Synthesis of novel C-doped g-C₃N₄ nanosheets coupled with CdIn₂S₄ for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

• Jingshuai Chen,
• Chang-Jie Mao,
• Helin Niu and
• Ji-Ming Song

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 912–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.92

• photogenerated holes and electrons. Yang et al. designed and constructed a 2D/2D nanocomposite photocatalyst through the in situ generation of ZnIn2S4 nanoleaf structures on the surface of g-C3N4 nanosheets by a facile one-step solvothermal method with surfactant, which exhibited distinct high-speed charge

Review of time-resolved non-contact electrostatic force microscopy techniques with applications to ionic transport measurements

• Aaron Mascaro,
• Yoichi Miyahara,
• Tyler Enright,
• Omur E. Dagdeviren and
• Peter Grütter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 617–633, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.62

• techniques have sought to avoid this by directly capturing the deflection signal using high-speed data acquisition systems and performing offline analysis to reconstruct the sample response. One such technique is fast free time-resolved electrostatic force microscopy (FF-trEFM), first proposed by

• addition of a high-speed data acquisition system to a standard AFM, which is not overly expensive or onerous. Acquiring the raw deflection signal in the time-domain precludes the necessity for expensive detection electronics that are commonly used to acquire and demodulate the oscillation of the cantilever

Advanced scanning probe lithography using anatase-to-rutile transition to create localized TiO₂ nanorods

• Julian Kalb,
• Vanessa Knittel and
• Lukas Schmidt-Mende

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 412–418, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.40

• full-diamond probes. Furthermore, a slower degradation would preserve the resolution for large writing projects or mass production. A trivial improvement of the writing speed is achieved by special high-speed AFM devices. Simple structures such as line arrays are created much faster by employing

Layered calcium phenylphosphonate: a hybrid material for a new generation of nanofillers

• Kateřina Kopecká,
• Ludvík Beneš,
• Klára Melánová,
• Vítězslav Zima,
• Petr Knotek and
• Kateřina Zetková

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2906–2915, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.269

• of the rotor but too long and too high speed (thus too strong force) lead to the complete destruction of the particles. A result of too long mixing is documented in Figure 5B. There are no visible particles with a lamellar structure or at least with a regular shape, therefore this product is not

Charged particle single nanometre manufacturing

• Philip D. Prewett,
• Cornelis W. Hagen,
• Claudia Lenk,
• Steve Lenk,
• Marcus Kaestner,
• Tzvetan Ivanov,
• Ahmad Ahmad,
• Ivo W. Rangelow,
• Xiaoqing Shi,
• Stuart A. Boden,
• Alex P. G. Robinson,
• Dongxu Yang,
• Sangeetha Hari,
• Marijke Scotuzzi and
• Ejaz Huq

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2855–2882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.266

• lithography, because of the sequential exposure, can be overcome by using a multibeam SEM [14] for high-speed parallel patterning, as already mentioned in Section 2.2.1. However, we limit the discussion here to the question of the maximum resolution attainable using EBID. Some analytical and numerical

Characterization of the microscopic tribological properties of sandfish (Scincus scincus) scales by atomic force microscopy

• Weibin Wu,
• Christian Lutz,
• Simon Mersch,
• Richard Thelen,
• Christian Greiner,
• Guillaume Gomard and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2618–2627, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.243

• analysing the locomotion of sandfish in granular media via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging [2] or high-speed X-ray imaging [4] indeed show that the movement of a sandfish resembles that of swimming fishes. It is surprising that sandfishes manage to bury and swim in sand without visible wear on

Nanocellulose: Recent advances and its prospects in environmental remediation

• Katrina Pui Yee Shak,
• Yean Ling Pang and
• Shee Keat Mah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2479–2498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.232

• effectively bind metal ions. Conventional cellulose-based adsorbents are difficult to recover from treated wastewater. The recovery step usually requires filtration or high-speed centrifugation. In contrast, magnetic cellulose nanocomposites can easily overcome the recovery issue by application of an external

