3D superconducting hollow nanowires with tailored diameters grown by focused He⁺ beam direct writing

• Rosa Córdoba,
• Alfonso Ibarra,
• Dominique Mailly,
• Isabel Guillamón,
• Hermann Suderow and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1198–1206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.104

• tungsten carbide nanowires with tailored diameters by tuning two key growth parameters, namely current and dose of the ion beam. Our results show the control of geometry in 3D hollow nanowires, with outer and inner diameters ranging from 36 to 142 nm and from 5 to 28 nm, respectively; and lengths from 0.5

• nano-antennas and sensors, based on 3D superconducting architectures. Keywords: electron tomography; focused ion beam induced deposition (FIBID); helium ion microscope; magneto-transport measurements; nano-superconductors; tungsten carbide (WC); Introduction Superconductors are dissipationless

• experiments, NWs were directly grown on Cu TEM grids. Typical deposition conditions used for the He+ FIBID process were as follows; precursor material: tungsten hexacarbonyl, W(CO)6; Tprecursor = 55 °C; GISneedle diameter ≈ 500 µm; GISz ≈ 500 µm; GISx,y ≈ 60 µm; Pbase ≈ 3 × 10−7 mbar; Pprocess ≈ 4 × 10−6 mbar

Hybridization vs decoupling: influence of an h-BN interlayer on the physical properties of a lander-type molecule on Ni(111)

• Maximilian Schaal,
• Takumi Aihara,
• Marco Gruenewald,
• Felix Otto,
• Jari Domke,
• Roman Forker,
• Hiroyuki Yoshida and
• Torsten Fritz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1168–1177, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.101

• . Experimental methods All experiments were performed in ultrahigh vacuum with a base pressure in the range of 10−10 mbar. The adsorption of the DBP molecules was monitored by in situ DRS utilizing a 100 W halogen tungsten lamp, a blazed-grating monochromator (Acton Research SpectraPro SP2156), and a

• investigated in reciprocal space using an Omicron MCP-LEED (MCP2-SPECTALEED) and in real space by LT-STM using a JT-STM/AFM (SPECS Surface Nano Analysis GmbH) with a tungsten tip operated at 4.5 K. We used the non-commercial software LEEDCal [49] for the distortion correction of the LEED images and the

Photothermally active nanoparticles as a promising tool for eliminating bacteria and biofilms

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Piersandro Pallavicini,
• Angelo Taglietti,
• Laura D’Alfonso,
• Maddalena Collini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1134–1146, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.98

• oxidation. Tungsten oxide nanocrystals also have photothermal properties due to strong absorption in the range of visible and NIR light [101]. Recently, it was demonstrated that WO3−x nanocrystals display an efficient antibacterial activity towards E. coli based on their capability to induce bacterial

• -responsive cesium tungsten oxide (CsWO3) nanoparticles were immobilized into polymer dots and demonstrated a high antibacterial activity due to the generation of photothermal heat upon 5 min of NIR irradiation (laser intensity 2 W/cm2) [104]. Recent studies have been exploring strategies in which sunlight is

Light–matter interactions in two-dimensional layered WSe₂ for gauging evolution of phonon dynamics

• Avra S. Bandyopadhyay,
• Chandan Biswas and
• Anupama B. Kaul

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 782–797, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.63

• electronic, optoelectronic and thermoelectric devices in the future. Keywords: phonon concentration; phonon lifetime; Raman spectroscopy; thermal coefficients; Tungsten diselenide; two-dimensional material; Introduction Since the discovery of graphene, atomically thin two-dimensional layered materials have

Synthesis and enhanced photocatalytic performance of 0D/2D CuO/tourmaline composite photocatalysts

• Changqiang Yu,
• Min Wen,
• Zhen Tong,
• Shuhua Li,
• Yanhong Yin,
• Xianbin Liu,
• Yesheng Li,
• Tongxiang Liang,
• Ziping Wu and
• Dionysios D. Dionysiou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 407–416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.31

• of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA Chongyi Zhangyuan Tungsten Co., Ltd., Ganzhou 341000, China 10.3762/bjnano.11.31 Abstract Photocatalysis is considered to be a green and promising technology for transforming organic contaminants into

