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Search for "intercalation" in Full Text gives 92 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology.
Systematic control of α-Fe2O3 crystal growth direction for improved electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery anodes
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2032–2044, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.204
- located at 1.5 to 1.3 V and 1.1 V are observed, which correspond to lithium-ion intercalation into the α-Fe2O3 matrix with a multistep electrochemical reaction associated with the phase transformation from LixFe2O3 to cubic Li2Fe2O3 [38]. Subsequently, an intense peak at 0.78 V is presented, indicating
- slopes for the first charge curve from the starting voltage to around 1.2 V and from around 1.1 V to 0.8 V, which corresponds to the intercalation of lithium into α-Fe2O3, resulting in LixFe2O3 and cubic Li2Fe2O3, respectively [11][37]. A strong, pronounced plateau at around 0.8 V indicates the reduction
Intercalation of Si between MoS2 layers
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1952–1960, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.196
- . (Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 2096–2101) that silicon forms a highly strained epitaxial layer on MoS2. Finally, density functional theory calculations indicate that silicene clusters encapsulated by MoS2 are stable. Keywords: intercalation; molybdenum disulfide; scanning tunneling microscopy; silicene; two
- found a similar height variation using density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the intercalation of a single silicon layer in between two MoS2 layers. These calculations are discussed after the presentation of the experimental results. It is immediately obvious from Figure 1f that the transition
- between the MoS2 layers. In addition, we also conclude that the intercalated Si can be oxidized. It is well known that numerous elements have a strong tendency to intercalate between MoS2 layers [49][50]. As for the intercalation mechanism of silicon in between MoS2 layers, we can only speculate. A
Freestanding graphene/MnO2 cathodes for Li-ion batteries
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1932–1938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.193
- 6c). The specific capacity of both graphene-reinforced β-MnO2 and γ-MnO2 electrodes decreased dramatically with increasing number of cycles. This could be attributed to the poor electrical conductivity and the textural modification during Li+ intercalation and de-intercalation processes. Cheng et. al
Enhancement of mechanical and electrical properties of continuous-fiber-reinforced epoxy composites with stacked graphene
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1909–1918, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.191
- an epoxy resin containing surface-active agents (SAAs) enhanced the intercalation of epoxy monomer between EG layers and led to further exfoliation of the graphite, resulting in stacks of few graphene layers, so-called “stacked” graphene (SG). This process enabled electrical conductivity of cured
- -cost conductive alternative [7]. GNPs can be produced by intercalation of the graphitic layers with an appropriate agent followed by exfoliation of the graphite flakes. Exfoliation is obtained by rapid heating resulting in conversion of the intercalant to a gas phase forcing the adjacent graphene
- exfoliating graphite treated by a mixture of H2SO4/HNO3/KMnO4 at a ratio of 1:9:3:0.44 over an immersing time of 150 min in formic acid [10]. Intercalation with 98% HNO3 followed by hydrolysis resulted in the the formation of graphite nitrate with negligible damage to the sp2 graphite lattice. An interlayer
Development of a nitrogen-doped 2D material for tribological applications in the boundary-lubrication regime
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1476–1483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.147
- intercalation of –OH and –COOH functional groups in the graphite layers. N-rGO shows a broad peak from ca. 15° to 36° with a d-spacing of 0.37 nm. The decrease in the interlayer spacing from 0.79 to 0.37 nm suggests the removal of oxygen-containing functional groups from the GO interlayer during exfoliation [40
Fabrication of hierarchically porous TiO2 nanofibers by microemulsion electrospinning and their application as anode material for lithium-ion batteries
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1297–1306, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.131
- polymorphs of TiO2, the anatase polymorph possesses an open crystal structure resulting from the stacking of zigzag units, which would benefit the intercalation/deintercalation of Li+ ions. Figure 4 displays the surface SEM images of sample A1 (a), sample B1 (c), and sample C1 (e) as well as cross-sectional
- 0.1 mV/s are shown in Figure S1 (Supporting Information File 1). Sample A2 has obvious reduction and oxidation peaks at about 1.49 and 2.33 V. The reduction peak corresponded to the intercalation of Li+ into interstitial octahedral sites of anatase TiO2 via a phase transition from tetragonal anatase
