porrati,
• Christian Schwalb,
• Marcel Winhold,
• Roland Sachser,
• Maja Dukic,
• Jonathan Adams and
• Georg Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 597–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.70

• metals are reviewed next with a focus on recent theoretical advancements in the field. As a case study the transport properties of Pt–C nanogranular FEBID structures are discussed. It is shown that by means of a post-growth electron-irradiation treatment the electronic intergrain-coupling strength can be

• Pt2Si3 phase. Unpublished results of one of us (M. W.) on the low-temperature resistance of FEBID samples with a composition close to [Si]/[Pt] = 3/2, which have been subjected to an extended post-growth electron irradiation treatment, show the onset of superconducting correlations below 4.2 K at large

• and Pt. One sample set was treated by post-growth electron irradiation by using the same beam parameters as in the deposition experiments. The elemental composition of the samples was determined by EDX. In Table 2 relevant information concerning the samples is compiled for ease of reference. For more

The oriented and patterned growth of fluorescent metal–organic frameworks onto functionalized surfaces

• Jinliang Zhuang,
• Jasmin Friedel and
• Andreas Terfort

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 570–578, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.66

• -substituted alkanethiol solution can be significantly enhanced by electron irradiation, a new patterning technique was developed by Zharnikov et al. [50][51][52][53][54]. Thus, our second strategy to fabricate a patterned SAM was the combination of this irradiation-promoted exchange reaction (IPER) with

Spontaneous dissociation of Co₂(CO)₈ and autocatalytic growth of Co on SiO₂: A combined experimental and theoretical investigation

• Kaliappan Muthukumar,
• Harald O. Jeschke,
• Roser Valentí,
• Evgeniya Begun,
• Johannes Schwenk,
• Fabrizio Porrati and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 546–555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.63

• conditions, and we aim to relate the observations to the plasma and electron irradiation conditions prevailing in FEBID experiments. Experimental Cobalt growth and imaging experiments were carried out at room temperature in a dual-beam scanning electron microscope (FEI Nova NanoLab 600) with a Schottky

• electron irradiation. In Figure 3a we show the SEM micrograph of a Co-containing deposit obtained in a region in which the electron beam was rastered over a rectangular area of the SiO2 surface for 10 min before admission of the precursor for 20 min. As is evident from the figure, a deposit between the Au

• spontaneous dissociation products are visible away from the pretreated region. The density of these islands drops off to zero over a length scale of about 1 μm. An energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis of the dissociation products obtained by the plasma activation and pregrowth electron irradiation treatment

X-ray absorption spectroscopy by full-field X-ray microscopy of a thin graphite flake: Imaging and electronic structure via the carbon K-edge

• Carla Bittencourt,
• Adam P. Hitchock,
• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo,
• Chris P. Ewels and
• Peter Guttmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 345–350, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.39

• nanotechnology, particularly in the imaging and analysis of nanoscale samples that are sensitive to electron irradiation. The current study shows that it is applicable to the study of carbon nanomaterials, notably large two-dimensional structures for which statistical spectroscopic analyses over large areas are

Electron-beam patterned self-assembled monolayers as templates for Cu electrodeposition and lift-off

• Zhe She,
• Andrea DiFalco,
• Georg Hähner and
• Manfred Buck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 101–113, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.11

• control electrodeposition and adhesion of a deposit precisely, whereas an aromatic negative-resist SAM does not have this problem. Therefore, for the scheme outlined in Figure 1a, a negative-resist behaviour employing aromatic SAMs is preferred. As illustrated in Figure 1b the effect of electron

• irradiation is a cross-linking of the aromatic units, which results in the elimination of defects through which metal ions can penetrate the SAM and be reduced at the SAM–substrate interface. In contrast to a scheme that involves complexation of metal ions with the SAM [41][42][43] and in which the metal is

Mechanical characterization of carbon nanomembranes from self-assembled monolayers

• Xianghui Zhang,
• André Beyer and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 826–833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.92

• CNM with three successive loading and unloading cycles, and the corresponding elasticity fitting curve; (b) Young’s modulus for CBPS, NBPT and BPT CNMs as a function of electron irradiation doses. (a) Stress–strain relationship of three loading–unloading measurements on a NBPT CNM with different

Formation of precise 2D Au particle arrays via thermally induced dewetting on pre-patterned substrates

• Dong Wang,
• Ran Ji and
• Peter Schaaf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 318–326, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.37

• laser heating [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], ion irradiation [21][22][23][24], and electron irradiation [25]. Dewetting proceeds by surface diffusion even in the solid state well below the melting temperature of the film [9][10][11]. In addition, metals such as Ni, Ag, Co, and Au have a weak