Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• efficiency (EE). These techniques can be categorized into conventional approaches such as thin film hydration, reverse phase evaporation, solvent injection, detergent removal, and newer innovations. Also, modern techniques are further developments or adaptations of conventional approaches. These methods

• . Other characterization techniques include nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study membrane fluidity and phase transitions, fluorescence spectroscopy for investigating drug–liposome interactions, and capillary electrophoresis to analyze liposome–drug interactions and drug release [110][121

• and 31P NMR are used to evaluate the lamellarity of liposomes, which refers to the number of bilayers of lipids in the vesicles [122]. 31P NMR provides information on membrane fluidity and phase transitions, while cryo-TEM allows for direct observation of the number of lipid bilayers [110]. X-ray

Deep-learning recognition and tracking of individual nanotubes in low-contrast microscopy videos

• Vladimir Pimonov,
• Said Tahir and
• Vincent Jourdain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1316–1324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.96

• and carrier gas. Oxygen and water sensors monitored gas-phase contaminants at the outlet line. In situ microscopy Nanotube growth was imaged in situ using a custom-built optical setup for homodyne polarization microscopy. A supercontinuum source (Fianium SC-400-4, 2 ps pulses, 40 MHz, spectral range

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• ), corresponding to Bi3+ in the monoclinic phase of BiVO4 [36][37]. The V 2p region (Figure 7d) exhibits peaks at 516.2 eV (V 2p3/2) and 524.1 eV (V 2p1/2), indicating the presence of V5+ species associated with the VO43− tetrahedra [38][39]. The Bi 4f and V 2p spectra remained unchanged after testing, confirming

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• ]. Moreover, the surfactants exhibit temperature-responsive behavior, reorganizing at higher temperatures to stabilize finer dispersions. The concurrent decline in oil phase viscosity with increasing temperature also improves emulsification efficiency by promoting shear-induced droplet breakup, particularly

• under mechanical agitation [48]. Nevertheless, while these conditions favor the formation of smaller nanodroplets, temperatures above 60 °C may compromise emulsion stability, potentially triggering phase separation or degradation of labile components. This highlights the necessity for stringent

• nanoemulsion After confirmation of the nonhemolytic effect of the nanoemulsion, the anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated. In inflammatory processes, therapeutic interventions aim primarily to attenuate the productive phase of inflammation, particularly by inhibiting leukocyte infiltration at the injury site

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• visibly lower. This may be related to the disruption of the crystalline structure of PVA after encapsulation of essential oil. For rBP and rCBP, which also contains NC, a small rise in the XRD signal can be seen at around 18°, which may be from the (110) plane of the Iβ cellulose crystalline phase [32

• mobility [43]. When CEO content exceeds 8%, WVP slightly increases to 5.27 × 10−12 g·m−1·s−1·Pa−1, likely due to structural heterogeneity and phase separation within the polymer matrix [45]. These findings suggest that an optimal PE-CEO concentration exists to balance water resistance and mechanical

• (cinnamaldehyde and eugenol) [33][52]. The release of CEO from the films was studied over time (Figure 5a). The release pattern had two phases, namely, a fast initial release of 42% within the first 100 min, followed by a slower phase up to 300 min. The fast release happened because some CEO was near the surface

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• become attractive due to their high biocompatibility and long circulating time in the blood, as well as low cytotoxicity [73]. They can be prepared by various methods, including phase inversion [73], copolymerization [110][111], and double chemical cross-linking reaction [51]. Cellulose derivatives, such

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• lag time parameter in the model reflects the initial phase of micelle formation and the subsequent accommodation of PpIX into the micellar core, which precedes the diffusion-driven dissolution process [23]. Among the systems evaluated, water + P407 and EtOH77 + P407 exhibited the highest correlation

• ), indicated a Fickian diffusion mechanism occuring after the initial phase of micelle formation and subsequent accommodation of PpIX within the micellar core of the P407-based systems. These results reinforce the structural stability and controlled-release potential of the micellar formulations, particularly