Phosphorus monolayer doping (MLD) of silicon on insulator (SOI) substrates

• Noel Kennedy,
• Ray Duffy,
• Luke Eaton,
• Dan O’Connell,
• Scott Monaghan,
• Shane Garvey,
• James Connolly,
• Chris Hatem,
• Justin D. Holmes and
• Brenda Long

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2106–2113, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.199

• complex and expensive. SOI allows for excellent electrostatic control of the channel without needing to dope this channel. Ultra-thin body SOI is also known to be high speed with low power consumption and low parasitic capacitance [14]. SOI doping has applications in a variety of fields including

Quantitative comparison of wideband low-latency phase-locked loop circuit designs for high-speed frequency modulation atomic force microscopy

• Kazuki Miyata and
• Takeshi Fukuma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1844–1855, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.176

• loop (PLL) circuit is the central component of frequency modulation atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM). However, its response speed is often insufficient, and limits the FM-AFM imaging speed. To overcome this issue, we propose a PLL design that enables high-speed FM-AFM. We discuss the main problems with

• imaging of calcite dissolution in water at 0.5 s/frame with true atomic resolution. The high-speed and high-resolution imaging capabilities of the proposed design will enable a wide range of studies to be conducted on various atomic-scale dynamic phenomena at solid–liquid interfaces. Keywords: calcite

• dissolution process; frequency modulation atomic force microscopy; high-speed atomic-resolution imaging; phase-locked loop; Introduction Frequency modulation atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM) is a powerful tool for investigating atomic- and molecular-scale structures of sample surfaces in various environments

Improving the catalytic activity for hydrogen evolution of monolayered SnSe_2(1−x)S_2x by mechanical strain

• Sha Dong and
• Zhiguo Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1820–1827, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.173

• synthesized by using traditional mechanical exfoliation techniques [24][25] because of the weak van der Waals (vdW) interactions between layers. These mono- and few-layer SnX2 (X = S, Se) compounds are expected to be widely used in the fields of water splitting [26], high-speed photodetection [27

Direct AFM-based nanoscale mapping and tomography of open-circuit voltages for photovoltaics

• Katherine Atamanuk,
• Justin Luria and
• Bryan D. Huey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1802–1808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.171

• resolution), compared to 4.3 h if based on pcAFMs (with 30 voltage steps and, hence, image frames), or 18.2 h for traditional point-by-point studies (based on a duration of 1 s to acquire each spectrum, move to the next location, and settle the probe). Of course, high-speed data acquisition can in principle

Surface characterization of nanoparticles using near-field light scattering

• Eunsoo Yoo,
• Yizhong Liu,
• Chukwuazam A. Nwasike,
• Sebastian R. Freeman,
• Brian C. DiPaolo,
• Bernardo Cordovez and
• Amber L. Doiron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1228–1238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.114

• of the waveguide is changed, which produces a local increase in intensity, and high-speed imaging of trapped nanoparticles allows for measurement of interactions between trapped nanoparticles and the waveguide. A higher intensity signal is created by a particle in close proximity to the waveguide

Scanning speed phenomenon in contact-resonance atomic force microscopy

• Christopher C. Glover,
• Jason P. Killgore and
• Ryan C. Tung

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 945–952, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.87

• has been some mention of scan-speed effects in the literature. Picco et al. [15] reported an apparent decrease in forces applied to the measured sample when using high-speed contact mode AFM versus conventional-speed contact mode AFM. Additionally, they measured the lateral forces as a function of

Effect of microtrichia on the interlocking mechanism in the Asian ladybeetle, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

• Jiyu Sun,
• Chao Liu,
• Bharat Bhushan,
• Wei Wu and
• Jin Tong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 812–823, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.75

• elytra were also coated with a thin layer of gold and examined with ESEM The entire abdomen was cleaned with anhydrous ethanol after it was removed from the rest of the body, after which images were captured by ESEM. Wing folding by H. axyridis was photographed with a high-speed camera (Phantom V711

