Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

• the target, to generate a magnetic field in the target vicinity thus promoting magnetron sputtering (MS) cathode systems. Typical MS cathodes consist of a magnet placed at the center of the target and magnets with opposite poles on the target periphery. This configuration is schematically presented in

Heating ability of elongated magnetic nanoparticles

• Elizaveta M. Gubanova,
• Nikolai A. Usov and
• Vladimir A. Oleinikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1404–1412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.104

• an alternating magnetic field of moderate frequency, f = 300 kHz, and amplitude H0 = 100–200 Oe is shown to decrease significantly with an increase in the aspect ratio of nanoparticles. In addition, there is a narrowing and shift of the intervals of optimal particle diameters towards smaller particle

• sizes. However, the orientation of a dilute assembly of elongated nanoparticles in a magnetic field leads to an almost twofold increase in SAR at the same frequency and amplitude of the alternating magnetic field, the range of optimal particle diameters remaining unchanged. The effect of the magneto

• use in biomedicine, in particular, in magnetic hyperthermia [1][2][3][4], a new promising approach for cancer treatment. In this method, magnetic nanoparticles introduced into a tumor and excited by an alternating (ac) low-frequency magnetic field are able to warm up malignant tissues locally. In most

Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity in vitro of surface-functionalized drug-loaded spinel ferrite nanoparticles

• Sadaf Mushtaq,
• Khuram Shahzad,
• Tariq Saeed,
• Anwar Ul-Hamid,
• Bilal Haider Abbasi,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Waqas Khalid,
• Muhammad Atif,
• Zulqurnain Ali and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1339–1364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.99

• excellent magnetic, colloidal, cytotoxic, and biocompatible aspects. However, detailed mechanistic, in vivo cytotoxicity, and magnetic-field-assisted studies are required to fully exploit these nanocarriers in therapeutic applications. Keywords: anticancer drugs; doxorubicin; drug carriers; in vitro

• permeability and retention (EPR) effect [7]. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have gained significant attention as effective drug delivery systems due to their distinct physiochemical attributes, high surface-to-volume ratio, and the possibility of surface functionalization [8]. Furthermore, magnetic-field

• by iron, nickel, and zinc ferrite. Furthermore, PMA-coated nanoparticles exhibit a small change in saturation magnetization, which is still enough to manipulate NPs using an external magnetic field [28]. The uniform size distribution of MFe2O4 (M = Fe, Co, Zn, Ni) NPs was confirmed by agarose gel

Nonmonotonous temperature dependence of Shapiro steps in YBCO grain boundary junctions

• Leonid S. Revin,
• Dmitriy V. Masterov,
• Alexey E. Parafin,
• Sergey A. Pavlov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1279–1285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.95

• increases, and for 20 K, in the general case, Equation 1 becomes invalid, that is, the dynamics of the spatial distribution of the phase and the magnetic field inside the junction becomes important [39][40][41]. In the case of long JJs it is necessary to consider the sine-Gordon equation, taking into

• account the non-uniform distribution of currents flowing through the barrier, which is typical for bicrystal junctions [28][42][43]. However, if the junction length is of the order of the kink size and there is no external magnetic field, the long junction dynamics is close to that of a short one [39] and

Enhancement of the piezoelectric coefficient in PVDF-TrFe/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposites through DC magnetic poling

• Marco Fortunato,
• Alessio Tamburrano,
• Maria Paola Bracciale,
• Maria Laura Santarelli and
• Maria Sabrina Sarto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1262–1270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.93

• consisting of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles dispersed in PVDF-TrFe with enhancement of the β phase alignment through an applied DC magnetic field. The magnetic poling was demonstrated to be particularly effective, leading to a piezoelectric coefficient d33 with values up to 39 pm/V. This type of poling does not need

• with zinc oxide nanostructures [1][3][5][6]. Recently, it was shown that the β phase content of PVDF can be improved introducing CoFe2O4 nanoparticles into the polymer and applying a DC magnetic field [25]. This effect has been ascribed to the strong tensile stress at the CoFe2O4/PVDF interfaces