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• the literature that larvicidal bioassays are effective tests for identifying new insecticides against this vector mosquito, as the larval stage is the longest and most vulnerable immature phase of the insect. In addition, this species is synanthropic, which means that it is adapted to live close to

• chromatographic conditions. An NST C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm; 5 μm) was used as the stationary phase, while the mobile phase consisted of solution A (50% MeOH) and solution B (100% MeOH) as eluents. For each concentration, two HPLC runs were performed, and the average peak areas obtained were used to construct

Electronic and optical properties of chloropicrin adsorbed ZnS nanotubes: first principle analysis

• Prakash Yadav,
• Boddepalli SanthiBhushan and
• Anurag Srivastava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1184–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.87

• humidity sensing performance compared to that of ZnO/ZnS nanorod arrays and ZnO nanorod arrays, with enhanced response, faster recovery, good linearity, and reliable reproducibility across a wide range of relative humidity conditions at room temperature. Giri et al. [48] demonstrated that phase-selective

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• by the internal turgor pressure [56]. As depicted in the force curves for the case of hypotonic solution, the combination of a high curvature with shorter δmax strongly indicates a higher membrane tension as a result of osmolyte release in the final equilibrium phase by the MS channels, which is

• potential cell lysis are prevented by the rapid reaction of MS channels to low osmolarities, which also decreases membrane tension. Decompression of exceeding internal pressures within PA is then reduced, and obtained values for kPA and Pt represent the equilibration phase of PA which counteracts exceeding

Transfer function of an asymmetric superconducting Gauss neuron

• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Aleksander S. Ionin,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Mikhail S. Sidel’nikov,
• Sergey V. Egorov and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1160–1170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.85

• Neuron For clarity and systematic exposition, let us first consider the case of a symmetric Gauss neuron [8][12][14]. The equations of state consist of Kirchhoff’s law in the node O (Equation 1) and two phase balance equations in the partial loops of the neuron: Here, φA,B is the phase difference across

• positive directions of currents (indicated by arrows in Figure 1) and the directions of loop traversal (counterclockwise and clockwise for the left and right loops, respectively) are chosen according to [14]. The phase balance equation for the full input loop, consisting of both input arms, is obtained by

• output signal and the mean phase φ+ according to Equation 13. The TF (Equation 12–Equation 14) is obviously periodic with respect to ϕin. Within the first period, the TF of the Gauss neuron represents a symmetric bell-shaped curve that “rests” on a horizontal line (Figure 2a). The symmetry of the TF

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• nanomaterials, usually consisting of single-phase solid solutions made of five or more elements, forming relatively simple face-centered cubic [6][7][8] (fcc) or body-centered cubic [9][10] (bcc) crystal structures, stabilized by the configurational part of Gibbs-free energy. It is worth noting that high

• HEA NPs could also be synthesized by inert gas condensation as stated very recently by Zhou et al. [31]. However, none of these aforementioned synthesis techniques give access to colloidal HEA NPs but to structures bound to an often very specific support material or limited to gas phase conditions. An

• g/h. Both the bulk target and the NPs showed a crystalline fcc phase with a lattice parameter of 3.58 Å and a solid solution structure. Löffler et al. investigated the very same element system enriched with Mn, again made by ps-LAL in ethanol. They reported particle mean diameters below 10 nm and a

Deep learning for enhancement of low-resolution and noisy scanning probe microscopy images

• Samuel Gelman,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Nir Kampf,
• Marek Patočka,
• Maricarmen Rios,
• Marcos Penedo,
• Georg Fantner,
• Amir Beker,
• Sidney R. Cohen and
• Ido Azuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1129–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.83

• units of nanometers. The values of the low-resolution images were normalized to be in the range between zero and one using min–max normalization and expanded equally across RGB color channels as part of the image preprocessing phase for the SR deep learning models. To prepare the normalized low