• is highly dependent on the microtrichia located on the surfaces of the elytra, hindwings and abdomen. The folding of H. axyridis hindwings was captured using a high-speed camera (Figure 6a–g), and Figure 6h shows the unfolding of hindwings. Figure 6a–g show the folding of H. axyridis hindwings. After

• from single to multiple in the middle of the abdomen. The contact angles for CAI, CAII, and CAIII for H. axyridis hindwings. The hindwing folding and unfolding processes of H. axyridis. (a–g) Dynamic views of folding acquired with a high-speed camera and (h) static views of unfolding actions acquired

Optimisation of purification techniques for the preparation of large-volume aqueous solar nanoparticle inks for organic photovoltaics

• Furqan Almyahi,
• Thomas R. Andersen,
• Nathan A. Cooling,
• Natalie P. Holmes,
• Matthew J. Griffith,
• Krishna Feron,
• Xiaojing Zhou,
• Warwick J. Belcher and
• Paul C. Dastoor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 649–659, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.60

• printing and screen printing) for high-speed production due to the solution-processable nature of the device materials [1][2]. The application of high throughput R2R equipment produces devices which have a short energy payback time and which deliver power at a low levelised cost of electricity [3][4]. In

Lyapunov estimation for high-speed demodulation in multifrequency atomic force microscopy

• David M. Harcombe,
• Michael G. Ruppert,
• Michael R. P. Ragazzon and
• Andrew J. Fleming

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 490–498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.47

• , enabling both z-axis feedback and phase contrast imaging to be achieved. This article proposes a model-based multifrequency Lyapunov filter implemented on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) for high-speed MF-AFM demodulation. System descriptions and simulations are verified by experimental results

• ; digital signal processing; field-programmable gate array (FPGA); high-speed; Lyapunov filter; multifrequency; Introduction Atomic force microscopy (AFM) [1] has been integral in the field of nanoscale engineering since its invention in 1986 by Binnig et al. By sensing microcantilever tip–sample

• has been shown that conventional high-speed demodulation techniques are incompatible with MF-AFM, due to the lack of sensitivity to multiple frequency components [19]. These include the peak detector [20], peak-hold [21] and RMS-to-DC [22] conversion methods. A typical MF-AFM demodulator employs

Electrical properties of a liquid crystal dispersed in an electrospun cellulose acetate network

• Doina Manaila Maximean,
• Octavian Danila,
• Pedro L. Almeida and
• Constantin Paul Ganea

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 155–163, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.18

• . A He–Ne laser beam (wavelength 623.8 nm) passes through the sample, which is modulated by an ac voltage provided by a function generator–amplifier system. The laser beam is detected by a high-speed photodiode with adjustable gain (Thorlabs). The electrical signal generated by the photodiode was

Beyond Moore’s technologies: operation principles of a superconductor alternative

• Igor I. Soloviev,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Alexander L. Gudkov and
• Anatoli S. Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2689–2710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.269

Localized growth of carbon nanotubes via lithographic fabrication of metallic deposits

• Fan Tu,
• Martin Drost,
• Imre Szenti,
• Janos Kiss,
• Zoltan Kónya and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2592–2605, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.260

• electron exposures for SEM and lithography were performed at a beam energy of 15 keV and a probe current of 400 pA. The lithographic processes were realized via a self-developed lithography application based on LabView 8.6 (National Instruments) and a high speed DAC PCIe-card (M2i.6021-exp, Spectrum GmbH

High-speed dynamic-mode atomic force microscopy imaging of polymers: an adaptive multiloop-mode approach

• Juan Ren and
• Qingze Zou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1563–1570, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.158

• control techniques, is promising to achieve high-speed dynamic-mode atomic force microscopy imaging. The performance, usability, and robustness of the AMLM in various imaging applications, however, is yet to be assessed. In this work, three benchmark polymer samples, including a PS–LDPE sample, an SBS

