Automated collection and categorisation of STM images and STS spectra with and without machine learning

• Dylan Stewart Barker and
• Adam Sweetman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1367–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.99

• features (e.g. molecular orbitals in the case of molecular samples) within the material. As for STM imaging, the sharpness and overall tip shape is crucial in optimising the spatial resolution of STS measurements; sharp tips result in localised tunnelling through a single position, whereas blunt or

• atomic resolution was obtained in STM feedback. SnPc was deposited onto the Au(111) surface using a custom-built evaporator, where the powdered source material is contained within a glass crucible using glass wool, around which a coil of tantalum wire is wound, providing a source of heat for the crucible

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• 2000 nm, reaching a peak at approximately 13 µm, and subsequently decreases. This distinctive correlation underscores the role of plasma material reorganizational effects in LIPSS formation at higher wavelengths, presenting a new experimental observation to the existing literature. The findings enhance

• our comprehension of laser–material interactions and hold potential implications for surface engineering and material science applications. Keywords: cross section of LIPSS; high spatial frequency LIPSS (HSFL); laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS); low spatial frequency LIPSS (LSFL

• modulation of the net localized energy distribution on the surface, and this field absorption is manifested as LIPSS on the surface. This process depends on several experimental factors, namely, incident wavelength, polarization, material dielectric, dielectric, fluence of the laser, pulse width, repetition

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• limited by material challenges, including insufficient light absorption, high electron–hole recombination rates, and poor stability under operating conditions [5][6]. Among various semiconductor materials, bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) has attracted considerable interest due to its strong visible light

• produce BiVO4 thin films at high deposition rates; however, this method resulted in irregular grain structures and significant material defects, limiting the PEC performance improvements. Electrodeposition has emerged as a promising low-cost and scalable technique for BiVO4 film fabrication, offering

• synthesis parameters and PEC activity, while presenting a scalable and reproducible route for fabricating high-performance BiVO4 photoanodes. Experimental Material Bismuth nitrate pentahydrate (Bi(NO3)3·5H2O, 99.9%, Sigma-Aldrich) and vanadyl acetylacetonate (VO(acac)2, 98%, Sigma-Aldrich) were used as Bi

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• )-3,4-dihydroxyoxyoxolan-2-yl]-2-hydroxyethyl (9Z)-octadec-9-enoate; C24H44O6 HLB 4.3). Deionized water was used in the preparation of all experiments throughout the study. Plant material The fruits of Acrocomia aculeata were collected in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil (20°50'00.1" S 54

• standard addition method and a standard reference material (Sigma, USA). The results were expressed as gallic acid equivalent. Determination of carotenoid content Carotenoid content was evaluated spectrophotometrically (Shimatsu, Japan) following the procedure described by Rodriguez-Amaya. The molar

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• ferritin. This property was exploited to design redox and pH dual-responsive ferritin nanoparticles. In drug-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles, ferritin was used as a gating material. It covered the pores to prevent drug release and opened only when activated by redox or pH stimuli [98]. Similarly

• vaccines and improving their immunogenicity [112]. The presence of viral nucleic acids has been a key concern in medical applications, which limits the use of viruses in living organisms. Virus-like particles are multimeric nanoparticles consisting of viral proteins but lack viral genetic material. Thus

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• cosmetic industries. The current major gaps in research regarding these biopackaging materials are their low mechanical strength and the introduction of functional additives to enhance their range of applications. In this paper, a biopackaging material is formulated using polyvinyl alcohol with glycerol as

• a plasticizer, rice straw-derived nanocellulose as a mechanical property enhancer and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion as the main functional ingredient for strawberry preservation. With the combination of nanocellulose and Pickering emulsion, this study finds that the packaging material

• radical scavenging) were observed. These bioactive properties and the inherent moisture barrier property of the packaging material are utilized for strawberry preservation with a significant preservation time of 21 days compared to control samples that start to grow a white fungus on day 11. This

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• temperature and polymer concentration [130]. Chitosan-based hydrogels have aroused a lot of interest in the health sciences field due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low cytotoxicity [131]. This makes them attractive as a promising material for topical administration of biomolecules such as

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• , surpassed only by cellulose. Its relevance as a biopolymer is due to its properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, and nontoxicity to humans, characteristics that make it widely used in various scientific and technological fields [16][17]. Therefore, we used chitosan as the coating material for

