A differential Hall effect measurement method with sub-nanometre resolution for active dopant concentration profiling in ultrathin doped Si_1−xGe_x and Si layers

• Richard Daubriac,
• Emmanuel Scheid,
• Hiba Rizk,
• Richard Monflier,
• Sylvain Joblot,
• Rémi Beneyton,
• Pablo Acosta Alba,
• Sébastien Kerdilès and
• Filadelfo Cristiano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1926–1939, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.184

• ] indicated a perfect correlation between measured activation and simulated activation, suggesting that dielectric confinement affects more significantly 3D than 2D structures at low dimensions. Finally, when quantifying the active dopant and mobility depth profiles with DHE, the surface-depletion effect

• should be considered [41][42]. This results from carriers becoming trapped in surface states and can lead to a depletion of carriers below the surface. As a consequence, the DHE profile might require a correction (depth-scale translation) corresponding to the depletion width. And in the case of non

• -uniform doping profiles, the depletion width (and the related correction) will vary with depth. For example, in the particular case discussed in this section, the investigated 20 nm thick SiGe layer is uniformly doped at 1019 cm−3. For typical silicon-dioxide charge densities of 1012 cm−2·eV−1, simple

Nanoscale electrochemical response of lithium-ion cathodes: a combined study using C-AFM and SIMS

• Jonathan Op de Beeck,
• Nouha Labyedh,
• Alfonso Sepúlveda,
• Valentina Spampinato,
• Alexis Franquet,
• Thierry Conard,
• Philippe M. Vereecken,
• Wilfried Vandervorst and
• Umberto Celano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1623–1628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.154

• tip positively biased at 10 V (red trace). The large hysteresis observed in the second case, demonstrates that by stressing the sample surface with a negative dc sample bias a strong depletion of Li ions occurs such that a higher resistance change can be obtained under the tip while attracting the Li

• electrical conductivity as highly lithiated regions show enhanced electrical conductivity. Appearance of the ionic hysteresis and influence of Li depletion during preconditioning. (a) The hysteresis loop visible in the I–V curves is indicating the local change in resistance under the tip induced by the Li

Nanocomposites comprised of homogeneously dispersed magnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles and poly(methyl methacrylate)

• Sašo Gyergyek,
• David Pahovnik,
• Ema Žagar,
• Alenka Mertelj,
• Rok Kostanjšek,
• Miloš Beković,
• Marko Jagodič,
• Heinrich Hofmann and
• Darko Makovec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1613–1622, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.153

• compatible with hydrophobic polymers, such as PMMA. Usually, oleic or ricinoleic acid (RA) is bound to the surface of the nanoparticles to make them hydrophobic [17][18]. However, this is usually insufficient to prevent depletion flocculation in the polymer solution or polymer melt [19][20][21]. This problem

• probably the result of the depletion layer surrounding the nanoparticles, causing their flocculation to decrease the excluded volume of polymer chains [19][20][21][29]. To test if any of the added compounds stabilize the suspension of NPs in the PMMA polymer solution, the polymerization of MMA was

• , free flowing, swollen gel that after a prolonged time (≈24 h) self-separated into a colloidal suspension and a gel. Recent experimental and theoretical work on depletion forces has shown that depletion attraction is actually the short-range component of a more general structural interaction [19]. When

Absence of free carriers in silicon nanocrystals grown from phosphorus- and boron-doped silicon-rich oxide and oxynitride

• Daniel Hiller,
• Julian López-Vidrier,
• Keita Nomoto,
• Michael Wahl,
• Wolfgang Bock,
• Tomáš Chlouba,
• František Trojánek,
• Sebastian Gutsch,
• Margit Zacharias,
• Dirk König,
• Petr Malý and
• Michael Kopnarski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1501–1511, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.141

• oxide are SiH4 and N2O. Since Si-rich oxides have to be grown in O-depletion, some of the N-radicals present in the plasma react with the Si and are subsequently incorporated in the film. The resulting material is inevitably a Si-rich oxynitride (SRON) with in our case ≈10 atom % N [16]. Considering

Chemistry for electron-induced nanofabrication

• Petra Swiderek,
• Hubertus Marbach and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1317–1320, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.124

• and transport phenomena. The previously developed continuum model describes the precursor adsorption equilibrium and surface diffusion as well as depletion by electron-initiated fragmentation and can thus predict the shape of a deposit. In this Thematic Series, an extension of this model is described

Formation mechanisms of boron oxide films fabricated by large-area electron beam-induced deposition of trimethyl borate