• originating from the interaction between the magnetic field and the CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. As a result, a very high β phase content (up to 95%) has been measured in the PVDF nanocomposite with 5 wt % CoFe2O4. However, the authors limited the analysis to the β phase content and it was not clear if the β phase

In situ transport characterization of magnetic states in Nb/Co superconductor/ferromagnet heterostructures

• Olena M. Kapran,
• Roman Morari,
• Taras Golod,
• Evgenii A. Borodianskyi,
• Vladimir Boian,
• Andrei Prepelita,
• Nikolay Klenov,
• Anatoli S. Sidorenko and
• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 913–923, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.68

• computing; devices exploiting spin polarized transport or integrated magnetic field; spin-valve; superconducting multilayers; superconducting spintronics; Introduction Competition between spin-polarized ferromagnetism and spin-singlet superconductivity leads to a variety of interesting phenomena including

• experimental setup and sample fabrication and characterization can be found in [23][34] and [43], respectively. Resistances are measured by the lock-in technique with different current amplitudes Iac. In all cases, the magnetic field is applied parallel to the film plane in the orientation sketched in Figure

• thinner S′ (6 nm) is smaller than that of the S1 ML with S′ (8 nm). Figure 1e shows Rxx(T) curves for a horizontal bridge at the S1 sample at four sequentially increasing magnetic field strengths (hard axis orientation) and Iac = 1 mA. It is seen that the onset of resistivity at T ≈ 7.3 K is affected by

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• temperature, pH, enzyme, redox potential, ionic strength, or solvent composition of the media. Other stimuli are external, such as heat, light, electric field, magnetic field, or ultrasound (US) [5][6][7]. Designing such single, dual, or multi-stimulus-responsive smart delivery vehicles provides an

Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots

• Ke Xu and
• Bing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 756–765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.59

• /nanorobots are explored. Review External field actuation Magnetic field actuation In recent years, the development of magnetic field-actuated micro/nanorobots has become increasingly mature. Back in 2005, Dreyfus et al. [17] created a micro/nanorobot actuated by a variant magnetic field. By applying a

• constant magnetic field along the horizontal direction of the robot and an oscillating magnetic field perpendicular to the robot, the robot can make a motion similar to the motion of cilia in microorganisms. The success of this research laid the foundation for future research. Steager et al. [18] proposed

• a magnetically actuated robotic system capable of fully automated manipulation of cells and microbeads and prepared a magnetic U-shaped robot, which was actuated with five electromagnetic coil controllers to generate a gradient magnetic field. In order to prepare a magnetic U-shaped robot, magnetic

Recent progress in magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots

• Ke Xu,
• Shuang Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 744–755, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.58

• used in medical MNRs [26]. For example, based on the combination of copolymer brushes and superparamagnetic nanoparticles, a biomimetic nanoreactor was proposed. It contained a magnetic field-responsive catalytic system, namely magnetic field-responsive binary deoxyribozyme (MaBiDZ) [27]. Also, it

• -dimensional Helmholtz coil control system was used to form a rotating magnetic field in three dimensions. A change in the direction of the magnetic field exerted a magnetic moment to steer the magnetic structure. Compared with the traditional straight helical structure for MNRs [28], the conical helical

• same time, a change of the magnetic field gradient and direction can be used to accurately guide magnetic microstructures. However, these structures often have some shortcomings and limitations. Different magnetic drive structures show different characteristics. Research is needed to continuously

The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication

• Victor Deinhart,
• Lisa-Marie Kern,
• Jan N. Kirchhof,
• Sabrina Juergensen,
• Joris Sturm,
• Enno Krauss,
• Thorsten Feichtner,
• Sviatoslav Kovalchuk,
• Michael Schneider,
• Dieter Engel,
• Bastian Pfau,
• Bert Hecht,
• Kirill I. Bolotin,
• Stephanie Reich and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25

Differences in surface chemistry of iron oxide nanoparticles result in different routes of internalization

• Barbora Svitkova,
• Vlasta Zavisova,
• Veronika Nemethova,
• Martina Koneracka,
• Miroslava Kretova,
• Filip Razga,
• Monika Ursinyova and
• Alena Gabelova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 270–281, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.22