Self-assembly of a terbium(III) 1D coordination polymer on mica

• Quentin Evrard,
• Giuseppe Cucinotta,
• Felix Houard,
• Guillaume Calvez,
• Yan Suffren,
• Carole Daiguebonne,
• Olivier Guillou,
• Andrea Caneschi,
• Matteo Mannini and
• Kevin Bernot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2440–2448, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.234

• tungsten oxide nanowires assembled on mica [21]. Insights are provided to link this ordering to the one observed in crystalline bulk [Tb(hfac)3·2H2O]n [22]. We also demonstrate that the luminescent and magnetic properties of the pristine compound are preserved on the surface, thus confirming the nature of

• suitable for atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging [24] as well as for its hydrophilic nature promoting the interaction with the deposited molecules. Indeed, muscovite mica has already been used for the deposition of magnetic materials such as FeCoN magnetic films [25] or tungsten oxide nanowires [21]. The

• ceric oxide [38] surfaces and is favored by the presence of moisture [35]. As far as surface deposits are concerned, the epitaxial orientation of tungsten oxide (WO3) nanowires upon deposition on air-cleaved mica [21] has been linked to the formation of K2CO3 acting as a precursor for the pure WO3

Gold-coated plant virus as computed tomography imaging contrast agent

• Alaa A. A. Aljabali,
• Mazhar S. Al Zoubi,
• Khalid M. Al-Batanyeh,
• Ali Al-Radaideh,
• Mohammad A. Obeid,
• Abeer Al Sharabi,
• Walhan Alshaer,
• Bayan AbuFares,
• Tasnim Al-Zanati,
• Murtaza M. Tambuwala,
• Naveed Akbar and
• David J. Evans

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1983–1993, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.195

• contrast agents including gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) [13], bromine [14], platinum [15], ytterbium [16], gadolinium [4], and tungsten [15]. Many of the systems are made up of a core that is coated with a polymeric material such as liposomes [17], micelles [13], lipoproteins or polymeric nanoparticles [18

Remarkable electronic and optical anisotropy of layered 1T’-WTe₂ 2D materials

• Qiankun Zhang,
• Rongjie Zhang,
• Jiancui Chen,
• Wanfu Shen,
• Chunhua An,
• Xiaodong Hu,
• Mingli Dong,
• Jing Liu and
• Lianqing Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1745–1753, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.170

• phenomena and for applications ranging from electronics [11] and photonics [12][13] to sensing [14][15] and actuation [16] at the nanoscale. Recently, tungsten telluride (WTe2), as a member of the TMDC family, has drawn tremendous research interest since the discovery of its large non-saturating positive

• of 1T’-WTe2. The tungsten atoms deviate from the ideal octahedral sites in the octahedron due to the very strong chemical bonding, forming the distorted octahedral structure. Consequently, the Te atom layers become buckled in the distorted octahedral structure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS

• . Brown spheres: tellurium atoms, blue spheres: tungsten atoms. b) XPS spectrum of W 4f (green line) and Te 3d (red line) peaks. c) TEM image and SEAD pattern of WTe2, revealing the crystal structure of the 1T’ phase, with lattice parameters a ≈ 3.49 Å and b ≈ 6.32 Å, respectively. d) Raman spectrum of a

Direct observation of oxygen-vacancy formation and structural changes in Bi₂WO₆ nanoflakes induced by electron irradiation

• Hong-long Shi,
• Bin Zou,
• Zi-an Li,
• Min-ting Luo and
• Wen-zhong Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1434–1442, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.141

• prominent role of oxygen vacancies in the photocatalytic performance of bismuth tungsten oxides is well recognized, while the underlying formation mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we use the transmission electron microscopy to investigate the formation of oxygen vacancies and the structural

• . Keywords: bismuth tungsten oxide; electron diffraction; electron irradiation; nanoflakes; oxygen vacancies; Introduction Bi2WO6 has drawn great interest regarding its physical properties such as the piezoelectric effect and ferroelectricity with large spontaneous polarization and high Curie temperature [1

• , revealing that the region with wide lattice fringes can be indexed to tetragonal tungsten oxide with lattice parameters of a = b = 5.2692(5) Å, and c = 3.9588(6) Å. Thus, the zone axis of the diffractogram in Figure 3c1 is . The above crystal phase analysis indicates that under electron-beam irradiation