• ) while preserving the advantages of TM imaging over contact mode (CM) imaging [1]. Although TM imaging is the de facto most widely used imaging technique of AFM [2][3], the slow speed (throughput) of TM imaging has become its major limit and bottleneck [4][5]. It is challenging to achieve high-speed TM

• imaging because an increase of the speed can cause a loss of the tip–sample interaction and/or the annihilation of the cantilever tapping vibration, particularly when the imaging size is large. Existing efforts on high-speed TM imaging [6][7][8][9] only led to a speed increase up to three times at the

Calcium fluoride based multifunctional nanoparticles for multimodal imaging

• Marion Straßer,
• Joachim H. X. Schrauth,
• Sofia Dembski,
• Daniel Haddad,
• Bernd Ahrens,
• Stefan Schweizer,
• Bastian Christ,
• Alevtina Cubukova,
• Marco Metzger,
• Heike Walles,
• Peter M. Jakob and
• Gerhard Sextl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1484–1493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.148

• with a high-speed silicon CCD camera (Princeton Instruments PIXIS256). The spectra were not corrected for the spectral sensitivity of the experimental setup. MRI measurements To guarantee a homogenous distribution within each sample, all tubes were sonicated for five minutes and vortexed afterwards

A review of demodulation techniques for amplitude-modulation atomic force microscopy

• Michael G. Ruppert,
• David M. Harcombe,
• Michael R. P. Ragazzon,
• S. O. Reza Moheimani and
• Andrew J. Fleming

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1407–1426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.142

• performance metrics tracking bandwidth, implementation complexity and sensitivity to other frequency components are experimentally evaluated for each method. Finally, the significance of an adequate demodulator bandwidth is highlighted during high-speed tapping-mode atomic force microscopy experiments in

• commercial AFM systems. The performance metrics, tracking bandwidth and sensitivity to other frequency components, are especially important in high-speed [15][16][17][18] and multifrequency AFM [19] applications. As the tracking bandwidth directly affects the achievable scan rate, it should be maximized

• improve upon this constraint [35]. However, the method is still ultimately limited by the low-pass filters that are required to account for residual phase mismatches. For high-speed AFM applications, as required for the study of fast biological processes [36][37], the above methods are not suitable and

AgCl-doped CdSe quantum dots with near-IR photoluminescence

• Pavel A. Kotin,
• Sergey S. Bubenov,
• Natalia E. Mordvinova and
• Sergey G. Dorofeev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1156–1166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.117

• use of a high-speed centrifuge (21000g). The details of this separation are presented in Supporting Information File 1 (the procedure of separation between different fractions). PL spectra of the heavy fractions are presented in Figure 7. It was observed that their PL extends deep in the low-energy

Photo-ignition process of multiwall carbon nanotubes and ferrocene by continuous wave Xe lamp illumination

• Paolo Visconti,
• Patrizio Primiceri,
• Daniele Longo,
• Luciano Strafella,
• Paolo Carlucci,
• Mauro Lomascolo,
• Arianna Cretì and
• Giuseppe Mele

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 134–144, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.14

• mixture triggered by MWCNTs determines a higher combustion pressure gradient and a higher peak pressure with respect to spark-induced ignition for all the tested methane/air ratios. In addition, the high-speed camera images showed that the light-induced ignition using MWCNT/ferrocene mixtures as ignition

Sub-nanosecond light-pulse generation with waveguide-coupled carbon nanotube transducers

• Felix Pyatkov,
• Svetlana Khasminskaya,
• Vadim Kovalyuk,
• Frank Hennrich,
• Manfred M. Kappes,
• Gregory N. Goltsman,
• Wolfram H. P. Pernice and
• Ralph Krupke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 38–44, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.5

• electrical signals into optical ones within a nanophotonic circuit. Here, we demonstrate that waveguide-integrated single-walled CNTs are promising high-speed transducers for light-pulse generation in the gigahertz range. Using a scalable fabrication approach we realize hybrid CNT-based nanophotonic devices