• Aiden A. Martin and
• Philip J. Depond

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1282–1287, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.120

• temperature using TMB precursor are shown in Figure 2a. The material is rapidly deposited at room temperature and the rate sharply decreases with increasing substrate temperature. The sharp decrease in the rate of material deposition is caused by surface-coverage depletion of the precursor on the substrate at

• , diffusion-limited replenishment of TMB precursor results in an abrupt inner edge in the deposition profile. (c) Elemental maps of boron, carbon and oxygen at the TMB precursor depletion boundary measured by EDS (the region is indicated by the red box in (b)). Regions noted in Figure 3 as center, diffusion

Semi-automatic spray pyrolysis deposition of thin, transparent, titania films as blocking layers for dye-sensitized and perovskite solar cells

• Hana Krýsová,
• Josef Krýsa and
• Ladislav Kavan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1135–1145, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.105

• post-calcined at 500 °C contain pinholes and cracks through which the electrolyte can reach the FTO surface. As TiO2 is under strong depletion at these potentials, no anodic current of, for example, water oxidation, is expected to flow at the perfectly compact titania electrode in dark. The blocking

• these potentials titania is in the depletion regime. The cathodic current onset (beginning [Fe(CN)6]3− reduction) appears at potentials negative to the φFB when the titania electrode is in the accumulation regime, mimicking metallic behaviour. Defects, such as cracks in the blocking layer are thus

• electroreduction of ferricyanide to ferrocyanide is expected to occur at −0.2 V, because anatase is in the depletion regime. This is indeed observed for our TAA-AcAc films. Actually, the occurrence of the electroreduction peak at −0.2 V at some other compact (pinhole-free) TiO2 layers (cf. Figure 6) is less clear

A simple extension of the commonly used fitting equation for oscillatory structural forces in case of silica nanoparticle suspensions

• Sebastian Schön and
• Regine von Klitzing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1095–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.101

• fitting parameters in the system studied here. Keywords: confinement; depletion; fitting; silica nanoparticles; structural forces; Introduction Oscillatory structural forces are a genuine feature observed for simple and complex fluids in the vicinity of smooth surfaces [1][2]. Due to the ubiquitous

Cyclodextrin inhibits zinc corrosion by destabilizing point defect formation in the oxide layer

• Abdulrahman Altin,
• Maciej Krzywiecki,
• Adnan Sarfraz,
• Cigdem Toparli,
• Claudius Laska,
• Philipp Kerger,
• Aleksandar Zeradjanin,
• Karl J. J. Mayrhofer,
• Michael Rohwerder and
• Andreas Erbe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 936–944, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.86

• − HOMO-CDonset to be 1.85 eV. The band gap of β-CD has been reported to be 12.44 eV [38], and judging from the position of the Fermi level, β-CD is in the same role as a p-type system. Charge dislocation must lead to hole accumulation at the ZnO side, i.e., depletion of negative charge. On the β-CD side

Towards the third dimension in direct electron beam writing of silver

• Katja Höflich,
• Jakub Mateusz Jurczyk,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Maximilian Götz,
• Luisa Berger,
• Carlos Guerra-Nuñez,
• Caspar Haverkamp,
• Iwona Szymanska and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 842–849, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.78

• pentafluoropropionate were investigated with respect to their dwell-time-dependent deposition behavior and growth characteristics. While silver 2,2-dimethylbutyrate showed a strong depletion in the center of the impinging electron beam profile hindering any vertical growth, silver pentafluoropropionate indicated a

• of 500 pA with varying dwell times were carried out. The dwell time was increased from 100 ns as the minimum value that could be realized with the patterning engine up to 5 µs to cover the typical time scale for precursor depletion. At the end of each line, the beam dwells for approximately 5 ms to

• upper rows in Figure 2a,b show SEM images of the deposits from AgO2Me2Bu and AgO2F5Prop for dwell times increasing from 100 ns up to 5 µs. The chosen dwell time range covers the typical time scale for electron-limited and adsorbate-limited depletion regimes. For the case of AgO2Me2Bu, the SEM images in

Surface-plasmon-enhanced ultraviolet emission of Au-decorated ZnO structures for gas sensing and photocatalytic devices

• T. Anh Thu Do,
• Truong Giang Ho,
• Thu Hoai Bui,
• Quang Ngan Pham,
• Hong Thai Giang,
• Thi Thu Do,
• Duc Van Nguyen and
• Dai Lam Tran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 771–779, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.70

