Impact of the anodization time on the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ nanotubes

• Jesús A. Díaz-Real,
• Geyla C. Dubed-Bandomo,
• Juan Galindo-de-la-Rosa,
• Luis G. Arriaga,
• Janet Ledesma-García and
• Nicolas Alonso-Vante

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2628–2643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.244

• TNTs in terms of length after 1 h of anodization and we calculated an apparent growth rate of 8.73 μm/h (Figure 1f). The internal diameter of the nanotubes did not seem to change significantly, ranging from 70 to 79 nm, which is consistent with the observations reported in the literature [11][13][28

• in MB removal yield was found to be similar to that in the growth rate of the TNTs (Figure 1f), and the band-energy shift (Figure 8b). Furthermore, the charge that passed through the electrodes during the oxidation process was integrated and plotted as a function of ta (Figure S5, Supporting

• were obtained for longer ta. A linear trend for the growth rate was observed for samples with ta ≥ 1.0 h. Changes in the surface chemistry were confirmed by XPS measurements, indicating F and N doping. This was explained in terms of the exposition time during the anodization process since higher F

Pattern generation for direct-write three-dimensional nanoscale structures via focused electron beam induced deposition

• Lukas Keller and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2581–2598, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.240

• ° towards the substrate, sF becomes the vertical growth rate zF for the given experimental parameters (precursor type, beam parameters, gas flux and direction, substrate material, etc.). zF can be easily calibrated by writing a pillar with the height hdef specified in the geof, such as hdef = 300 nm, and an

• the edge-specific variable sF (see section 2.3.1). 2.3.1 Height-dependent precursor supply As the growth proceeds, the z3D values of the deposit increase and the local precursor coverage decreases due to the decreasing diffusive up-flow from the substrate surface. Since the local growth rate is

• within a frame. The writing order has a distinct effect on the actual growth rate of an individual edge, since proximity effects and insufficient precursor replenishment times both lead to a reduction of available precursor. Figure 8 shows two 2 × 2 arrays of cubes, denoted as A and B, which were both

Thickness-dependent photoelectrochemical properties of a semitransparent Co₃O₄ photocathode

• Malkeshkumar Patel and
• Joondong Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2432–2442, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.228

• is noteworthy to mention that Co3O4 films grown by Kirkendall diffusion have the advantages of a porous structure, a higher growth rate, and easy fabrication. Here, we report thickness-controlled Co3O4 photoactive electrodes in PEC cells that include the water oxidation and the reduction potentials

Influence of the thickness of an antiferromagnetic IrMn layer on the static and dynamic magnetization of weakly coupled CoFeB/IrMn/CoFeB trilayers

• Deepika Jhajhria,
• Dinesh K. Pandya and
• Sujeet Chaudhary

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2198–2208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.206

• steps from 0 to 7 nm. The IrMn spacer layer was deposited at a lower growth rate (i.e., 0.17 Å/s compared to 1.3 Å/s for CoFeB) for better uniformity and lower interfacial roughness. In another sample series, the tIrMn was kept constant at 2 nm while the thickness of the top and bottom FM layers tCoFeB

Controllable one-pot synthesis of uniform colloidal TiO₂ particles in a mixed solvent solution for photocatalysis

• Jong Tae Moon,
• Seung Ki Lee and
• Ji Bong Joo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1715–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.163

• nucleation/growth rate of TBOT and its hydrolysate is finely controlled by regulating the ethanol–acetonitrile ratio. The spherical curvature and smoothness of the TiO2 layers was also tuned using the ethanol–acetonitrile solvent conditions that resulted from the controlled diffusion rate of TBOT and its

• hydrolysate in a mixed solvent [14][32][33]. Without a sacrificial core material, it should be noted that this sol–gel strategy allows the colloidal TiO2 particles to have finely tuned properties due to the well-controlled nucleation/growth rate of TBOT in mixed solvent conditions. Although this sol–gel

Perfusion double-channel micropipette probes for oxygen flux mapping with single-cell resolution