Towards a quantitative theory for transmission X-ray microscopy

• James G. McNally,
• Christoph Pratsch,
• Stephan Werner,
• Stefan Rehbein,
• Andrew Gibbs,
• Jihao Wang,
• Thomas Lunkenbein,
• Peter Guttmann and
• Gerd Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1113–1128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.82

• that this model produces good qualitative agreement with our 3D measurements of 60 nm gold nanospheres, but only if both β and δ for the complex refractive index n = 1 – δ + iβ of gold are included in the model. This shows that both absorption and phase properties of the specimen influence the acquired

• the parabolic wave equation to propagate light through a sample that was defined by its 3D distribution of complex refractive indices, thereby accounting for both the absorption and phase properties of the sample. We refer to this model as the partially coherent, parabolic-wave-equation (pc-PWE) model

• when the magnitude of the complex refractive index n is close to one [27]. These two requirements ensure that light rays pass through the sphere without significant deflection or reflection, subject only to the accumulated phase change. We confirm the validity of the anomalous diffraction approximation

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• ) coatings deposited using electron beam evaporation (EBE) and ion beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) are presented. Post-process annealing at 800 °C was also conducted to examine its impact on the properties of the prepared coatings. After annealing at 800 °C, a transition from amorphous to the anatase phase

• , brookite, anatase, or rutile [16][17][18][19][20]. The rutile phase is the most stable structure of TiO2, while anatase is a metastable phase. Recently, the anatase phase of TiO2 has been particularly used in the production of solar cells and optical coatings. According to [17][18], titanium dioxide in the

• anatase phase, compared to other phases, is particularly favorable for electrochromic applications due to its efficient ion transport and relatively open configuration of octahedral units. These two phases of titanium dioxide differ significantly in their properties in terms of electronic applications [21

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• phases exhibit ferroelectric properties, except for the cubic crystalline phase [23]. The size and crystal structure of BaTiO3 can vary based on the synthesis method. Notably, BaTiO3 holds promise as a bone-like graft and as a nano–bio interface, thanks to its excellent cytocompatibility and its positive

• amplitude and PRFM phase images of hBNs. The amplitude image presents the strength of hBNs piezoelectric response, which was recorded as 2 mV. This acquired amplitude response measures the effective piezoelectric coefficient, which can be correlated with the polarization magnitude. The observed PRFM

• applied electric field, the acquired phase signals determine the polarization direction of hBNs [49]. The direction and angle of polarization of piezoelectric hBNs were recorded by phase contrast measurement, and it was found to be 300°. This high value indicates that hBNs gave spontaneous responses as

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• crystal nanoarchitectonics Liquid crystals are an attractive form of soft materials, characterized by a combination of moderate fluidity and orientation [223][224][225]. They exhibit a high degree of diversity with regard to both the type of phase and the size of the regular structures. Furthermore, they

• . The ability to control the assembly structures of these molecules is crucial for the development of a range of functional materials. It is frequently observed that discotic liquid crystal molecules assume a columnar phase as a consequence of π–π stacking between the π-conjugated discotic cores. The

• dispersed on water and formed floating domains at the air–water interface in the absence of applied pressure. The aggregates were constituted by small molecular units, with their alkyl chains oriented towards the air phase. Upon compression, the domains merged to form a coherent monolayer. The monolayer was

Multifunctional properties of bio-poly(butylene succinate) reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes

• Volodymyr Krasinskyi,
• Krzysztof Bajer,
• Ludmila Dulebova,
• Nickolas Polychronopoulos,
• Oksana Krasinska and
• Daniel Kaczor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1014–1024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.76

• examine the microstructure of the samples and the distribution of the dispersed phase. The microstructure of original CNTs and pellets of PBS and PBS/CNTs nanocomposites was analyzed using the secondary electron (SE) detector at an accelerating voltage of 10 kV. Cross-sectional samples for SEM analysis