- irreversible intercalation of Li+ into TiO2 nanofibers [30]. The capacity remains relatively stable in the following cycles. The 100th discharge (charge) capacity of sample A2 and solid TiO2 nanofibers were 264.56 (261.61) and 198.96 (198.12) mAh·g−1, respectively. It is apparent that the cycling performance
Adsorption characteristics of Er3N@C80on W(110) and Au(111) studied via scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1127–1134, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.114
- center [4]. Dependent on the cluster composition and due to the intercalation inside a protecting carbon cage, intriguing properties emerge. For instance, single molecular magnetism was observed for DySc2N@C80 [5] and conductance switching by tunneling current induced cluster rotations between chiral
Growth, structure and stability of sputter-deposited MoS2 thin films
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1115–1126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.113
- towards controlled deposition of MoS2 for HER including control over crystalline and amorphous structure, metallic 1T polymorph, vertically aligned structures, molecular mimics for MoS2 edge sites, doping, intercalation and hybrid formation have been undertaken (e.g., [18] and references therein). In
- , where we hypothesise that this S-enrichment may (partly) cause the unusual metallic-like character. Second, besides variations in the Mo/S stoichiometry, additional add-atom species which could be incorporated during the PVD process could result in doping effects in the MoS2 films. Intercalation [21][48
- partly linked with add-atom incorporation or intercalation, also local variations in the structure of MoS2 layers could affect conduction: An expanded interlayer distance of 9.4 Å from molecular intercalation was previously shown to modify the electronic structure of layered MoS2 and to improve catalytic
Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74
- ], electrochemical deposition, and reverse micelle transition [107]. Other vanadium oxides have been studied for their interesting phase change characteristics. Unlike the other oxides of vanadium, VO2 is quite stable during lithium intercalation–deintercalation cycles and has been regarded as a promising electrode
Dispersion of single-wall carbon nanotubes with supramolecular Congo red – properties of the complexes and mechanism of the interaction
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 636–648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.68
- , antigen-bound antibodies, cell-surface receptors) [29][34][35]. Congo red supramolecular assemblies can incorporate (through intercalation) other molecules – especially those containing planar, aromatic rings – e.g., doxorubicin, rhodamine B, other bis-azo dyes [36][37][38]. Thus CR could play a role of a
Intercalation and structural aspects of macroRAFT agents into MgAl layered double hydroxides
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2000–2012, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.191
- , BP32229 44322 Nantes cedex 3, France 10.3762/bjnano.7.191 Abstract Increasing attention has been devoted to the design of layered double hydroxide (LDH)-based hybrid materials. In this work, we demonstrate the intercalation by anion exchange process of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and three different
- counterions (MgAl-NO3 LDH). At basic pH, the copolymer chains (macroRAFT agents) carry negative charges which allowed the establishment of electrostatic interactions with the LDH interlayer and their intercalation. The resulting hybrid macroRAFT/LDH materials displayed an expanded interlamellar domain
- compared to pristine MgAl-NO3 LDH from 1.36 nm to 2.33 nm. Depending on the nature of the units involved into the macroRAFT copolymer (only AA or AA and BA), the intercalation led to monolayer or bilayer arrangements within the interlayer space. The macroRAFT intercalation and the molecular structure of
Effect of nanostructured carbon coatings on the electrochemical performance of Li1.4Ni0.5Mn0.5O2+x-based cathode materials
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1960–1970, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.187
- [28][31]. The melts of linear or cross-linked PVA served as carbon source. We investigated the influence of composition and micro/nanomorphology of the carbonaceous coatings obtained by the pyrolysis of various kinds of PVA on the kinetics of lithium intercalation–deintercalation and the
- nanocomposites were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CVA) to estimate the influence of carbon coatings on the lithium intercalation–deintercalation in Li1.4Ni0.5Mn0.5O2+x (Figure 4). Concerning the LNM/C composites, the cathodic peaks are substantially narrower than the ones for pure Li1.4Ni0.5Mn0.5O2+x. In the
- case of LNM/C composites, the lithium intercalation is almost completely finished at 3.64 V, but for pure Li1.4Ni0.5Mn0.5O2+x it takes place over a wider potential range. It means that the carbon nanocoatings enable the polarization decrease upon lithium intercalation [23]. After galvanostatic cycling
Controlled supramolecular structure of guanosine monophosphate in the interlayer space of layered double hydroxide