• disease vectors and the prevention of urban arboviral diseases. Materials and Methods Biological material Aedes aegypti The larvae of Ae. aegypti from the Rockefeller strain were obtained from the insectary maintained at the Biotechnology Laboratory (LBT), at the Center for Biosciences and Biotechnology

• the previously isolated and characterized rotenoids [14] were prepared using chitosan (CS Sigma-Aldrich 419419) as the coating material. For comparison purposes and identification of the best method, both common ionic gelation (CS/TPP) and controlled ionic gelation (CS/TPP–β-CD) methods were employed

Electronic and optical properties of chloropicrin adsorbed ZnS nanotubes: first principle analysis

• Prakash Yadav,
• Boddepalli SanthiBhushan and
• Anurag Srivastava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1184–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.87

• Prakash Yadav Boddepalli SanthiBhushan Anurag Srivastava Advanced Material Research Group, Department of Engineering Sciences, ABV-Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Gwalior, MP-474015, India Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of

• between the valence and conduction bands, reflecting the fundamental optical properties of the material. Furthermore, the absence of significant absorption in the visible region (>400 nm) underscores the lack of mid-gap states in pristine ZnS NTs. Such optical characteristics align with previous reports

• , a high recovery time of 3.5 μs at room temperature supported by the weak van-der-Waals-based physisorption phenomenon and significant red shift in the absorption coefficient and optical conductivity peaks. The results underscore the potential of ZnS NT as a sensor material for CP and the suitability

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• Secretaría de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnología e Innovación, México Master program in Sciences and Material Engineering (MCIM-UAZ), Autonomous University of Zacatecas, 801 López Velarde St, 9800 Zacatecas, Mexico Instituto de Física, Parque Chapultepec 1570, Privadas del Pedregal 78295, San Luis Potosí

• performed in solution in a fluid chamber under controlled environmental conditions. Thus, critical structural changes on the lifestyle of the pathogen can be investigated [38][39][40][41][42]. Beyond imaging, AFM force spectroscopy capabilities are essential to extract material properties of the

• indenter pushes a planar elastic semi-space characterized by a particular elastic modulus Y. The Sneddon model then provides a relation between the applied force load (F), the induced deformation (δ), and the modulus of elasticity (Y) of the tested material in the following way: with α as the half angle

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• Robert Stuckert Felix Pohl Oleg Prymak Ulrich Schurmann Christoph Rehbock Lorenz Kienle Stephan Barcikowski Technical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 7, 45141 Essen, Germany Institute for Material Science

• Interface Science (KiNSIS), Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.16.84 Abstract High-entropy alloy nanoparticles (HEA NPs) represent a promising material class with significant potential in various applications, such as heterogeneous

• HEA NPs could also be synthesized by inert gas condensation as stated very recently by Zhou et al. [31]. However, none of these aforementioned synthesis techniques give access to colloidal HEA NPs but to structures bound to an often very specific support material or limited to gas phase conditions. An

Towards a quantitative theory for transmission X-ray microscopy

• James G. McNally,
• Christoph Pratsch,
• Stephan Werner,
• Stefan Rehbein,
• Andrew Gibbs,
• Jihao Wang,
• Thomas Lunkenbein,
• Peter Guttmann and
• Gerd Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1113–1128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.82

• ], absorption at selected locations in the sample is used to determine the amount of a material at those sites. Validation of these quantitative measurements requires a quantitatively accurate TXM model. Such models are also valuable both for the design of new soft TXMs, which relies on a deep understanding of

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• are very high. The electron beam evaporation process uses the high kinetic energy of an electron beam to generate the thermal energy required to melt and then evaporate the source material to deposit it on the substrate [4]. Evaporation is an attractive deposition technique because of its many

• and without additional ion beam assistance. Moreover, all as-deposited films were additionally modified by post-process annealing at 800 °C. As a source material, titanium pentoxide (Ti3O5) pellets with a purity of 99.99 atom % (from K.J.Lesker) were used, which were evaporated from a molybdenum

• the film and bulk densities of titania, respectively, while nf and nb denote the refractive indices of the TiO2 coatings and bulk material for amorphous titanium dioxide as 2.449 [43][61][62]. Porosity (P) was calculated based on the Equation 3 [63][64]: The highest packing density (0.87) and the

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

• Taisei Himeda,
• Risako Kunitomi,
• Ryosuke Nabeya,
• Tamotsu Zako and
• Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