• manner, the hot electron under photoexcitation pumping from the plasmonic metal to the semiconductor can be limited due to the high depletion barrier of the metal-oxide surfaces [1], resulting in the reduction of photocatalytic activity. From the above results, the synthesized ZnO microsphere particles

• effective surfaces. The adsorbed oxygen species can be easily captured by the electrons from the conduction band and adsorbed onto the surface, leading to a depletion region that broadens again, and thus the electrical resistance of the sensor increases. By decorating the ZnO nanostructures with plasmonic

• Au NPs, Au–ZnO Schottky junctions were formed [1][14]. Thus, depletion of more carriers from the neighboring surface occurred and the sensor response for the gas detection was enhanced. Furthermore, the enhanced performance of NO2 sensing devices can be attributed to the electrons provided by the Au

A review of carbon-based and non-carbon-based catalyst supports for the selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide

• Shahreen Binti Izwan Anthonysamy,
• Syahidah Binti Afandi,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Bin Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 740–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.68

• , formation of fine particles (PM), acid rain, ozone depletion, and the release of greenhouse gases to the environment [1]. NO is considered to be the most difficult gas to remove from the atmosphere because it behaves like a supercritical fluid at room temperature. On the other hand, NO2 can easily be

Perovskite-structured CaTiO₃ coupled with g-C₃N₄ as a heterojunction photocatalyst for organic pollutant degradation

• Ashish Kumar,
• Christian Schuerings,
• Suneel Kumar,
• Ajay Kumar and
• Venkata Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 671–685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.62

• responsible for the separation and migration of photogenerated charges. The appropriate band positions of the semiconductor materials produce space charge accumulation/depletion at the interfaces, which helps in the effective separation of photogenerated charge carriers [59]. In this regard, the valence band

Review: Electrostatically actuated nanobeam-based nanoelectromechanical switches – materials solutions and operational conditions

• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Jelena Kosmaca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Jana Andzane and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 271–300, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.29

• Schottky to ohmic type of conduction for smaller contact area/nanowire diameter ratios (Figure 8a,b) [91]. This effect was explained by enhanced tunnelling at the contact edge as a result of the reduction of the depletion region (Figure 8c) [91]. This allows a good ohmic contact to be obtained at a

Combined scanning probe electronic and thermal characterization of an indium arsenide nanowire

• Tino Wagner,
• Fabian Menges,
• Heike Riel,
• Bernd Gotsmann and
• Andreas Stemmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 129–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.15

• , we separate a bias-independent offset, , from the raw measurements. A good first-order approximation to this offset is the zero-bias profile, Ulcpd(x, I = 0) [26]. However, the offset can depend weakly also on bias, since the population and depletion of traps is bias-dependent [27]. Furthermore

Review on optofluidic microreactors for artificial photosynthesis

• Xiaowen Huang,
• Jianchun Wang,
• Tenghao Li,
• Jianmei Wang,
• Min Xu,
• Weixing Yu,
• Abdel El Abed and
• Xuming Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 30–41, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.5

• formation from CO2 with the depletion of NADH to NAD+ [46]. The continuous regeneration of NADH enables the continuous reduction of CO2. Conclusion APS is a promising way to utilize solar energy and a prospective solution for the energy crisis, greenhouse effect and coenzyme utilization. An effective

Enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting performance using morphology-controlled BiVO₄ with W doping

• Xin Zhao and
• Zhong Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2640–2647, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.264

• carrier collection pathways, an increased volume ratio between depletion layer and bulk, enhanced light capture due to multiple light scattering in nanostructures, and a high surface area for photochemical conversion reactions. In this study, we describe the synthesis of morphology-controlled W-doped

• ultimately affects the solar-to-hydrogen efficiency. Nanostructured materials have been often employed to overcome this limitation [11], as they can shorten the carrier collection distance and increase the volume ratio between depletion layer and bulk. In addition, they also offer a high surface area for

• more surface depletion layers, which leads to a higher capacitance. The surface charge transfer resistance of the sample 0-water is about 3783 Ω, while the one of sample 1-EG is smaller at around 2629 Ω. The smaller charge transfer resistance leads to a higher interfacial charge injection efficiency

Photobleaching of YOYO-1 in super-resolution single DNA fluorescence imaging

• Joseph R. Pyle and
• Jixin Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2296–2306, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.229

• as stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy [26][27]; (2) using software to super-localize single molecules [28][29][30][31], such as stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) [32], photo-activated localization microscopy (PALM) [33], single-molecule high-resolution imaging with