Selective gas detection using Mn₃O₄/WO₃ composites as a sensing layer

• Yongjiao Sun,
• Zhichao Yu,
• Wenda Wang,
• Pengwei Li,
• Gang Li,
• Wendong Zhang,
• Lin Chen,
• Serge Zhuivkov and
• Jie Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1423–1433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.140

• door for potential applications in gas recognition and detection. Keywords: Mn3O4/WO3 composites; heterojunctions; working temperature; gas sensing; selectivity; Introduction Tungsten oxide (WO3) is a highly stable, classical transition metal oxide. When synthesized, WO3 usually presents a yellowish

• best selectivity among the as-fabricated gas sensors. Finally, the possible sensing mechanism for the gas sensing enhancement of the 3 atom % Mn3O4/WO3 composite gas sensor is discussed in detail. Experimental Materials Tungsten hexachloride (WCl6), manganese acetate tetrahydrate (Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O

Molecular attachment to a microscope tip: inelastic tunneling, Kondo screening, and thermopower

• Rouzhaji Tuerhong,
• Mauro Boero and
• Jean-Pierre Bucher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1243–1250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.124

• chamber. All STM/STS measurements have been performed at T = 4.5 K. Tungsten tips were flash-annealed in UHV and conditioned in situ by indentation into the Au substrate. STM images were acquired in constant-current mode, while the bias voltage is applied to the sample with respect to the tip kept at a

Electroluminescence and current–voltage measurements of single-(In,Ga)N/GaN-nanowire light-emitting diodes in a nanowire ensemble

• David van Treeck,
• Johannes Ledig,
• Gregor Scholz,
• Jonas Lähnemann,
• Mattia Musolino,
• Abbes Tahraoui,
• Oliver Brandt,
• Andreas Waag,
• Henning Riechert and
• Lutz Geelhaar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1177–1187, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.117

• electron source resulting in chromatic aberrations. In order to contact nanostructures, the SEM system is equipped with a Kleindiek MM3A-EM micromanipulator, which provides a metal tip of a nominal tip radius of 100 nm (tungsten tip from GGB Industries Inc., visible in Figure 1b). The probe tip as well as

• various measurement positions on the sample, where one position corresponds to a single or a few contacted NW LEDs below the tungsten probe. Using the SEM live mode, the piezo element-driven probe tip was approached very slowly to the NWs. The distance between probe tip and NW tips could be well estimated

• by comparing the shadow of the tungsten probe on the sample surface in the SEM live image with its actual position. When the shadow and the probe tip came together, the probe slightly changed its moving direction, thus indicating the contact to the sample (see Figure 1b). The probe tip was then

Synthesis and characterization of quaternary La(Sr)S–TaS₂ misfit-layered nanotubes

• Marco Serra,
• Erumpukuthickal Ashokkumar Anumol,
• Dalit Stolovas,
• Iddo Pinkas,
• Ernesto Joselevich,
• Reshef Tenne,
• Andrey Enyashin and
• Francis Leonard Deepak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1112–1124, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.111

• interest of many researchers due to their electrical, optical, mechanical and thermoelectric properties [2] derived from their unique structure. WS2 nanotubes are nanostructures originating from the bending of a single layer of the 2D material tungsten disulfide along one axis, resulting in the

Tungsten disulfide-based nanocomposites for photothermal therapy

• Tzuriel Levin,
• Hagit Sade,
• Rina Ben-Shabbat Binyamini,
• Maayan Pour,
• Iftach Nachman and
• Jean-Paul Lellouche

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 811–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.81

• Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel 10.3762/bjnano.10.81 Abstract Nanostructures of transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDC) have raised scientific interest in the last few decades. Tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanotubes and nanoparticles are among

• ; surface functionalization; WS2 nanotubes; Introduction In 1992, Prof. Reshef Tenne reported the synthesis of cylindrical and polyhedral nanostructures of tungsten disulfide (WS2) [1]. These nanostructures are composed of triple-layer units, where a hexagonal layer of tungsten atoms is sandwiched between

• latter group, nanostructures of metals [38], metal oxides (including iron oxides) [39], and metal chalcogenides [40][41] were studied. Tungsten oxides [42] and molybdenum oxides [43] were studied, as well as their disulfides. The disulfides were tested mainly in the forms of nanosheets [44], nanoflakes