• eligible for the targeted delivery of the drug-loaded particles to the tumor mass via an external magnetic field [2]. Furthermore, MNPs are promising biosensors [3] and antimicrobial tools [4], and they play an important role in the development of multifunctional theranostics to combat cancer [5]. MNPs are

ZnO and MXenes as electrode materials for supercapacitor devices

• Ameen Uddin Ammar,
• Ipek Deniz Yildirim,
• Feray Bakan and
• Emre Erdem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 49–57, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.4

• the major defect centers and give an EPR signal around g ≈ 1.96 [2][3][4][5]. Compared to ge ≈ 2.0023, this resonance requires a higher magnetic field and, thus, a higher microwave frequency. In other words, higher microwave and Zeeman energy are required for this kind of allowed electronic transition

Free and partially encapsulated manganese ferrite nanoparticles in multiwall carbon nanotubes

• Saja Al-Khabouri,
• Salim Al-Harthi,
• Toru Maekawa,
• Mohamed E. Elzain,
• Ashraf Al-Hinai,
• Ahmed D. Al-Rawas,
• Abbsher M. Gismelseed,
• Ali A. Yousif and
• Myo Tay Zar Myint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1891–1904, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.170

• of free MnFe2O4 nanoparticles at 300, 77, and 4 K. The inset shows as enlarged view of M–H loops. (b) Magnetization measurements under ZFC and FC conditions in an applied magnetic field of 50 Oe. (a) Dark-field STEM image. (b) Bright-field STEM image. (c) Annular dark-field image. EDS mapping of (d

Kondo effects in small-bandgap carbon nanotube quantum dots

• Patryk Florków,
• Damian Krychowski and
• Stanisław Lipiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1873–1890, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.169

• quantum dots in the presence of spin–orbit coupling in the strong-correlations regime. A finite-U slave-boson mean-field approach is used to study many-body effects. Different degeneracies are restored in a magnetic field and Kondo effects of different symmetries arise, including SU(3) effects of

• resonances with effective spin, valley, or spin–valley fluctuations, the emergence of an exotic SU(3) Kondo resonance is foreseen even without mixing between shells or valleys, but simply due to the peculiarity of the band structure and a subtle interplay of magnetic field, spin–orbit interaction, and

• changes of the bandgap. In the following we show how, for a given nearly metallic nanotube, one can change the position of high-symmetry points by strain and a magnetic field. Our calculations also show that in a quantum dot formed in a small-bandgap nanotube electron and hole states can degenerate in

Molecular dynamics modeling of the influence forming process parameters on the structure and morphology of a superconducting spin valve

• Alexander Vakhrushev,
• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Vladimir Boian,
• Roman Morari and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1776–1788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.160

• films separated by a magneto-resistive layer. Due to the exchange interaction with the adjacent antiferromagnetic nanofilm, one of the layers has constant magnetization. For the adjacent nanofilm, the direction of magnetization can be controlled by an external magnetic field. The weak link of the

• structures are highly sensitivity to magnetic field switching and energy consumption is significantly reduced due to the absence of dissipation in such a valve in the ground (superconducting) state. Practice shows that the creation of multilayer S/F nanostructures with the required properties is an

• deposition process is simulated by the appearance of atoms in the evaporation zone above the substrate. In this case, the deposited atoms gained speed towards the substrate. The layers are sprayed in stages. During the formation of all layers, the magnetic field was absent in the nanosystem. The temperature

Imaging and milling resolution of light ion beams from helium ion microscopy and FIBs driven by liquid metal alloy ion sources

• Nico Klingner,
• Gregor Hlawacek,
• Paul Mazarov,
• Wolfgang Pilz,
• Fabian Meyer and
• Lothar Bischoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1742–1749, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.156

• of 10 kV scanned by the ExB voltage using a constant magnetic field. The numbers below the ion label specify the total ion mass m in u. Examples using different ions: a) 30 keV He+, field of view (FOV): 1.5 × 1.5 µm2, trench width: 4 nm, b) 40 keV Li+, FOV: 2.5 × 2.5 µm2, trench width: 6 nm, c) 25

Helium ion microscope – secondary ion mass spectrometry for geological materials

• Matthew R. Ball,
• Richard J. M. Taylor,
• Joshua F. Einsle,
• Fouzia Khanom,
• Christelle Guillermier and
• Richard J. Harrison

