Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• surface RMS roughness and grain size of films after implantation, FESEM images have been processed with Image J software [36] and the results are given in Table 5. It is observed from Figure 8 that average grain size and surface RMS roughness reduce with ion fluence. As the implantation dose of argon ions

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• spectra in photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) mode, in which the photon energy is scanned across the XAS edge and the intensity of the secondary electrons is detected using a PEEM. This allowed to image the shape and size of ceria nanoislands on Ru(0001) and to probe and compare the oxidation state

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• on the surface of the MoS2 film annealed in a hydrogen atmosphere (Figure 1c). An attempt to measure the cross section of this film did not yield a contrast image because of the charging effect. Therefore, to estimate the thickness of the studied film, we used a thicker MoS2 film synthesized with a

• molybdenum layer sputtered for 90 s. Part of the film surface was covered with a protective Pt layer and a lamella was cut using a focused ion beam (FIB) system (see the Experimental section for details). Figure 1d shows the SEM image of the cross section of the lamella. The bright round spots on the film

• different sizes formed during CVD synthesis (Figure 1b). The thickness of the MoS2 film estimated from the cross-sectional SEM image is about 33 nm (Figure 1d). Therefore, it can be estimated that the MoS2 film obtained using a molybdenum layer sputtered for 10 s has a thickness of no more than 4 nm. The

Facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Ni/NiO on stainless steel for an efficient electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction

• Ha Huu Do,
• Khac Binh Nguyen,
• Phuong N. Nguyen and
• Hoai Phuong Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 837–846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.63

• importantly, the XRD image of Ni/NiO/SS-10 presents peaks at 37.20°, 43.21°, and 62.91°, which correspond to the (111), (200), and (220) planes of the NiO phase (PDF 00-004-0835) [34][35]. Meanwhile, the peak of the Ni metal phase still appeared in the Ni/NiO/SS-10 sample, proving the co-existence of metal

• -5, Ni/NiO/SS-10, Ni/NiO/SS-15, and Ni/NiO/SS-20 electrodes. SEM images of (a, e) Ni/NiO/SS-5, (b, f) Ni/NiO/SS-10, (c, g) Ni/NiO/SS-15, and (d, h) Ni/NiO/SS-20 electrodes. Raman spectrum of the Ni/NiO/SS-10 electrode. (a) SEM image, (b) overall element mapping, and (c) nickel and (d) oxygen element

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• (Figure 3h and 3i). Although GO-SG-ZH nanosheets agglomerated into microstructures (Figure 3h), the self-assembly of graphene-based nanosheets was different from the stacked morphology of the GO-SG-ZH powder. At a higher magnification of 20,000×, SEM image in Figure 3i revealed the porous structure with

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• . This unknown quantity of core–shell nanoparticles is encapsulated within a Ca alginate coating. SEM and TEM studies were conducted to compare the postulated structure of the microcapsule with its actual image. Figure 2 shows representative SEM micrographs of the FS0 sample. The observed grains exhibit

• probably representing cellulose (b). Figure 3b,e show that the core–sucrose shell structure of the nanoparticles in FS0 is clearly visible. Moreover, the dark-field image proved the presence of crystalline metallic cores (Figure 3d). It can be distinguished nanoparticles of larger, ≈18 nm, and smaller, <5

• nm, cores, while the thickness of the shell seems constant ≈10 nm. The sucrose shell is homogenous; thus the individual cores appear to be well separated from each other. In Figure 3c, the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) image presents a single crystalline nanoparticle. The

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• optical microscope. Therefore, we opted for an alternative substrate, indium tin oxide (ITO), to conduct the SPEM measurements on thinner layers. Figure 1 gives a direct comparison of AFM images and O.C. on the 1 nm SiO2/Si substrate. Optical contrast, AFM image, and a complete series of profiles showing

• very fade contrast in the optical image in Figure 1a. In contrast, in Figure 2a, clear microscopy images of a few layers of flakes are shown. Based on the optical contrast value, L and T denote lean and thick steps, respectively, and the thickness variation has been confirmed through AFM images in

