Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• . In this work, to reveal the effect of carbon coating on the interaction of sodium with the MoS2 layers located vertically relative to the substrate, model experiments were carried out using synchrotron-radiation-induced X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Sodium vapor obtained by heating a sodium

• source was simultaneously deposited in vacuum on the surfaces of MoS2, pyrolytic carbon, and a hybrid sample obtained by transferring a pyrolytic carbon film onto the MoS2 film. According to XPS data, sodium easily penetrates into the space between the vertical layers of the uncoated film, and its

• capacity and cycle life of SIBs. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has a layered structure and a high theoretical capacity of 669 mAh·g−1, so it is considered as a promising anode material for SIBs [1][2]. The large sodium ion can diffuse with a low energy barrier between the S−Mo−S layers due to the interlayer

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• play an essential role in the structure and function of biomolecules (deoxyribonucleic acid, protein, and phospholipid membrane). Hydration layers are also important to the structure and property of artificial graphene-based materials. Our recent works prove that graphene-based hydrogels are

• structures, elemental compositions, aqueous dispersibility, and antibacterial activities. Hydration shells on graphene-based nanosheets in the hydrogel increase intersheet distances to prevent the stacking of the nanostructures. Hydration layers in the GO-SG-ZH hydrogel was also lubricative for direct brush

• repulsive hydration forces when another surface perturbs the hydration layers [6][7][8]. Hydration shells and hydration forces keep the hydrated structures stable and functional in the natural concert of biological processes. In the aspect of artificial nanomaterials, it is proposed that hydration also

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• colloidal suspension. The EPD process is far more adaptable than other cutting-edge shaping methods since it is simple to alter for a particular purpose. By straightforward adjustments of the deposition time and applied voltage, EPD allows simple control over the thickness and shape of deposited layers [26

• double layers [42]. Since acetone (2.88 D) and DMF (3.86 D) have greater dipole moments than alcohols (1.69 D), the size of FeS2 NPs produced by ablation in these solvents are expected to be smaller [43]. Results obtained in this study corroborate this finding. The diameters of NPs in IPA, ethanol, and

• or steric stabilization, leading to agglomeration and precipitation. This behavior contrasts with metallic Ag NPs, which remain stable in acetone due to stronger electrical double layers and surface charge. According to the literature, in the case of nanosecond (ns) laser pulses, the laser energy can

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• investigates interfaces made by dry transfer of CrCl3 flakes in an atmospheric environment. Cl vacancies and the formation of O/CrCl3 are induced, serving as dissociation centers that facilitate the migration of Cl vacancies between the top and bottom surfaces. By manipulating 2D atomic layers via surface

• temperature could be further increased by applying uniaxial strain [17][27]. In the present study, we examined the surface modifications that occur in thin layers of exfoliated CrCl3 (approximately 1 to 20 ML) by using scanning photoelectron microscopy (SPEM). We collected the chemical maps and spectra of the

• known that 270 nm SiO2/Si substrates provide the highest optical contrast (O.C.) value for a single layer or few layers of CrCl3 [2][11]. Because of the insulating behavior of 270 nm SiO2 and to avoid surface charging, we utilized Si(001) wafers with a 1 nm layer of SiO2 and ITO films (190 nm) on glass

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• enhanced sensitivities are examples of capabilities that modern techniques of characterization in nanotechnology must possess. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is still one of the fundamental tools for chemical and electronic characterization of surfaces and subsurface layers. In the last three to

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• Konstantinos Bidinakis Stefan A. L. Weber Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany Institute for Photovoltaics, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.16.52 Abstract Selective charge transport layers have a

• as grain boundaries and interfacial defect states that hinder performance. Specifically, since the interaction of adjacent layers at the interfaces of a solar cell is an important limiting factor for its operation, there is a need for dedicated studies regarding interfacial behavior. Kelvin probe

• about charge generation and transport within the absorber material, as well as charge extraction to the relevant interfaces [9][10][11][12]. The details of interfacial electronic carrier extraction at the junctions of the perovskite with the electron and hole transport layers (ETL, HTL) define the

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• reaggregation of exfoliated graphene layers [11]. Various surfactants have been employed. For instance, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate and sodium cholate have been reported to be able to produce stable graphene colloidal dispersions [13]. However, these synthetic surfactants often raise concerns about toxicity

• ]. Recent studies point to a potential synergistic effect between TA and GBMs [15][16][17]. TA not only stabilizes graphene sheets in aqueous solutions, preventing their aggregation by interacting with carbon layers at a molecular level [14], but also could impart additional bioactive properties

• employed to determine structure and surface functionalities. Second, by employing TA, we aim to develop graphene layers rich in polyphenols to serve as a bioactive interface for cellular interactions. Given that TA possesses potential antioxidant properties, we assessed the in vitro free radical scavenging

Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
• Lukas D. Cavar,
• Franjo Weber,
• Peter G. Reichel,
• Mara Niebling and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