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1504–1515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.133

• value of m/z for which no secondary ions were expected, for the measurement of a “background count rate”, with a fixed, low magnetic field of around 100 mT. The primary beam was rastered over the sample to simultaneously map ion counts on each detector with a typical dwell time per pixel of 4 ms

• , in contrast, has its highest mass resolving power at low masses (around 400 M/ΔM) with a low magnetic field applied within the mass spectrometer, making it an ideal tool for mapping these elements. Lithium mapping Figure 7 shows a comparison of the SEM–EDS signal obtained from a sample of Li-bearing

A wideband cryogenic microwave low-noise amplifier

• Boris I. Ivanov,
• Dmitri I. Volkhin,
• Ilya L. Novikov,
• Dmitri K. Pitsun,
• Dmitri O. Moskalev,
• Ilya A. Rodionov,
• Evgeni Il’ichev and
• Aleksey G. Vostretsov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1484–1491, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.131

• frequency of f0 = 7.0554 GHz and experimentally characterized the qubit responce. First, one-tone spectroscopy was carried out. The transmission of a sweeping microwave signal through the sample in a frequency range of 7.05–7.06 GHz for different DC bias currents, producing an external magnetic field, was

• measured. The obtained curve is shown in Figure 6. Here, the horizontal axis is a sweeping DC magnetic field in current values, the vertical axis is the sweeping frequency of a probing microwave signal and the color intensity graph shows the normalized transmission amplitude |S21| in units of dB, where 0

Antimicrobial metal-based nanoparticles: a review on their synthesis, types and antimicrobial action

• Matías Guerrero Correa,
• Fernanda B. Martínez,
• Cristian Patiño Vidal,
• Camilo Streitt,
• Juan Escrig and
• Carol Lopez de Dicastillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1450–1469, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.129

• , size and magnetic nature enables them to kill microorganisms through the application of an external magnetic field, resulting in an increase of the therapeutic antimicrobial properties, especially when compared to conventional antimicrobial compounds [136]. Ferromagnetic nanoparticles are probably the

• -volume ratio, increasing the surface of the atoms [19]. In addition, when a magnetic field is applied the magnetic moments of these ferromagnetic FeO NPs become aligned. The surface of the SPIONs can be modified to specifically improve their functionality as antimicrobial compounds by increasing their

• modification, intrinsic properties and the type of targeted microorganism [18]. A special category of metallic NPs is superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) (e.g., magnetite (Fe3O4) and maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) NPs) whose antimicrobial activity increases upon the application of an external magnetic

Transient coating of γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles with glutamate for its delivery to and removal from brain nerve terminals

• Konstantin Paliienko,
• Artem Pastukhov,
• Michal Babič,
• Daniel Horák,
• Olga Vasylchenko and
• Tatiana Borisova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1381–1393, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.122

• identified. Glutamate-coated γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles can be used for glutamate delivery to the nervous system or for glutamate adsorption (but with lower effectiveness) in stroke, brain trauma, epilepsy, and cancer treatment following by its subsequent removal using a magnetic field. γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles with

• concentrations were mixed with abovementioned components along with different amounts of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles also added to the probe. The incubation time was 5 min in the salt solutions and 30 min in blood plasma or albumin. After that a magnetic field was applied or the nanoparticles were sedimented in a

• -[14C]glutamate, the γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were isolated from the incubation medium using a magnetic field (250 mT, gradient 5.5 Т/m). Alternatively, the nanoparticles were sedimented in a microcentrifuge (10 min at 13,000g). After removal of the nanoparticles from the incubation media, they were washed

Controlling the proximity effect in a Co/Nb multilayer: the properties of electronic transport

• Sergey Bakurskiy,
• Mikhail Kupriyanov,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Igor Soloviev,
• Andrey Schegolev,
• Roman Morari,
• Yury Khaydukov and
• Anatoli S. Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1336–1345, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.118

• distribution appears in the screening of F-layers in multilayer structures from an outer magnetic field due to the Meissner effect. The inner F-layers are strongly screened while the opposite is observed for the outer layers. This means that the remagnetization of the layers in an increasing homogeneous