Modelling focused electron beam induced deposition beyond Langmuir adsorption

• Dédalo Sanz-Hernández and
• Amalio Fernández-Pacheco

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2151–2161, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.214

• is an approximation strictly valid under either no adsorbate concentration gradient conditions (which is only the case for negligible molecule depletion by electrons) or when the diffusive constant is very small [25][41]. The introduction of an additional diffusion term, proportional to the Laplacian

Fluorination of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes: from CF₄ plasma chemistry to surface functionalization

• Claudia Struzzi,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Jean-François Colomer,
• Alberto Verdini,
• Luca Floreano,
• Rony Snyders and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1723–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.173

• plasma-activated background contaminants in the vacuum chamber, thus generating COF and COF2 as well. The signal corresponding to ionized HF raises for applied power higher than 110 W, in correspondence to the intensities depletion of ionized CF2, CF, COF and COF2, suggesting a high fragmentation rate

• ], confirming the depletion of the pristine graphitization level previously observed in Raman spectra (Figure 4). Additional peaks appear at 287, 288.6 and 290.8 eV and they are more evident for high fluorine content (blue curve), as indicated by the black bars over the photon energy axis. These features are

Bright fluorescent silica-nanoparticle probes for high-resolution STED and confocal microscopy

• Isabella Tavernaro,
• Christian Cavelius,
• Henrike Peuschel and
• Annette Kraegeloh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.130

• depletion (STED) microscopy. Our approach allows for a step-by-step formation of dye-doped silica nanoparticles in the form of dye-incorporated spheres, which can be used as versatile fluorescent probes in confocal and STED imaging. Keywords: bioimaging; confocal microscopy; multistep synthesis approach

• ; organic fluorescent dyes; silica nanoparticles; stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy; Introduction With the emergence of nanotechnology, numerous applications have been developed using the size-related properties of nanoparticles [1][2]. In biomedical research, nanoparticles are applied as

• other hand, are suitable for observing dynamic processes using living cells [18][19][20]. In addition, the development of novel so-called “super-resolution” optical imaging techniques allows for the imaging of objects beyond the diffraction limit [21][22]. For example, stimulated emission depletion

Nano-engineered skin mesenchymal stem cells: potential vehicles for tumour-targeted quantum-dot delivery

• Liga Saulite,
• Dominyka Dapkute,
• Karlis Pleiko,
• Ineta Popena,
• Simona Steponkiene,
• Ricardas Rotomskis and
• Una Riekstina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1218–1230, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.123

• [54]. Expression of P-glycoprotein has also been reported in MSCs [4]. However, other data in mouse embryonic and kidney stem cells indicate that QD depletion likely occurs during cell division and that no excretion mechanisms could be observed [32]. Taken together, these data indicate that QD

• elimination mechanisms may be cell-type dependent. The results from skin MSCs demonstrated that the depletion of the QD signal over time could be explained by QD degradation and excretion. The fact that NPs are released from MSCs is important because of the intended use of MSCs as NP delivery vectors. We

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of cell lysates mixed with silver nanoparticles for tumor classification

• Mohamed Hassoun,
• Iwan W.Schie,
• Tatiana Tolstik,
• Sarmiza E. Stanca,
• Christoph Krafft and
• Juergen Popp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1183–1190, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.120

• microscopy system (Holoprobe, Kaiser Optical system, USA). This system consists of a multi-mode diode laser with 785 nm excitation wavelength (Invictus NIR laser), an f/1.8 spectrograph with a holographic transmission grating (Kaiser Optical system, USA), and a Peltier-cooled back-illuminated deep-depletion

Needs and challenges for assessing the environmental impacts of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs)

• Michelle Romero-Franco,
• Hilary A. Godwin,
• Muhammad Bilal and
• Yoram Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 989–1014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.101

• management [66]. LCA is rooted in assessing environmental impacts. Examples of impacts that have been assessed previously using LCA include climate change, smog creation, eutrophication, toxicological stress on human health and ecosystems, depletion of resources that occur as a consequence of releases into

Relationships between chemical structure, mechanical properties and materials processing in nanopatterned organosilicate fins

• Gheorghe Stan,
• Richard S. Gates,
• Qichi Hu,
• Kevin Kjoller,
• Craig Prater,
• Kanwal Jit Singh,
• Ebony Mays and
• Sean W. King

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 863–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.88

• of 10–100 nm. This length scale range is consistent with both prior experimental and theoretical investigations of oxygen-radical diffusion and CH3 depletion in blanket thin film/unpatterned nanoporous organosilicate dielectrics [32][49]. We also note that while the CH3 removal could likely be