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• of ablation, fragmentation or colloidal fusion may look macroscopically different in each application, the underlying fundamental mechanisms are always the same cascade of laser interaction with matter, non-thermal or thermal energy deposition, phase transitions, and the subsequent structure

• formation via direct and near-field forces [24][25][26][27]. Furthermore, the application of TTM is hampered by the relatively high uncertainty of material parameters such as the temperature- or field-dependent interaction cross section or the non-linear heat capacities [28][29][30][31]. Heat flow and phase

• ) simulations [36][37] are widely used to predict phase transitions or structure formation on the nanoscale [38][39], but ultimately also require interfacing the simulations with other models, such as TTM [40][41] or large-scale hydrodynamics [42][43][44][45]. This integration approach leads to computationally

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• (visualised by phase contrast, grey) in particular with the endoplasmic reticulum in the vicinity of the cell nucleus (as shown in the inset). Scale bar: 10 μm. Supporting Information Further information to mitochondrial morphodynamics and the measurement setup; Supporting information provides further

Synthesis of biowaste-derived carbon-dot-mediated silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of electrochemical properties for supercapacitor electrodes

• Navya Kumari Tenkayala,
• Chandan Kumar Maity,
• Md Moniruzzaman and
• Subramani Devaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 933–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.71

• phase composition could be classified according to the face-centered cubic structure of silver. The XRD spectrum showed that the formed PG-CDs-AgNPs were nanocrystals, as confirmed by the peaks at 2θ ≈ 28.20°, 32.66°, 38.61°, 46.60°, and 57.86°. These Bragg diffraction peaks are equivalent to the (110

• ), (111), (121), (200), and (311) planes, which can be seen in the face-centered cubic structure of silver [28][29]. The XRD analysis of the PG-CDs-AgNPs produced via PG-CDs mediated reduction resembles the crystalline phase as referenced by (JCPDS File No. 84-0713) data [30]. Furthermore, the XPS

Structural and magnetic properties of microwave-synthesized reduced graphene oxide/VO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite

• Sumanta Sahoo,
• Ankur Sood and
• Sung Soo Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 921–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.70

• ternary NCs of graphene materials, several conventional approaches, such as sol–gel, hydrothermal/solvothermal, calcination/thermal annealing, chemical vapor deposition, liquid-phase exfoliation, and freeze-drying have been reported. However, the MW-assisted synthetic approaches are found to be superior

• irradiation [16]. In the next step, 200 mg of the graphite oxide was MW irradiated at 700 W for 90 s in a MW oven. It is important to note that the MW process happened in the solid phase. The reduction and exfoliation of graphite oxide to form the rGO occurred through the removal of oxygen functionalities in

• phase change of this metal oxide is generally implemented through a few approaches, including annealing, sol–gel process, hydrothermal process, vapor transport method. However, such approaches are time consuming [26][27][28]. In this context, the ultrafast reduction of V2O5 to VO2 through the MW route

Characterization of ion track-etched conical nanopores in thermal and PECVD SiO₂ using small angle X-ray scattering

• Shankar Dutt,
• Rudradeep Chakraborty,
• Christian Notthoff,
• Pablo Mota-Santiago,
• Christina Trautmann and
• Patrick Kluth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 899–909, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.68

• , Darmstadt (Germany) in the frame of FAIR Phase-0. This work used the ACT node of the NCRIS-enabled Australian National Fabrication Facility (ANFF-ACT). Funding The authors acknowledge financial support from the Australian Research Council (ARC) under the ARC Discovery Project Scheme.

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• Ni-coated NCD films, a disordered carbon was found to form on the nickel surface, which then partially transformed into a graphitic phase at higher temperatures [23]. Moreover, the spectra of the annealed Ni-PCD film demonstrate an additional peak at a low binding energy of 283.3 eV corresponding to