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1928–1935, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.184
- LDHs. The intercalation conditions such as GMP/LDH molar ratio and reaction temperature were systematically adjusted. When the GMP/LDH molar ratio was 1:2, which corresponds to the charge balance between positive LDH sheets and GMP anions, GMP molecules were well-intercalated to LDH. At high
- intercalation of GMP into the interlayer space of LDH, we set the reaction temperature at 80 °C, and varied the GMP/Al3+ (in LDH) ratio to 1:0.25, 1:0.5, 1:1, 1:2, 1:4 and 1:10. According to the adsorption isotherm, we found that GMP adsorption (or intercalation) to LDH follows Langmuir adsorption (Supporting
- signals. The result suggested that the supramolecular structure in GL-R was asymmetric and possibly ribbon-like. In order to verify that the intact structure of GMP is preserved after intercalation into LDH, we carried out Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. As shown in Figure 6a, GMP (a
Evolution of the graphite surface in phosphoric acid: an AFM and Raman study
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1878–1884, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.180
- have been used traditionally for the intercalation of anions in graphite in order to produce graphene [1]. At a given electrochemical potential, suitably defined for a given acid, the layer–layer interaction in the graphene crystal is reduced, facilitating a delamination. In general, after the
- by graphite oxidation [7][8]. HClO4 solutions show a similar phenomenology during intercalation of anions [7]. In particular, the evolution of blisters as a function of time has been analyzed in the past [9][10], supporting the theoretical model proposed by Murray [11]. H3PO4 is another solvent that
- pristine graphite), conversely to what is observed when sulfuric and perchloric acids are used in the electrolytic solutions. In the latter cases, (nano-)protrusion and blisters characterize the graphite surface after the EC intercalation [7]. Nevertheless, some blisters, randomly distributed on the
Effective intercalation of zein into Na-montmorillonite: role of the protein components and use of the developed biointerfaces
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1772–1782, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.170
- /bjnano.7.170 Abstract Biohybrid materials based on the intercalation of zein, the major storage protein in corn, into sodium-exchanged montmorillonite were prepared following two synthesis strategies. The first one made use of zein dissolved in 80% (v/v) ethanol/water solution, the usual solvent for this
- silicate when an aqueous dispersion of montmorillonite is added to the ethanol medium containing both phases. The diverse steps in this second route were investigated individually in order to understand the underlying mechanism that drives to the intercalation of this complex hydrophobic biomacromolecule
- (typically Na+ and Ca2+) located in the interlayer region [3]. These interlayer cations are exchangeable by treatment with diverse cationic species, being the reason of its extensive use in the development of hybrid materials by ion-exchange intercalation reactions. Since 1950 when Talibudeen reported on the
Comparison of the interactions of daunorubicin in a free form and attached to single-walled carbon nanotubes with model lipid membranes
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 524–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.46
- in the treatment of various types of cancer including leukemia, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung carcinoma and several sarcomas (Figure 1). Its mode of action consists in the intercalation into DNA double strand, which leads to the inhibition of the process of duplication and transcription of mRNA
Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 149–196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.17
Counterion effects on nano-confined metal–drug–DNA complexes
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 62–67, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.7
- to the absence of any such short-range interactions, the intercalation of the Cu(II) complex of piroxicam is allowed, quite similar to the case of bulk solution. This is shown in Figure 5a. In presence of counterions, the phosphate groups of the DNA backbone get neutralized. This causes two effects
Green synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of natural bentonite-supported copper nanoparticles for the solvent-free synthesis of 1-substituted 1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazoles and reduction of 4-nitrophenol
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2300–2309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.236
- distributed and stable metal NPs. In recent decades, the use of natural bentonites has been studied due to their high specific surface area, low cost, ordered structure, thermal stability, high safety, high exchange capacity and intercalation abilities [8]. Smectites are major clay minerals in bentonite with
Nitrogen-doped graphene films from chemical vapor deposition of pyridine: influence of process parameters on the electrical and optical properties