Direct observation of the CVD growth of monolayer MoS₂ using in situ optical spectroscopy

• Claudia Beatriz López-Posadas,
• Yaxu Wei,
• Wanfu Shen,
• Daniel Kahr,
• Michael Hohage and
• Lidong Sun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 557–564, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.57

• performed in a confocal microconfiguration using a ×100 microscope objective lens and a 2400 grooves mm−1 grating. For DR measurements, an inverted microscope (Nikon Eclipse Ti) was used. A beam from a tungsten halogen white light source was reflected into a ×50 ultra-long working distance objective using a

Interaction of Te and Se interlayers with Ag or Au nanofilms in sandwich structures

• Arkadiusz Ciesielski,
• Lukasz Skowronski,
• Marek Trzcinski,
• Ewa Górecka,
• Wojciech Pacuski and
• Tomasz Szoplik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 238–246, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.22

• Knudsen cell was kept at working temperature [39]. SiO2, Ag and Au, LiF layers were deposited from fabmate or tungsten crucibles using a PVD75 Lesker e-beam evaporator. The purity of the evaporation materials was 4N for both silver and gold, 5N for SiO2 and TIO2, 3N for LiF. SiO2 was evaporated at an

Thermal control of the defunctionalization of supported Au₂₅(glutathione)₁₈ catalysts for benzyl alcohol oxidation

• Zahraa Shahin,
• Hyewon Ji,
• Rodica Chiriac,
• Nadine Essayem,
• Franck Rataboul and
• Aude Demessence

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 228–237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.21

• spectrometer, with a deuterium discharge lamp as the radiation source for ultraviolet wavelength region and a tungsten lamp for the visible and short wave near-infrared wavelength region. Water was used as the blank. Synthesis of Au25(SG)18 Au25(SG)18 clusters were synthesized following a previously reported

Sputtering of silicon nanopowders by an argon cluster ion beam

• Xiaomei Zeng,
• Vasiliy Pelenovich,
• Zhenguo Wang,
• Wenbin Zuo,
• Sergey Belykh,
• Alexander Tolstogouzov,
• Dejun Fu and
• Xiangheng Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 135–143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.13

• , where h is the sputtering depth, NA is Avogadro’s number, µ is the silicon molar mass, and D is the cluster ion dose. The sputtering depth was measured using a tungsten wire with a diameter of 15 µm as a mask. Tungsten is a convenient mask material due to its low sputtering rate [31]. Before irradiation

Bidirectional biomimetic flow sensing with antiparallel and curved artificial hair sensors

• Claudio Abels,
• Antonio Qualtieri,
• Toni Lober,
• Alessandro Mariotti,
• Lily D. Chambers,
• Massimo De Vittorio,
• William M. Megill and
• Francesco Rizzi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 32–46, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.4

• platinum or tungsten and its length varies between 50 and 200 μm. This approach based on their novel 3D assembly method makes it possible to form large arrays of sensors on a variety of substrate materials. The research group from the MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology at the University of Twente developed

Investigation of CVD graphene as-grown on Cu foil using simultaneous scanning tunneling/atomic force microscopy

• Majid Fazeli Jadidi,
• Umut Kamber,
• Oğuzhan Gürlü and
• H. Özgür Özer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2953–2959, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.274

• an inequivalent electronic structure in HOPG or multilayer graphene due to the presence of a carbon atom or a hollow site underneath. In this work, we report small-amplitude, simultaneous STM/AFM imaging using a metallic (tungsten) tip, of the graphene surface as-grown by chemical vapor deposition

• taken on several samples showed the presence of dominantly single-layer graphene [36]. Results and Discussion We used a custom-made tungsten tip–cantilever probe [32] the stiffness of which was estimated from thermal oscillations to be about 53 N/m. The simultaneously acquired STM topography and force

• . Ondracek et al. [25] reported a comprehensive theoretical study of the contrast mechanisms in AFM of carbon surfaces with different tip structures (different terminations of Si and metal tips). The force curves they calculated using a tungsten tip show the hollow sites to be more attractive beyond the