• Yang Gao,
• Bin Li,
• Riju Singhal,
• Adam Fontecchio,
• Ben Pelleg,
• Zulfiya Orynbayeva,
• Yury Gogotsi and
• Gary Friedman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 850–860, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.79

• of 0.615 μm, maximum element growth rate of 1.35, curvature factor of 0.3, and resolution of narrow regions of 0.85 was used to divide the system for FEM calculation. We verified that the meshes and the computational region size used here were appropriate for solving by comparing to a finer mesh

Towards the third dimension in direct electron beam writing of silver

• Katja Höflich,
• Jakub Mateusz Jurczyk,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Maximilian Götz,
• Luisa Berger,
• Carlos Guerra-Nuñez,
• Caspar Haverkamp,
• Iwona Szymanska and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 842–849, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.78

• towards the direct electron beam writing of three-dimensional plasmonic device parts from the gas phase. Keywords: carboxylate; electron beam induced deposition; silver; three-dimensional nanostructures; vertical growth rate; Introduction Focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) is a resistless

• electrons are expected to contribute to the precursor dissociation [4]. The ultimate resolution of the fabricated features strongly depends on the number and energy of primary electrons [6][7]. In this respect, the vertical growth rate plays a crucial role. The vertical growth rate is determined by the

• precursor dynamics, especially by adsorption and by diffusion of the molecules, and by the actual precursor flux. Upon vertical growth, the size of the interaction volume where secondary electrons are generated, significantly decreases since it moves upwards into the deposit [8]. If the vertical growth rate

Colloidal solution of silver nanoparticles for label-free colorimetric sensing of ammonia in aqueous solutions

• Alessandro Buccolieri,
• Antonio Serra,
• Gabriele Giancane and
• Daniela Manno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 499–507, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.48

• nucleation rate (0 < a < 1), b is connected to the dimensionality of the growing particles (b can assume the values: 1, 2, and 3), and c is the growth rate in each dimension (c is either 0.5 or 1) [33][34][35]. It can be shown that Figure 6d report the experimental values as suggest by Equation 3: Y(t) as a

Kinetics of solvent supported tubule formation of Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) wax on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) investigated by atomic force microscopy

• Sujit Kumar Dora,
• Kerstin Koch,
• Wilhelm Barthlott and
• Klaus Wandelt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 468–481, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.45

• a number of factors, e.g., different wax concentration in chloroform, the additional presence of water, or salts [(NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3] or a mixture of salt/water in the solution on the growth rate and orientation of the tubules is also investigated. Different wax concentrations were found to have no

• effect on the growth rate or the orientation of tubules in none of the solutions. The presence of water, however, considerably increased the growth rate of tubule formation, while the presence of salt was again found to have no effect on growth rate or orientation of tubules. Keywords: AFM

• particles. The objective of the present study is to investigate the influence of water and salts on the tubule growth on HOPG further. For this purpose, we have studied the growth rate and morphology of tubules from four different types of chloroform-based solutions as specified in the Experimental section

Engineering of oriented carbon nanotubes in composite materials

• Razieh Beigmoradi,
• Abdolreza Samimi and
• Davod Mohebbi-Kalhori

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 415–435, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.41

• electronic, military, and new composites, has drawn the attention of researchers to this topic in recent decades [3][4][5]. Figure 1 and Figure 2 represent the growth rate of papers and patents and the fields of application of CNTs in the past 16 years, based on Scopus data, respectively. As indicated, the

Dopant-stimulated growth of GaN nanotube-like nanostructures on Si(111) by molecular beam epitaxy

• Alexey D. Bolshakov,
• Alexey M. Mozharov,
• Georgiy A. Sapunov,
• Igor V. Shtrom,
• Nickolay V. Sibirev,
• Vladimir V. Fedorov,
• Evgeniy V. Ubyivovk,
• Maria Tchernycheva,
• George E. Cirlin and
• Ivan S. Mukhin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 146–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.17

• facet boundary governs the axial growth rate dL/dt. When the nucleation site (ring-shaped island) along the boundary is formed, it starts to grow laterally and the formation of an atomic layer proceeds until its edge reaches the lattice plane confining the hollow part. We consider that the NT-like