• external magnetic field do not occur simultaneously, but instead gradually from the outer to the inner layers of the structure. The calculated distribution of the anomalous Green’s function, F, allows for the estimation of the screening properties of the hybrid structure. The spatial distribution of the

• changes in the temperature or in the applied magnetic field [9] can significantly change (from zero to relatively large values) the kinetic inductance of thin s-layers in the hybrid structures studied in this work. Experimental results The next step was to experimentally verify the significant changes

Magnetohydrodynamic stagnation point on a Casson nanofluid flow over a radially stretching sheet

• Ganji Narender,
• Kamatam Govardhan and
• Gobburu Sreedhar Sarma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1303–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.114

• article proposes a numerical model to investigate the impact of the radiation effects in the presence of heat generation/absorption and magnetic field on the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) stagnation point flow over a radially stretching sheet using a Casson nanofluid. The nonlinear partial differential

• transfer are examined. The coordinate system is chosen such that the r-axis is along the direction of the flow whereas the z-axis is perpendicular to the flow direction (Figure 1). The velocity of the outer flow is designated as Ue and the direction of the uniform magnetic field is chosen to be normal to

• distributions. For high values for Ha, the fluid velocity decreases while the temperature and concentration of the fluid increase. This stems from the fact that an opposing force generated by the magnetic field, generally referred to as the Lorentz force, reduces the fluid motion, resulting in a reduction in

Proximity effect in [Nb(1.5 nm)/Fe(x)]₁₀/Nb(50 nm) superconductor/ferromagnet heterostructures

• Yury Khaydukov,
• Sabine Pütter,
• Laura Guasco,
• Roman Morari,
• Gideok Kim,
• Thomas Keller,
• Anatolie Sidorenko and
• Bernhard Keimer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1254–1263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.109

• experiments we applied a magnetic field in-plane and normal to the sample plane. Data were fitted to models using the exact solutions of the Schrödinger equation as described in our prior works [13][40][41]. For the transport experiment we used the device depicted in Figure 1b. The device consists of four

• in this work we used it ex situ. For the measurements we used an ac current with an amplitude of 100–200 μA. In the experiment we measured the resistance of the samples as a function of the temperature T and the magnetic field H, which was applied parallel to the sample surface. Before every H scan

• cooling to T = 8.2 K. Below this temperature a decrease of the magnetic moment due to the Meissner effect is observed. Polarized neutron reflectometry Figure 5a shows reflectivity curves measured on sample s3 at a temperature of T = 13 K in a magnetic field of H = 4.5 kOe. The curves are characterized by

Ultrasensitive detection of cadmium ions using a microcantilever-based piezoresistive sensor for groundwater

• Dinesh Rotake,
• Anand Darji and
• Nitin Kale

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1242–1253, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.108

• only on absorption and fluorescence change and need dynamic acquisition [23]. A magnetic field powered pressure sensor proposed by Khan et al. [24] is capable of measuring pressure in the range of kilopascals but the suitability for the very low pressure caused by HMIs needs to be examined. A reduced

Magnetic-field-assisted synthesis of anisotropic iron oxide particles: Effect of pH

• Andrey V. Shibaev,
• Petr V. Shvets,
• Darya E. Kessel,
• Roman A. Kamyshinsky,
• Anton S. Orekhov,
• Sergey S. Abramchuk,
• Alexei R. Khokhlov and
• Olga E. Philippova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1230–1241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.107

• University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.11.107 Abstract The synthesis of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanorods using reverse co-precipitation of Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions in the presence of a static magnetic field is reported in this work. The phase composition and crystal structure of the

• properties and a larger length-scale of the locally induced magnetic field in comparison to nanospheres with a similar volume, providing an enhanced MRI contrast [11][19][23], higher specific adsorption rate in magnetic hyperthermia [13], and better separation efficiency in magnetic separation of immune

• oxide. It consists of co-precipitating Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions upon exposure to an external magnetic field, which is used as a template for directional nanoparticle growth. Note that in the absence of a magnetic field, the same reagents yield spherical nanoparticles [30]. Hence, one can conclude that the