Charged particle single nanometre manufacturing

• Philip D. Prewett,
• Cornelis W. Hagen,
• Claudia Lenk,
• Steve Lenk,
• Marcus Kaestner,
• Tzvetan Ivanov,
• Ahmad Ahmad,
• Ivo W. Rangelow,
• Xiaoqing Shi,
• Stuart A. Boden,
• Alex P. G. Robinson,
• Dongxu Yang,
• Sangeetha Hari,
• Marijke Scotuzzi and
• Ejaz Huq

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2855–2882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.266

• of the much lighter and less damaging 4He+ ion. ALIS is a highly developed version of the gas field ion source (GFIS), the operation of which is shown schematically in Figure 1 [23][24]. The non-uniform high electric field at the atomically sharp tip of a tungsten needle maintained at cryogenic

Nanostructure-induced performance degradation of WO₃·nH₂O for energy conversion and storage devices

• Zhenyin Hai,
• Mohammad Karbalaei Akbari,
• Zihan Wei,
• Danfeng Cui,
• Chenyang Xue,
• Hongyan Xu,
• Philippe M. Heynderickx,
• Francis Verpoort and
• Serge Zhuiykov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2845–2854, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.265

• disadvantage of 2D TMOs and their failure mechanism. Tungsten trioxide (WO3) is one of the few TMOs with both excellent electrochemical and electrochromic properties [19][20][21][22][23]. It has a three-dimensional (3D) network lattice structure consisting of corner-sharing or edge-sharing WO6 octahedra [24

• applications [24][33][34]. Oriented WO3·H2O sheets were hydrothermally grown in mixed acids at 80 °C for 17 h, followed by sintering at 500 °C in order to obtain crystalline WO3 for the photoelectrochemical water oxidation [35]. A 2D WO3 nanosheet sensor fabricated by high-temperature anodization of tungsten

• . Figure 5b,c depicts the high-resolution XPS core-level W4f and O1s spectra, respectively. The W 4f orbitals in Figure 5b are almost identical in the three samples and can be resolved into W 4f5/2 and W 4f7/2. The two main peaks correspond to the W4f7/2 and W4f5/2 of the tungsten atoms in a +6 oxidation

Graphene-enhanced metal oxide gas sensors at room temperature: a review

• Dongjin Sun,
• Yifan Luo,
• Marc Debliquy and
• Chao Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2832–2844, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.264

• achieved at all [19][20]. Metal-oxide semiconductors (MOS), including tin oxide (SnO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), copper oxide (CuO), tungsten oxide (WO3), indium oxide (In2O3), ferric oxide (Fe2O3) and cobalt oxide (Co3O4) are important materials for gas sensors [21][22][23][24][25][26

Characterization of the microscopic tribological properties of sandfish (Scincus scincus) scales by atomic force microscopy

• Weibin Wu,
• Christian Lutz,
• Simon Mersch,
• Richard Thelen,
• Christian Greiner,
• Guillaume Gomard and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2618–2627, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.243

• (All-in-One-TL, BudgetSensors) using the procedure described by Mak and co-workers [18]. Depending on the glued probe we call them “sand probe” (Figure 2b) or “spherical probe” (Figure 2c) in the following. Some spherical probes were sputter-coated with a 50 nm thick metal layer of copper or tungsten

• probes with a diameter of 20 µm coated with copper (105.0 nN) and tungsten (115.5 nN). Figure 4c summarizes the results indicating that the metal coating influences the adhesion values only moderately compared to probe size, i.e., contact area. In order to compare these values to other materials we

Directional light beams by design from electrically driven elliptical slit antennas

• Shuiyan Cao,
• Eric Le Moal,
• Quanbo Jiang,
• Aurélien Drezet,
• Serge Huant,
• Jean-Paul Hugonin,
• Gérald Dujardin and
• Elizabeth Boer-Duchemin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2361–2371, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.221

• microscope (Nikon Instruments, Eclipse Ti-U) equipped with a nanopositioning stage and an oil-immersion, high numerical aperture (NA = 1.49), 100× objective lens (Nikon CFI Apochromat TIRF objective). The STM is operated in air under ambient conditions [52]. STM tips are electrochemically etched tungsten

• 200 nm gold film on glass is used as an electrical light beam microsource. Inelastic electron tunneling from the tungsten tip of an STM excites SPPs at the air-gold interface. These SPPs propagate isotropically away from the tip to the slit where they scatter into light. Excitation at (a) the center