• thin AlN buffer layer. We demonstrated that the annealing procedure affects the nanostructure growth rate and surface density: the elongation rate on a substrate that underwent the low temperature annealing is twice as high as for the substrate that underwent the high temperature oxide removal

• a corresponding growth rate and Si doping flux. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grants 16-32-00560, 15-02-06839), Council for Grants of the Russian Federation President (grant MK-3632.2017.2). The authors acknowledge support from a mega-grant

Atomic layer deposition and properties of ZrO₂/Fe₂O₃ thin films

• Kristjan Kalam,
• Helina Seemen,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Mihkel Rähn,
• Aile Tamm,
• Kaupo Kukli,
• Aarne Kasikov,
• Joosep Link,
• Raivo Stern,
• Salvador Dueñas,
• Helena Castán and
• Héctor García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 119–128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.14

• ]. ALD growth of Fe2O3 from ferrocene and ozone is even possible at 200 °C, but at such a low temperature, the required pulse duration is very long. A maximal growth rate was achieved when ferrocene pulses were 40 s long and ozone pulses were 200 s [24]. ZrCl4 and Fe(C5H5)2 were evaporated at 161–163 °C

• . This was actually expected because the nucleation of every oxide is slower with the growth rate retarded during the first few deposition cycles, and the content of metal deposited does not linearly correspond to the amount of additive cycles at the early stages of the growth. The nonlinearity of the

• thickness as a function of growth per cycle was also observed with HfO2 [28] and ZrO2 [29]. The growth rate for a single deposition was different for each sample in the reactor because of the reactor type and positioning of the samples (Figure 1). The growth rate decreased with increasing distance between

Dry adhesives from carbon nanofibers grown in an open ethanol flame

• Christian Lutz,
• Julia Syurik,
• C. N. Shyam Kumar,
• Christian Kübel,
• Michael Bruns and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2719–2728, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.271

• CNFs, is ca. 3 μm, while the height of the randomly oriented CNFs is ca. 2 μm. The growth rate was about 1 μm/min. Raman measurements show D and G bands for both structures, which are characteristic for carbon materials [39]. The D-band is caused by a disordered structure in CNFs and other carbon

Direct writing of gold nanostructures with an electron beam: On the way to pure nanostructures by combining optimized deposition with oxygen-plasma treatment

• Domagoj Belić,
• Mostafa M. Shawrav,
• Emmerich Bertagnolli and
• Heinz D. Wanzenboeck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2530–2543, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.253

• that still provide clear insight into a general trend. It is clear that more material was deposited when the electron dose was higher (compare Figure 3c,e to Figure 3d,f). The growth rate of the samples produced at HT = 1 kV and HT = 5 kV was around 0.43 μm3/μC. The volume of the deposited material was

Electron beam induced deposition of silacyclohexane and dichlorosilacyclohexane: the role of dissociative ionization and dissociative electron attachment in the deposition process

• Ragesh Kumar T P,
• Sangeetha Hari,
• Krishna K Damodaran,
• Oddur Ingólfsson and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2376–2388, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.237

• ) could hardly be imaged anymore. Therefore those pillar diameters are not included in Figure 5. For both precursors an abrupt increase in pillar base diameter is seen at the initial growth stage, and after about 300 s the pillar base diameter starts saturating. The highest initial lateral growth rate we

• could measure for DCSCH and SCH was 12 nm/s (measured at 300 ms) and 8 nm/s (measured at 600 ms beam exposure time). After 300 s, the lateral growth rate decreases significantly and saturates at a base diameter of ca. 90 nm and ca. 70 nm, respectively. The diameters of the DCSCH pillars are larger than

• those of the SCH pillars over the entire range of deposition times. Figure 5b shows how the pillar height develops for increasing deposition time for both precursor molecules. Both curves show a linearly increasing height for small exposure times and a slightly decreasing vertical growth rate at higher

Modelling focused electron beam induced deposition beyond Langmuir adsorption

• Dédalo Sanz-Hernández and
• Amalio Fernández-Pacheco

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2151–2161, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.214