• degradation may occur during nanoparticle fabrication via PLAL. To investigate molecular degradation, the prepared nanoparticles were dissolved in organic solvents and their visible to NIR absorption spectra were measured. The spectra agreed well with those of the raw material compounds, confirming that at

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• properties. Studies have demonstrated that BaTiO3 enhances osteogenesis and promotes osteocyte differentiation [26][27]. In this study, BaTiO3, a well-established piezoelectric material, was used as a benchmark for comparison with hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is a two

• -dimensional (2D) material, structurally similar to graphene, consisting of alternating boron and nitrogen atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. It is well known for its excellent thermal stability, electrical insulation, chemical inertness, and mechanical strength. Importantly, hBN exhibits piezoelectric

• properties due to its noncentrosymmetric crystal structure, making it a promising material for biomedical applications such as bone regeneration, where it can convert mechanical stimuli into bioelectrical signals. Additionally, the biocompatibility and ability of hBN to be integrated into composite scaffolds

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• for diabetic bone defects, and bactericidal materials. As can be seen from these examples, soft materials nanoarchitectonics offers a wide range of material designs, specific functions, and potential applications. In addition, this review examines the current state and future of soft materials

• as biomedical applications [15][16][17][18][19][20], but also extends to functional material systems that address issues such as energy [21][22][23][24][25] and environment [26][27][28][29][30]. The creation of such soft functional materials has been fostered alongside the advancement of science

• ., atomic and molecular) is becoming increasingly important in the development of functional materials [90][91][92][93][94]. Even for the same material, alterations to its internal or assembly structure can result in significant changes to its functionality. Furthermore, as evidenced by quantum materials

Multifunctional properties of bio-poly(butylene succinate) reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes

• Volodymyr Krasinskyi,
• Krzysztof Bajer,
• Ludmila Dulebova,
• Nickolas Polychronopoulos,
• Oksana Krasinska and
• Daniel Kaczor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1014–1024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.76

• of MWCNTs to tailor the properties of BioPBS for specific applications, such as in the packaging, automotive, and biomedical industries, where both biodegradability and enhanced material performance are desirable. Keywords: melt compounding; multiwalled carbon nanotubes; poly(butylene succinate

• ); structure; tribological properties; Introduction In recent years, biodegradable polymers have gained significant attention as environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional plastics. One particularly promising material is poly(butylene succinate), which exhibits a desirable combination of mechanical

• . Results and Discussion The bio(nano)composite based on PBS containing 0.5 wt % of CNTs (denoted PBS/CNT_0.5) was successfully prepared via dilution of a pre-compounded masterbatch with 10 wt % CNTs (denoted PBS/CNT_10). This specific CNT content was identified as optimal, balancing enhanced material

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• . Ultrafast time-resolved probing approaches are key to revealing the transient states and pathways that govern material transformation in LSPC. Keywords: electron diffraction; laser processing in liquids; optical imaging; optical spectroscopy; pump–probe; single objects; time-resolved probing; X-ray

• reactions that span from atomic to macroscopic length scales. Consequently, it is paramount to understand the complex cascades that follow laser irradiation of condensed matter. Of particular importance here is the processing in the presence of liquids surrounding the irradiated material, but also

• exchanging energy and material with the excited loci. LSPC commonly encompasses laser ablation in liquid (LAL), which allows for producing NPs from a surface of virtually any solid [6][7][8][9], laser fragmentation in liquid (LFL) to further reduce dimensions of particles down to few-atom clusters [10][11

Tendency in tip polarity changes in non-contact atomic force microscopy imaging on a fluorite surface

• Bob Kyeyune,
• Philipp Rahe and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 944–950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.72

• . The sample was prepared in situ by first degassing a p-type Si (B-doped) sample (Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, Warsaw, Poland) for several hours after introduction into the vacuum. Second, the Si(111)-(7 × 7) termination was formed by flash annealing cycles. Third, CaF2 material (99.9

Synthesis of biowaste-derived carbon-dot-mediated silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of electrochemical properties for supercapacitor electrodes

• Navya Kumari Tenkayala,
• Chandan Kumar Maity,
• Md Moniruzzaman and
• Subramani Devaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 933–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.71

• environmentally friendly as CDs play a role as capping, reducing, and stabilizing agent without addition of any chemicals. PG-CDs-AgNPs showed a particle size of 10 nm having excellent fluorescence emission in the blue region, and it has been explored as an electrode material for supercapacitor applications. The