• reliability of capacitors [10]. Similarly, in next-generation photovoltaic devices, the dielectric properties of absorber layers, such as lead-halide perovskites, affect carrier recombination and electric field distribution, thereby influencing power conversion efficiency [11]. At the nanoscale, the

• response can be studied at almost arbitrary frequencies. Using this method, Gramse et al. have demonstrated broadband spectroscopy of dielectric layers in air [72] and water [59]. Building on this idea, we propose a novel, multifrequency AFM-based method for nanoscale capacitance characterization at

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• , and regulatory organ. It protects us from microbes and environmental harmful elements, controls body temperature, and gives the sensation of heat, cold, pain, pressure, and touch [24]. Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis are the three primary layers of the skin [25]. The integrity of the skin can be

• characteristics and the ability to imitate ECM are required [47]. Currently, the majority of scaffolds are non-bioresorbable. The human skin is made of multiple layers and has a unique geometry [48]. Several skin substitutes are currently available in the wound healing market, and there has recently been great

• compatibility, and fibroblast proliferation parameters [163]. One-layer wound dressings cannot meet all therapeutic demands because of their distinct features and limitations [164]. Therefore, there has been a lot of interest in bilayer wound dressings consisting of two layers, each with distinct

Feasibility analysis of carbon nanofiber synthesis and morphology control using a LPG premixed flame

• Iftikhar Rahman Bishal,
• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Faizuan Bin Abdullah,
• I Putu Tedy Indrayana and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.45

• , with the primary distinction between CNTs and CNFs being the arrangement of graphene layers. CNFs have a cylindrical or conical structure, with their diameter varying from a few to several hundred nanometers [4]. In CNFs, carbon atoms form covalent bonds, resulting in a three-dimensional hexagonal

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• smartphone camera, and up to 320 pg/mL with the naked eye [76]. Zhao and collaborators utilized AuNPs embedded in various matrices to construct three-dimensional layers for detecting AβOs. Among their innovations, PrPC/AuNPs embedded in a Ppy-3-COOH matrix (AuNPs-E-Ppy-3-COOH) exhibited superior sensitivity

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• treatments such as nanopatterning, sputter etching, and controlled defect formation [6][7]. Particularly, ultralow-energy ion beams are exceptionally valuable for the precise modification of 2D layers [8] and ion-induced nanopatterning of semiconductor surfaces [9]. Over the past few decades, ion-induced

Impact of adsorbate–substrate interaction on nanostructured thin films growth during low-pressure condensation

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 473–483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.36

• , even for monoatomic layers [34]. The patterns may serve as templates for the later evolution of film textures. Relevant examples of such systems are Al or Cu layers deposited on Si substrates, or SiO2 and TiN layers deposited on Ti or Al substrates [31]. In this article, we perform a computational

• structures. In the general case, the reaction–diffusion equation for the field x1(r,t) has the form The reaction term R(x1,x2) is responsible for adsorption, desorption, and diffusion of adatoms between neighbor layers. The adsorbate flow J is defined through the free energy ℱ of the adsorbed layer Here, D0

• − x1)(1 − x2), where the adsorption rate ka = ωpexp(−Ea/kBT) is defined through the adsorption energy Ea, the frequency factor ω, and the pressure of the gaseous phase p; kB is the Boltzmann constant; T is the temperature. They require free sites on both first (1 − x1) and second (1 − x2) layers. The

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• mL of H2SO4 (98%) which intercalates between graphitic layers. Finely powdered KMnO4 (1.5 g) was slowly added (time span ≈30 min) to the reaction mixture under continuous stirring at 4 °C in an ice bath (0–5 °C). The reaction mixture was kept under vigorous stirring for 12 h at room temperature

• which could suggest the formation of nearly mono- or few layers of GO nanosheets. These spectroscopic and morphological results were in good agreement with our previous observations [25]. Quantitative estimation of Chl binding onto GO nanosheets The amount of Chl bound onto GO sheets was estimated in

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• release time of substances by exploiting the surface properties and interactions between hydrophobic and hydrophilic layers [86]. This sequential method of producing composite fibers is generally easier than the other methods as the different materials are electrospun separately, eliminating concerns

• layers. Rafieian et al. [109] incorporated PVA nanofibers onto chitosan/aloe vera films to improve the mechanical, physical, and biological properties of the films for wound dressing applications. Kim et al. [159] compared the mechanical properties of pure PVA, blended chitosan/PVA, and PVA core–chitosan

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• tungstate (Bi2WO6) is also an n-type semiconductor that belongs to the Aurivillius phases. The material exhibits two distinct crystallographic phases, namely monoclinic and orthorhombic. Orthorhombic Bi2WO6 has alternating layers of (Bi2O2)2+ and WO6 octahedrons. It comprises perovskite layers and has a

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• of the CNTs; the bands from the Raman modes that result from the vibration of all carbon atoms in the CNTs; and the 2D band occurring between 2600 and 2800 cm−1, which is sensitive to the number of graphene layers and their arrangement. The intensity ratio between the D and the G band was analyzed