• through a 48-channel delay line detector. To analyze the photoelectron intensity of an individual atomic element on the captured SPEM maps, the image underwent background correction by eliminating the topographic features. We also applied the (3 × 3) filter to reduce the noise before extracting the

Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• efficiency of the synthesis. (a‒c) FE-SEM images of commercial CMC, (d‒f) FE-SEM images of PGC, and (g) FTIR spectra of commercial CMC and PGC. (a, b) EDX spectra and elemental compositions of commercial CMC and PGC, respectively; (c) morphology image of CMC; (d–f) elemental mapping images of commercial CMC

• ; (g) morphology image of PGC; and (h–l) elemental mapping images of PGC. (a) Effect of adsorption time and initial concentration on the adsorption capacity of PGC. (b) Effect of adsorbent dosage on the adsorption capacity and adsorption efficiency of PGC. (c) Effect of pH on the adsorption capacity of

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• crystal, regions displaying differential contrast in the Se 3d line were observed (Figure 1a–c). In the regions of image a) delineated by the red rectangle, the shape and binding energy of the Se 3d line approximated those observed in TiSe2 (Figure 1b). In the region defined by the blue rectangle, values

• suitable substrates for characterization by scanning probe microscopy and SPEM. An atomic force microscopy (AFM) image of a typical InP p–n junction nanowire is shown in Figure 2a, confirming a homogeneous shape with a nanowire length of about 2.5 µm and a diameter of about 200 nm, fluctuating only by a

• samples including marker structures were used to directly navigate to suitable nanowires in the SPEM measurements. Figure 2b shows elemental-sensitive In 4d and P 2p SPEM images, highlighting the nanowire shape and position, which can even be noticed as a shadow in the Au 4f image, where the signal from

High-temperature epitaxial growth of tantalum nitride thin films on MgO: structural evolution and potential for SQUID applications

• Michelle Cedillo Rosillo,
• Oscar Contreras López,
• Jesús Antonio Díaz,
• Agustín Conde Gallardo and
• Harvi A. Castillo Cuero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 690–699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.53

• makes this film an excellent candidate for superconducting applications, particularly in devices such as superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). Figure 7 presents an AFM image revealing the low surface roughness (2.2 nm) of even the film deposited at an elevated growth temperature of 850

• mTorr as a function of the deposition temperature: (a) 650 °C, (b) 700 °C, (c) 750 °C, and (d) 850 °C. (a) SEM image of the cross section of a TaN thin film prepared with FIB. (b) TEM analysis of the lateral region of the TaN film deposited at T = 750 °C and pN2 = 90 mTorr. (c) TEM image at the

• interface between MgO substrate and TaN thin film. (d) Transversal section showing the interplanar spacing of TaN. (e) Indexed electron diffraction pattern of the TaN thin film. AFM image of the TaN film deposited at pN2 = 90 mTorr and T = 850 °C. Atomic composition of TaN thin films as function of pN2

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• exfoliation of graphite assisted by TA (B,C). Image (C) originates from the marked box in image (B). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs of exfoliated FLG–TA (D,E). Size distribution and average lateral size of FLG sheets (F). Raman spectra (A) and survey XPS spectra (B) of FLG–TA and initial

Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
• Lukas D. Cavar,
• Franjo Weber,
• Peter G. Reichel,
• Mara Niebling and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

• increase of sample permittivity [95][96]. We measured a CPD difference between Si and F14H20 of −0.72 ± 0.08 V (see Figure S15, Supporting Information File 1), which is close to the literature value of −0.8 V [97]. Interestingly, the image of the C′ signal (Figure 7c,e) showed a more blurry structure

• as normalized data over a wider frequency range, can be viewed in Figures S3–S6 and S9–S12, Supporting Information File 1. MFH-EFM images taken on F14H20. (a) Topography image. (b) C′ image detected at ωm,2 under excitation at 235.579 kHz. (c) Electric phase φel of the C′ signal detected at ωm,2