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2028–2038, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.206
- nitrogen might also confer useful chemical properties to graphene, e.g., rendering it catalytic to oxygen reduction reactions [24] or enhancing its lithium intercalation properties for battery applications [25]. Nitrogen doping was originally achieved ex situ by the post-growth treatment of pristine CVD
Metal hydrides: an innovative and challenging conversion reaction anode for lithium-ion batteries
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1821–1839, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.186
- electricity on demand. With regard to this, lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries can present an attractive solution, provided that they exhibit sufficient potential and gravimetric/volumetric capacities. Graphite, which is usually used as negative electrode with an intercalation reaction of lithium, is not suitable
- here due to its intrinsic insufficient specific capacities (370 A·h·kg−1, 840 A·h·L−1). To overcome these restrictions, new concepts for the negative electrode must be developed, i.e., the Li/graphite intercalation reaction needs to be replaced by either alloying or conversion reactions with lithium
Natural and artificial binders of polyriboadenylic acid and their effect on RNA structure
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1338–1347, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.138
- Yadav et al. This study took advantage of different techniques, including UV spectrophotometry, circular dichroism, spectrofluorimetry, and viscosimetry, were they were able to demonstrate a mechanism of partial intercalation for this binding [25]. The interaction process was confirmed by both
- “·” indicates Watson–Crick base pairing). UV and fluorescence studies showed that sanguinarine is able to bind the above-mentioned complex with a binding affinity of about 104 M−1. Fluorescence quenching and hydrodynamic studies clearly indicated the intercalation activity of sanguinarine to this RNA double
- an affinity of about 104 M−1. Furthermore, fluorescence quenching studies evidenced that berberine and palmatine act as partial intercalators of RNA double helices, while coralyne provides a complete intercalation. The interaction with these alkaloids significantly stabilises the melting of poly(rA
Interaction of electromagnetic radiation in the 20–200 GHz frequency range with arrays of carbon nanotubes with ferromagnetic nanoparticles
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1056–1064, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.106
- ], antennas and absorbing materials [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. The absorption properties of CNT-based nanocomposites are primarily determined by the dielectric loss [27]. However, the intercalation of magnetic nanoparticles into the CNT matrix leads to the increase of the absorption properties due
From lithium to sodium: cell chemistry of room temperature sodium–air and sodium–sulfur batteries
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1016–1055, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.105
- one-electron transfer per formula unit. In this process, the de-/intercalation of one Li-ion is linked to a change in the transition metal oxidation state by one (Co3+/4+, Fe2+/3+, Mn3+/4+, etc.), as illustrated in Figure 2a. However, since the positive electrode materials often suffer from stability
- that can be stored during this process is therefore limited and the capacities of positive insertion-type and intercalation-type electrode materials are around 120–180 mAh/g. Employing graphite as a negative electrode (372 mAh/g), the theoretical energy densities of single cells for current Li-ion
- cycling. In intercalation compounds, the redox centers (transition metal cations) are immobile as they are pinned to the fixed positions of the crystal lattice and are, therefore, spatially diluted. However, due to the poor conductivity of sulfur, Li2S and Li2O2, the non-metal redox materials also require
Multiscale modeling of lithium ion batteries: thermal aspects
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 987–1007, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.102
- important to understand contribution of solvation forces to the intercalation kinetics. The actual barriers for intercalation can be addressed by DFT simulations [18]. The change in mechanical properties upon intercalation is very important to understand degradation phenomena in batteries. Usually the
- information can be extracted from DFT simulations [22][23]. Phase changes, initiated by the intercalation of lithium ions, require additional information on the stability of phases [24] and interface properties. The evolution of electrochemical active interfaces can be described by phasefield theories [25][26
- ], which provide an approximate continuous description of the dynamics of interfaces [27]. They need as input the interface free energies between the phases. This interface free energy is accessible to DFT simulations [28][29]. On the basis of this information the intercalation properties of phase
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