• the successful introduction of functional groups on their surfaces, that is, chemical modification of their outer layers [62]. The spectra of covalently functionalized MWCNTs-G with PEG6000 follow this behavior and are also accompanied by a broadening of the G band. The broadening and its intensity

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• effectively absorb NIR radiation and convert it into heat, thus activating the hydrogel to generate sol–gel transformation, and achieving on-demand drug release. Drugs such as timolol maleate and levofloxacin were encapsulated within separate layers of the hydrogel, facilitating a sustained, stepwise release

• -specific hypotony, or high IOP resulting from tissue fibrosis [138][139][140][141]. To address this, photothermal shape memory polymers (SMPs) have been employed to program and control the inner diameter of the drainage tubes (Figure 5b) [133]. These SMP silica gel drainage tubes consist of three layers

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• precursor slurry undergoes phase separation under altered solvent, composition, or temperature conditions to form a porous support phase and a dense MMM phase [80][87][92][94]. Finally, fabrication of thin selective MMM layers on top of porous substrates can be accomplished via spin coating [95]. Defects

• layers are formed, decreasing the mass transfer resistance and increasing the gas permeation flux. Sutrisna et al. [98] fabricated a novel HFMMM consisting of an inner polyvinylidenfluorid (PVDF) porous support dip-coated with a highly permeable poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) (PTMSP) gutter layer, a

• Pebax® 1657-based selective layer containing UiO-66, and a top pure Pebax® 1657 protective layer, illustrated in Figure 5. The thickness of the Pebax® layers reached 1.0–1.5 μm, and the tensile strength of the MOF-loaded membrane was comparable to that of the composite membrane with a pure Pebax® layer

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• stretching and bending of Si–O present in the clay layers [7]. The spectra for Nb2O5 and NbOPO4 and the bentonite modified with niobium before and after adsorption/photocatalysis present an intense band in the region of 630 cm−1 related to the stretching of the Nb–O bond. The A-BEPh, A-BEPhP, A-BEOx, and A

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) layers. The latter method involves the synthesis of layered 2D zeolites in the presence of CTAB and organic structure directing agents (OSDAs), followed by calcination to remove them from the resulting products [1]. The choice of the OSDA determines not only the interlamellar

• hybrid zeolite–CTAB aggregates, inorganic pillars are pre-formed in the CTAB layers, which will keep the zeolite lamellae from collapsing when burning the organic phase. The flexibility in the choice of material to form pillars creates a wide range of potential new materials for targeted applications

• . Typically, such pillars are amorphous SiO2 nanoparticles formed during the hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) introduced into liquid crystalline 2D CTAB layers that fill the interlamellar space between the 2D zeolite nanosheets. Tetraethoxytitanium (TEOT) is a homolog of TEOS, and its hydrolysis

Comparison of organic and inorganic hole transport layers in double perovskite material-based solar cell

• Deepika K and
• Arjun Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 119–127, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.11

• , that is, La2NiMnO6 (LNMO), is studied with the organic and inorganic hole transport layers (HTLs) Cu2O and PEDOT:PSS. Our study yields a significant improvement in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells with two types of HTLs. The optimized devices achieved a maximum PCE of

• 2009 to 26.1% in 2023 [5][6]. PSCs consist of an absorber layer sandwiched between charge transport layers (CTLs), that is, the hole transport layer (HTL) and the electron transport layer (ETL). Light generates excitons, which further dissociate into electrons and holes. The electrons and holes are

• passivation, efficiencies of 20.8% for Cs0.05(FA0.90MA0.10)0.95Pb(I0.90Br0.10)3, 18.9% for MAPbI3, and 18.7% for FAPbI3 perovskite layers were observed under ambient conditions and illumination for over 900 h. Mohammed et al. [9] optimized triple-cation PSCs that maintained 83% of the efficiency after 1600 h

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• . When ingested in sufficient quantities, they provide health advantages as they colonize the gut, and their metabolites generally show antimicrobial and health promotion activity to the host [6][7][8]. The thick peptidoglycan layers with crosslinks and the complex cell wall structures of Gram-positive

Bioinspired nanofilament coatings for scale reduction on steel

• Siad Dahir Ali,
• Mette Heidemann Rasmussen,
• Jacopo Catalano,
• Christian Husum Frederiksen and
• Tobias Weidner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 25–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.3

• strongly to the steel surface and individual crystals coalesce to form larger, continuous scale layers. While it is unclear how, in detail, an SNF coating can affect the scale growth process, we hypothesize that the flow characteristics near the surface play an important role. While at regular solid–liquid

Orientation-dependent photonic bandgaps in gold-dust weevil scales and their titania bioreplicates

• Norma Salvadores Farran,
• Limin Wang,
• Primoz Pirih and
• Bodo D. Wilts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.1

• template has a similar refractive index as the titania thin layers obtained with a sol–gel process, suggesting a similar porosity despite the more complicated geometry. The work further supports the use of biological photonic structures for synthesizing novel optical devices. Results Appearance and