• under excitation at 235.579 kHz. (d) C″ image detected at ωm,2 under excitation at frequencies of 1.59 and 1.98 MHz. (e) Electric phase φel of the C″ signal detected at ωm,2 under excitation at frequencies of 1.59 and 1.98 MHz. (f) Profiles of the phase images shown in (c) and (e) with 128 pixels width

Feasibility analysis of carbon nanofiber synthesis and morphology control using a LPG premixed flame

• Iftikhar Rahman Bishal,
• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Faizuan Bin Abdullah,
• I Putu Tedy Indrayana and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.45

• aluminum foil covered drum was placed 18 cm from the needle to collect the nanofibers. The flow rate of the solution was 0.5 mL/h. The as-prepared nanofibers underwent thermal treatments, and it was found that the nanofibers exhibited optimal properties after treatment at 850 °C. The SEM and TEM image

• temperature distribution at the center of the flame. Figure 2 shows a line-of-sight image of the stable diffusion flame, burning at lean combustion with Φ = 0.77, where the equivalence ratio was calculated based on the inlet conditions. The diffusion flame has a bright yellow color, due to soot formation, and

• additional oxygen that mixes with the excess fuel. This process allows for continuous combustion further from the source, producing a secondary diffusion flame as shown in the image in Figure 4a. The flame height based on the tip of the secondary diffusion flame is about 25 mm. A diffusion flame forms at the

Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• )palladium(II) precursor. The atom color labeling is white: H, grey: C, red: O, and bluish green: Pd [42]. Characteristics of FEB nanoprinted square deposits with [Pd(tbaoac)2]. (a) Secondary electron SEM image of the FEB deposit on a native-oxide Si substrate with indicated AFM scan lines. (b) AFM thickness

• profiles along vertical and horizontal directions. (c) STEM image of the FEB deposit on a carbon membrane. (d) High-resolution STEM image from the center of the deposit. (e) High-resolution STEM image from the edge of the deposit. (f) SAED pattern from the edge of the deposit. Enlarged version of the

• images in panels (e) and (f) can be found in Supporting Information File 1, section S1 along with an additional STEM image. (a) EDX spectrum taken at the center of the deposit (red area) shown in inset. The BSE exit area is indicated with a yellow border. (b) Composition of the pristine [Pd(tbaoac)2

Zeolite materials with Ni and Co: synthesis and catalytic potential in the selective hydrogenation of citral

• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Yailen Costa Marrero,
• Tania Farias Piñeira,
• Céline Fontaine,
• Lexane Paget,
• Beatriz Concepción Rosabal,
• Arbelio Penton Madrigal,
• Vitalii Petranovskii and
• Gwendoline Lafaye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 520–529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.40

• -type zeolites through their main diffraction peaks indicated on the ZSA graph. Other minor phases such as quartz are also present. The SEM image shows a variety of crisscross crystals, which have the morphology expected for the zeolite types evidenced by XRD [16][17]. Very elongated crystals with

• acicular to fibrous characteristics, associated with mordenite, can be observed. Additionally, clinoptilolite–heulandite crystals with slats and tabular morphology are present. The amounts of clinoptilolite–heulandite and mordenite crystals displayed in the SEM image correspond to the intensity order of

• SEM image (Figure 2). To remove excess solution, water washes are typically applied. The materials obtained via IE underwent extensive washing with distilled water, while those obtained via Imp were only lightly washed, leading to the observed differences in chloride content. According to this, there

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• increases with bombardment time. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) images of the nanopatterned surface are inset in the lower right corner of each image. In the present case, the fluence is represented by irradiation time. The quality and the growth of the nanostructures are quantitatively discussed in Figure 6

• , where variations of ripple wavelength, rms roughness, and power spectral density are discussed. Figure 5g shows the cross-sectional TEM image after 450 eV Ar-ion bombardment of the Si surface at an angle of 60° for a time of 3 h. The presence of Ar-ion-induced surface corrugation in terms of ripple-like