• changes in FEBID characteristic frequencies. Additionally, we present a set of FEBID frequency maps where growth rate and surface coverage are plotted as a function of characteristic timescales. From the analysis of Langmuir, as well as homogeneous and heterogeneous multilayer maps, we infer that three

• system under no diffusion. The findings are explained taking into account the key timescales involved in the process. Finally, we present general maps for average adsorbate concentration and growth rate as a function of fundamental growth parameters, which can be compared with experimental data in order

• maps, where growth rate and adsorbate coverage is plotted as a function of the fundamental frequencies determining the steady state of the system. These 2D maps describe, in a compact way, the general behaviour described by the Langmuir and ML models for a wide range of conditions (Figure 3), and can

Bi-layer sandwich film for antibacterial catheters

• Gerhard Franz,
• Florian Schamberger,
• Hamideh Heidari Zare,
• Sara Felicitas Bröskamp and
• Dieter Jocham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1982–2001, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.199

• density in the vapor, thereby decreasing the growth rate of the forming layer. At first glance, coating of the exterior wall seems to be easier. However, coating with a layer-forming vapor also deliberately reduces the density of the chain-building species, which causes a reduction of the deposition rate

• layers were deposited in a water bath (temperature between 70 and 85 °C, mainly at the former value). Analysis Because the roughness of the polymeric substrates does not allow for an exact measurement of the layer thickness and the growth rate as well as the assessment of the morphology, smooth

• layers with a high conformity, albeit at slow growth rates [39]. Growth rate as function of pressure The reactor spatially separates the regions of activation (cleavage of dimers) and polymerization (oligomers or polymers in the vapor vs deposition as surface reaction). The growth rate, GR, depends on

Process-specific mechanisms of vertically oriented graphene growth in plasmas

• Subrata Ghosh,
• Shyamal R. Polaki,
• Niranjan Kumar,
• Sankarakumar Amirthapandian,
• Mohamed Kamruddin and
• Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1658–1670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.166

• the temperature-dependent growth rates where the activation energy is found to be as low as 0.57 eV. It is shown that the growth rate and the structural quality of the films could be enhanced by (a) increasing the substrate temperature, (b) decreasing the distance between the microwave plasma source

• quantify the vertical growth, the growth rate is plotted as a function of the temperature in Figure 1i. This dependence can be described by the Arrhenius equation. The activation energy is calculated from this plot. The activation energy for the vertical growth is found to be 0.57 eV. Faster nucleation and

• controls the growth rate [23]. These factors promote the extended growth of graphene-like structures. Finally, the closure of these open edges (seamless ends of two adjacent monolayers) curtails the growth and, in turn, determines the height of the sheets [23]. The fraction of sp3 bonds present in the

Nanotopographical control of surfaces using chemical vapor deposition processes

• Meike Koenig and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1250–1256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.126

• solid monomer and polymerization. Following the deposition process, the solid monomer is removed via sublimation, leading to membrane structures with dual-scale porosity. The growth rate and the pore size of the resulting membrane can be controlled by the reactor parameters, such as deposition time

Investigation of growth dynamics of carbon nanotubes

• Marianna V. Kharlamova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 826–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.85

• the investigation of growth dynamics of nanotubes. The studies on the revealing of the dependence of the growth rate of nanotubes on the synthesis parameters are reviewed. The correlation between the lifetime of catalyst and growth rate of nanotubes is discussed. The reports on the calculation of the

• activation energy of the nanotube growth are summarized. Finally, the growth properties of inner tubes inside SWCNTs are considered. Keywords: activation energy; carbon nanotube; growth dynamics; growth rate; synthesis; Review Introduction Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) discovered in 1993 [1][2

• the analysis and systematization of reported results on the investigation of growth dynamics of nanotubes. The models suggested for the description of growth dynamics of nanotubes are presented. The studies on the revealing of the dependence of the growth rate of nanotubes on the synthesis parameters

3D Nanoprinting via laser-assisted electron beam induced deposition: growth kinetics, enhanced purity, and electrical resistivity