• in electrochemical energy storage applications given their exceptional chemical durability, high electronic conductivity, and surface chemical characteristics. Due to these characteristics, AgNPs possess the capacity to function as the electrode material for supercapacitors. Numerous reports have

• also shown that AgNPs actively improve the electrochemical characteristics of different electrode materials. Salve et al. reported a noteworthy charge-storing capacity of 367.16 mF/cm2 of the synthesized hybrid material, PGE/AgNPs/CS (pencil graphite electrodes/silver nanoparticles/chitosan) [15

Structural and magnetic properties of microwave-synthesized reduced graphene oxide/VO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite

• Sumanta Sahoo,
• Ankur Sood and
• Sung Soo Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 921–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.70

• the gaseous form. It is interesting to note that the obtained rGO material is found to be much lighter than the graphite oxide precursor. Microwave synthesis of rGO/VO2 nanocomposite The solid-state MW irradiation process was followed to synthesize the GV NC. In a typical process, initially, the

• GVF is reported to be 2.5 emu/g with a magnetic retentivity (Mrs) of 0.45 emu/g and coercivity of 141 Oe. Furthermore, it is speculated that the magnetic property in the case of GVF originates mostly from α-Fe2O3, with rGO being weakly magnetic and VO2 being a non-magnetic material [42][43][44][45

Focused ion beam-induced platinum deposition with a low-temperature cesium ion source

• Thomas Henning Loeber,
• Bert Laegel,
• Meltem Sezen,
• Feray Bakan Misirlioglu,
• Edgar J. D. Vredenbregt and
• Yang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 910–920, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.69

• and Application Center (SUNUM), 34956, Istanbul, Turkey Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands 10.3762/bjnano.16.69 Abstract In addition to precise milling, the deposition of material at a specific location on a sample

• currents. Deposition rate, material composition, and electrical resistivity were examined and compared with layers deposited at comparable settings with a standard gallium (Ga) FIB. The deposition rate is found to depend linearly on the current density. The rate is comparable for Cs+ and Ga+ under similar

• ); Introduction The deposition of material at a certain spot on a sample surface is a powerful and useful feature of focused ion beam (FIB) systems. At first, the deposition was used for circuit editing and as a protection layer before milling. Nowadays, the process is more far-reaching, and three-dimensional

Characterization of ion track-etched conical nanopores in thermal and PECVD SiO₂ using small angle X-ray scattering

• Shankar Dutt,
• Rudradeep Chakraborty,
• Christian Notthoff,
• Pablo Mota-Santiago,
• Christina Trautmann and
• Patrick Kluth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 899–909, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.68

• , and nanofluidic applications. The characterization of the pore morphology and size distribution, along with its dependence on the material properties and fabrication parameters, is crucial to designing nanopore systems for specific applications. Here, we present a comprehensive study of track-etched

• the track-etch technology in a number of different materials [39][29]. This method involves irradiating the material with swift heavy ions to create long and narrow damaged regions along the paths of the ions known as “ion tracks”. These ion tracks are more susceptible to chemical etching compared to

• the undamaged material, which can be exploited for the fabrication of nanopores with narrow size distribution [13][29][40]. The geometry of the resulting nanopores is determined by several factors, including the substrate material, the type and concentration of the etchant, the density of the material

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• sp3 hybridization is a metastable material. A significant activation barrier hampers its relaxation into sp2 graphitic carbon, and this transformation occurs during vacuum heating in the temperature range of 1500–1800 °C [9]. According to molecular dynamics simulations, graphitization of nonterminated

• graphite or graphene-like layers are products of the diamond annealing process. The intensity ratio of π*(sp2)- and σ*(sp2)-resonances in NEXAFS C K-edge spectra of the annealed samples can be used for qualitative assessment of structural perfection in a graphitic-like material. Graphite and graphene have

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• promising material for device fabrication in different fields, namely, spintronics, nanoelectronics, and photonics [1][2]. It possesses a wide bandgap of 3.37 eV [3] and has a large exciton binding energy of about 60 meV [4], which assures the stability of ZnO film-based devices such as liquid crystal

• control material properties by inducing damage and introducing defects in the host matrix in a controlled manner [8]. It offers the advantage of controlling the amount of energy transferred to the host system by selecting the desired ion energy, mass, and fluence [9]. Different types of lattice vacancies

• , defects, and interstitials are induced through the interaction between energetic ions and the host material, resulting in structural modification and thus alteration in lattice dynamics of the host material [10]. The implantation-induced disorder can be qualitatively examined using Raman spectroscopy