• nanostructures is evidenced in Figure 5g. Although the amplitude of the ripples is not large, the observed ripple wavelength of around 31 nm from the TEM image is consistent with that of AFM data (Figure 6e). However, in addition to the ripple-like nanostructures, an ultrathin amorphous layer is formed because

Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• ) images of the samples extracted from solutions with and without and IPA after 10 and 30 min of laser irradiation. In the case of the sample without IPA, in the TEM image of the sample after 10 min of laser irradiation, which is the initial stage of laser fragmentation, in addition to spherical particles

• % IPA, even in the TEM image of the sample after 10 min of laser irradiation, nanoparticles with a narrow particle size distribution of less than 10 nm in diameter were observed. This suggests that the nanoparticle synthesis reaction finished after 10 min of irradiation. This is due to the fact that the

• Au–Pt alloy (atomic ratio, Au/Pt = 1:1) that has an immiscible gap in the binary phase diagram and is difficult to form a solid–solution alloy in a bulk form. Figure 6 shows a a) TEM image and b) STEM-EDS mappings of the particles produced after laser irradiation. The TEM results (Figure 6a

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• electron microscopy (FESEM) image of the as-obtained nanomaterials. The produced nanomaterials had rod-shaped morphologies and were grown at extremely high densities, as seen by the SEM image. Figure 2b represents the average diameter of Ag@ZnO NRs which was calculated using the Image J software. The

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• -shaped beam, w = 0.34, than for the Gaussian beam, w = 0.53. Furthermore, PLAL with donut-shaped pulses improves the shape of Y2O3 NPs, which are more regular (Figure 3a) than the rather elongated and aggregated NPs produced with the Gaussian pulses (Figure 3b). Figure 4c shows an SEM image and the size

• with Gaussian and donut-shaped laser beams at a pulse energy of 100 µJ. (a, b) SEM micrographs of NPs obtained with the Gaussian beam at fluences of 6 and 2 J·cm−2, respectively. (c) SEM image of NPs obtained with the donut-shaped beam at a fluence of 2 J·cm−2. (d) NP size distributions showing the

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• these techniques are photon-based [4][5][6][7][8][9]. Even though they provide valuable insights, the development of surface-sensitive techniques that can image the catalyst at the atomic scale under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions remains crucial. In attempting to close the pressure gap

• detection method with a laser diode, which is not compatible with the design limitations of a reactor volume of 95 μL. Figure 3a shows a zoomed-in image of a third-generation M5B qPlus sensor (purchased from Nanosurf). The sensor has four gold electrodes of which three are used for AFM drive and readout

• tunneling current simultaneously (Figure 5c,d). Consequently, the tip–sample distance will be maintained throughout the image while the current signal will be a direct indication of the conductivity of the surface. The Pd(100) surface has been prepared using the standard recipe of repeated cycles of Ar-ion

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• was characterized by STEM, where transmitted electrons are used to create the image [30]. In STEM micrographs, alginate nanoparticles appeared with sharp edges; however, the edges of the EudAlg nanoparticles revealed secondary projections (Figure 1C,D). Similar micrographs in which the edge of the

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• and an image analysis system (Andor Technology, Belfast, UK) and a software (KOMET 5.0, Kinetic Imaging, UK) at 400× magnification. Three independent experiments were performed for each group. The mean value of three Comet parameters, tail DNA (%), tail length (μm), and Olive tail moment (OTM) were

• fluorescent microscope equipped with a Nikon Digital slight Ds-Ri1 CCD camera and a NIS element BR imaging software (Nikon, Minato Tokyo, Japan). Three independent experiments were performed for each group and a representative image is shown in the results. Transfection of the GFP-LC3 plasmid The GFP-LC3

• S1d, the FESEM image reveals a well-defined interlocked 3D network of GO nanosheets, with the transparency observed attributed to the formation of single or few layered GO nanosheets [25][50]. In Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1e, the HRTEM micrograph reveals highly transparent GO nanosheets