• Brett B. Lewis,
• Robert Winkler,
• Xiahan Sang,
• Pushpa R. Pudasaini,
• Michael G. Stanford,
• Harald Plank,
• Raymond R. Unocic,
• Jason D. Fowlkes and
• Philip D. Rack

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 801–812, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.83

• additional co-reactant can compete for surface sites changing the growth rate [58]. Higher temperatures can reduce the precursor residence time further complicating the growth rate [34]. In a previous work [54], we introduced a method for using a pulsed laser system to purify in situ EBID deposits. That work

• ) EBID with a retracted nozzle, and EBID with 5) higher and 6) lower gas flux as modified by the precursor temperature (34 °C and 50 °C). Carbon content and growth rate is strongly affected by the particular EBID condition used. The best purity that can be achieved using an optimized beam voltage and

• reduction (see Supporting Information File 1 for 3D examples). Pulsed laser irradiation and gas pressure both affect the growth rate and morphology of the EBID structures. A useful way to characterize this change is by fabricating a pillar + cantilever, or ‘segment’, using EBID. Figure 2 depicts the changes

Advances in the fabrication of graphene transistors on flexible substrates

• Gabriele Fisichella,
• Stella Lo Verso,
• Silvestra Di Marco,
• Vincenzo Vinciguerra,
• Emanuela Schilirò,
• Salvatore Di Franco,
• Raffaella Lo Nigro,
• Fabrizio Roccaforte,
• Amaia Zurutuza,
• Alba Centeno,
• Sebastiano Ravesi and
• Filippo Giannazzo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 467–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.50

• array of several positions on a wafer scale. A thickness of 28.9 ± 0.5 nm after 250 ALD cycles (0.12 nm/cycle growth rate) was revealed by the ST process, whereas after the same number of cycles, the LT process revealed a thickness of 40.9 ± 0.5 nm (0.16 nm/cycle growth rate). The LT process thickness

• characterized by metal–insulator–metal (MIM) test devices properly manufactured together with the Gr-FETs, into the same wafer. The resulting gate capacitance per unit area is Cg = 2.05 × 10−7 F/cm2. The Al2O3 film thickness of 29.9 nm is known from the growth rate previously determined on the reference

Study of the surface properties of ZnO nanocolumns used for thin-film solar cells

• Neda Neykova,
• Jiri Stuchlik,
• Karel Hruska,
• Ales Poruba,
• Zdenek Remes and
• Ognen Pop-Georgievski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 446–451, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.48

• Densely packed ZnO nanocolumns (NCs), perpendicularly oriented to the fused-silica substrates were directly grown under hydrothermal conditions at 90 °C, with a growth rate of around 0.2 μm/h. The morphology of the nanostructures was visualized and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The

Template-controlled piezoactivity of ZnO thin films grown via a bioinspired approach

• Nina J. Blumenstein,
• Fabian Streb,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Zaklina Burghard and
• Joachim Bill

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 296–303, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.32

• growth, whereas polymers with carboxylate groups interact less with the crystals. However, the influence of the templates decreases with increasing film thickness. After the template is covered completely with ZnO, the growth rate is only determined by the interaction of the ZnO particles in solution

• with the ZnO already deposited as film. Therefore, the growth rate is identical on both templates (11 nm per deposition cycle). This allows us to precisely control the film thickness. That films after 3 deposition cycles are slightly thicker than expected, we attribute to a non-uniform ZnO deposition

Performance of natural-dye-sensitized solar cells by ZnO nanorod and nanowall enhanced photoelectrodes

• Saif Saadaoui,
• Mohamed Aziz Ben Youssef,
• Moufida Ben Karoui,
• Rached Gharbi,
• Emanuele Smecca,
• Vincenzina Strano,
• Salvo Mirabella,
• Alessandra Alberti and
• Rosaria A. Puglisi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 287–295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.31

• ; nanorods; nanowalls; natural dye; ZnO; Introduction Energy demand has increased rapidly during the last forty years to reach a growth rate of 1.8% per year [1]. To satisfy this growing need, it is necessary to find new sources of renewable energy. For instance, photovoltaic (PV) technologies offer a